Introduction

2. Assessment of the system of social policy of the population

3. Suggestions for improving social protection

Conclusion

List of sources used

Applications

Introduction

The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the system of social protection of the population is currently understood as a set of legally established economic, social, legal guarantees and rights of social institutions and institutions that ensure their implementation and create conditions for maintaining the livelihood and active existence of various social strata and groups of the population, especially the socially vulnerable.

How professional activity social work for more than a century of history has accumulated a huge amount of empirical material, the theoretical understanding, generalization and systematization of which opens up new prospects for practice in terms of increasing its efficiency and effectiveness. The relevance of the topic is due to the following: one of the main tasks social work at present - further development and improvement of existing forms, methods, methods and techniques of activity used by a specialist to solve social problems clients, stimulating the activation of their forces to change an unfavorable life situation. 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Art. 22 proclaimed that every person, as a member of society, has the right to social security. This right, by its nature, should make it possible to ensure, taking into account the material opportunities available to society, a decent existence for a person in the event of such life situations when he is not able to receive a source of income in exchange for the labor expended. The norms of the declaration bind the realization of the right of every person to a decent standard of living, not only during the period when a person is working, but also in cases of unemployment, illness, disability, widowhood, old age or other cases of loss of livelihood due to circumstances beyond the control of the citizen. According to Art. 39 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, every citizen of Russia is guaranteed social security by age, in case of illness, disability, loss of a breadwinner, for raising children and in other cases established by law.

The purpose of the work is to study the social protection of the population.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set: to give the concept of the theoretical foundations of forecasting the social protection of the population, to study the concept of "social protection" and "social security of the population". the system of social protection of the population as an object of social forecasting, to consider the features of the development of the system of social protection of the population in modern conditions, the system of indicators of social forecasts. Methods for forecasting the system of social protection.

The subject of the research is the study of social protection of the population.

The object of the study is Lipetsk.

The work was carried out on the basis of the regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation and the works of domestic authors in the city of forecasting the social protection of the population. Describing the degree of scientific elaboration of the problem, it should be taken into account that this topic has already been analyzed by various authors in various publications: textbooks, monographs, periodicals and on the Internet. However, when studying the literature and sources, there is an insufficient number of complete and explicit studies of the topic. The methodological basis of the study was the main provisions of materialistic dialectics and logic in their unity.

The scientific significance of this work lies in the optimization and streamlining of the existing scientific and methodological base on the issues under study - another independent author's study. Practical significance The theme consists in the analysis of problems in both time and space sections.

1. The main aspects of the formation of an effective social policy

Social protection- policy and purposeful actions, as well as means of the state and society, providing an individual, a social group, and the population as a whole with a comprehensive, versatile solution to various problems caused by social risks that may lead or have already led to a complete or partial loss of the opportunities for exercising rights by these subjects, freedoms and legitimate interests, economic independence and social well-being, as well as their optimal development, restoration or acquisition.

There are basically two models of social protection in the world:

1) social-democratic orientation with a high role of the state in the socialization of incomes and the essential importance of nationwide social management mechanisms;

2) illiberal - with a lesser degree of state interference in socio-economic processes.

Depending on the approaches chosen, the following social protection systems are distinguished:

state, based on the principle of the state's social care for socially vulnerable members of society and social charity (it provides for a differentiated approach to determining low-income groups of the population according to the degree of need and preferential provision of social assistance to them);

private, based on the principle of responsibility of each member of society for their own destiny and the destiny of their family, using their own labor and entrepreneurial activity income, property income, and personal savings (this system is oriented towards distribution according to work and includes private social insurance). The central subject of social protection is the state. A person in need of social protection is both a subject and an object of social protection. The objects of social protection are social institutions represented by specific social organizations, institutions, systems (education, healthcare, social protection, employment, labor, culture, sports and recreation complex).

The main forms of social protection:

1. legally defined social guarantees and their satisfaction on the basis of basic standards and programs,

2. regulation of incomes and expenses of the population;

3. social insurance;

4. social assistance;

5. social services;

6. targeted social programs.

The current system of social protection in Russia is based on the following principles: incentives - for the purpose of social and political resonance for certain socially significant events that have received public assessment, or to support state important acts, decisions are made that are focused on social support for individual social groups , segments of the population, and in some cases - individuals; application, - social assistance is provided to a needy citizen upon written request of the applicant or a person representing his interests; paternalism, denoting state guardianship ("fatherly care") in relation to the less socially and economically protected strata and groups of the population. Politically engaged encouragement, together with paternalism, has led to a large-scale number and great relevance in the social protection of the Russian population of various benefits. These benefits have actually become the equivalent of material forms of social support for certain groups and strata of the population. At the same time, for a long time, the majority of Russian citizens were not fully aware of the benefits, since information about them was mainly published in legal and methodological documents special for official use. Under the conditions of publicity and market relations, information about the rights to certain benefits became available to various categories of the population, who actively declared their claims to them. Currently, over 70% of Russians have a variety of benefits for various reasons. This situation has led to an unreasonable burden on the federal and local budgets, benefits have become burdensome for the state. In Russia, the issue of modernizing the policy of benefits has acquired acute relevance and has become central to reforming the system of social protection of the population. At present, an attempt at a valuntorist departure from state obligations to fulfill this category is obvious. social guarantees. However, the implementation of this approach will cause social tension, but will not lead to the expected economic and social positive results. In Russia, benefits, from 1917 to the present, have always been an alternative to cash payments, as if an increase in wages, pensions, and social benefits. In this regard, the deprivation of benefits will lead to a significant deterioration in the financial situation of many pensioners, disabled people, families with children and other socially disadvantaged, vulnerable segments of the population. Solve this complex economic and ethical problem is possible only in conjunction with other problems: income and expenditure of the population, and, above all, in the sphere of income from labor activity; reforming the pension system; streamlining medical and pension insurance; compliance by the state with constitutional and other regulatory and legal guaranteed social obligations; creating a market for social goods and services, protecting the population from unscrupulous producers of social goods and services; education of the culture of the population in the aspect of market relations in the social sphere. The modernization of the policy of benefits, and this is how this problem should be considered, requires conceptual elaboration, patience and wisdom of statesmen and politicians, and the involvement of qualified specialists who own the problem to solve it.

Social protection and social security in a state-organized society is an area of ​​interweaving of the vital interests of citizens, property and distribution relations, legal methods and methods of their regulation, social policy of the state and socio-economic human rights. It is also the sphere of refraction of such universal human values ​​as equality, social justice, humanism, moral foundations of society. Purpose social security consists, first of all, in the fact that it is a special form of meeting the needs for sources of livelihood for the elderly and the disabled.

Expansion of the role of organs local government several trends in the past decade have contributed to the provision of social benefits and services. First, the political reforms of the transitional period significantly strengthened Russian federalism. Financial and administrative responsibility for the provision of social assistance, primarily for the provision of basic social services, was decentralized with the transfer of powers to the regional and local levels.

Secondly, the transition to a market economy has changed the policy of enterprises that previously provided social protection for their workers. In order to increase the profitability of production, they transferred most of the property of the social sphere, including the housing stock, to the balance of municipalities, so that the local self-government was, in a sense, forced to deal with social issues. And, finally, the population itself expected from local authorities assistance in solving social problems, providing basic types of benefits and services.

Today, local governments play a significant role in almost all issues of social protection. They are primarily responsible for providing federal benefits, housing subsidies, and local benefits. The exceptions are a few types of assistance directly provided by the federal authorities; child benefits (in some cases they are provided through the municipal social protection authorities, and in others - by the social protection authorities of the subject Russian Federation), as well as a number of regional benefits. In three of the four surveyed cities, the subjects of the Russian Federation played a minor role in the provision of social assistance. Support from the regional authorities was mainly expressed in the expansion of the circle of recipients of benefits provided for by federal law.

Issues of granting benefits and social services are poorly regulated by federal legislation. Accordingly, the organizational structures created in each of the pilot cities are diverse. Nevertheless, all of them have a developed network of reception of the population and centers social services. All of them have a similar structure of administrative bodies, including the department of social protection, which organizes the provision of benefits and services to the population. 1 Other units - health department, housing and communal services department, education department, etc. - are also responsible for providing a variety of benefits provided by federal and local laws for various categories population. In addition, most cities offer services of the same type, and the very content of these services determines certain organizational decisions. For example, in all surveyed cities, the department of social protection operated independent centers for helping the homeless, which provided accommodation and counseling services.

Despite these common features, the organization of social assistance in the pilot cities is different. On fig. Figures 5.1 and 5.2 present two models that can be used to analyze types of social protection management organization. Particular attention is paid to programs that use means testing (eg, housing allowances, child allowances, and local assistance).

The model describing the decentralized type of organization of social assistance based on the categorical principle of service is shown in fig. 5.1. Within the framework of this model, child allowances are charged by the social security authorities of the subject of the Russian Federation, housing subsidies - by the centers of housing subsidies of the housing and communal services department, and local social assistance is provided to each category of the population separately through the corresponding social centers.

Figure 5.1. Model of a decentralized, categorical service organization of social assistance

Rice. 5.2 presents a model of a centralized, functionally oriented organization of social assistance. Under the second model, child allowances, housing subsidies and local assistance are provided through various structures of the social welfare department. The bodies of social protection of the subject of the Russian Federation and city departments of housing and communal services cooperate with these structures, but do not manage them. Social services are provided by local social service centers. None of the pilot cities fully follow these models, but all of them represent elements of them in their practice, leaning towards one of them or combining them. Two cities, Novgorod and Arzamas, are mainly focused on organizing services by categories of the population. In Novgorod, for example, both means-tested cash assistance and services for disabled children and pensioners are provided through appropriate centers for these categories of the population. In Arzamas, the Center for Social Services for the Population provides most types of targeted assistance, but services for pensioners and families are provided through different centers. Small towns, such as Arzamas and Novgorod, do not have district departments of social protection of the population.

Figure 5.2. Model of a centralized, functionally oriented organization of social assistance

In Tomsk and Perm, social assistance is organized according to a functional principle. Benefits and service provision are separate, although the respective structures may be geographically close to each other. There is practically no division into categories of the population. Both social protection units and social service centers can work with different groups - from pensioners to children. In these cities, social assistance is provided in the districts, which is natural for large municipalities. Each of the seven districts of Perm is larger than the entire Arzamas. Tomsk is divided into two districts. In both cities, in the administrative districts, there are social protection agencies and social service centers.

In none of the cities is there a complete integration of various structures that conduct means testing. In Arzamas and Novgorod, child allowances are calculated by the municipal social protection authorities. Despite this potential for integration, the child allowance program, housing allowance and local targeted assistance are managed by different entities.

In Tomsk and Perm, the same structures that provide local social assistance are responsible for accruing housing subsidies; however, child allowances are administered by the regional social protection authorities.

These forms of organization most significantly affect the availability of social assistance to the population. For example, to receive housing assistance or child support, a person needs to apply to several departments of social protection, fill out several applications and submit several copies of documents, even if the requirements in the programs are the same. Often, these divisions conduct background checks and determine eligibility without prior consultation with each other. This practice not only multiplies administrative costs by duplicating functions, but also makes it difficult for those in need to receive assistance.

Coordination between various departments is clearly insufficient. The provision of benefits of the same category is administered by different departments (education, health, social protection, transport, housing and communal services, etc.). Representatives of the pilot cities have expressed interest or have already worked on the creation of integrated databases that will allow keeping records and analysis of various allowances and benefits received by the family (separate citizen). However, none of these cities still has such a base, as well as a clear plan expressing how its creation will help to monitor, plan and increase the effectiveness of social programs.

The role of local self-government in determining whether all eligible citizens are actually receiving assistance is critical. This is also true when freedom of action is limited by federal regulations. The difference in the interpretation of federal legislation on the provision of benefits may lead to the fact that in some municipalities this list will be expanded, while in others it will be narrowed. For example, for customs officers, a 50% benefit is provided for utility bills. In some municipalities, the benefit is granted only to the officer himself, in others - to his entire family. The budget crisis and the lack of adequate compensation for the costs of providing benefits provided by federal legislation from the budgets of higher levels lead to the fact that local governments provide such assistance selectively.

The influence of local administrations on the accuracy of determining the recipients of assistance and the effectiveness of the provision of assistance in those social programs that require a means test is especially noticeable. Decisions made on the collection and verification of documents on sources of income, the level of qualifications of social protection workers, the availability of financial resources have a decisive influence on the correct choice of the recipient of assistance. The quality of administration differed not only in the four surveyed cities, but also in different subdivisions of the same city. For example, housing assistance centers tend to be more high level wages and a higher quality of work than the bodies of social protection of the population. one

Problems of social protection and social support for certain groups of the population

Social protection is a system of legislative, economic, social and other guarantees that provides all able-bodied citizens

given equal rights and conditions for work, and disabled (socially vulnerable) layers - benefits in the use of public consumption funds, direct material and socio-psychological support in all forms.

Social support- these are temporary or permanent measures of targeted support for certain categories of citizens in a crisis situation.

Social protection and social support of citizens are the prerogative of the state. The federal law of 2003 assigns only guardianship and guardianship to the competence of municipal districts and urban districts in this area, and to the competence of settlements - to assist in the establishment of guardianship and guardianship over the residents of the settlement in need of this, in accordance with federal laws. However, the main part of the concerns for social support of citizens is traditionally carried out by local governments as state powers. As the closest to the population, local governments know better specific conditions lives of individual citizens and can perform social support functions more effectively. Due to the lack of state funding, local budgets bear a significant share of the costs of social support for the population.

The main forms of social support for certain groups of the population are shown in fig. 5.5.1.

Forms of social support

Cash benefits Assistance Benefits Subsidies In-kind compensation (discounts) (targeted funds (reimbursement in the form of (products, when paid to pay for some clothes) a number of services services) expenses) Fig. 5.5.1. The main forms of social support for certain groups of the population

Municipal policy in the field of social protection and social support of the population is the implementation of their own and transferred (federal and regional) state powers to organize a set of measures aimed at protecting certain vulnerable groups of the population and citizens from falling into a zone of extreme social disadvantage. The formation and implementation of local policies in the field of social support of the population are carried out within the framework of targeted assistance to specific groups and strata of the population, individual citizens.

Criteria and mechanisms for providing social support at the municipal level

To the main criteria for providing social support certain categories citizens at the municipal level include the following.

1. Low level of material security. If the per capita income of a person (family) is below a certain legally established normative value, this person (family) needs social support. Standard value per capita income is determined by the cost of

living set, which characterizes the subsistence minimum per family member (or single citizen) for a given period of development of society. The composition, structure and cost of this set change in accordance with changes in generally accepted living standards.

2. Disability, the consequence of which is the impossibility of self-service.

3. Loss of home and property.

Disabled Fr. CD I O s; oz o CQ I I CD Poor people In extreme situations

Citizens under the care of the state (in nursing homes, disabled people, etc.)

^ CD CD Q_LD CD

Victims in emergency situations (fires, floods, earthquakes, radiation exposure, etc.)

For each of the listed categories, the state develops specific social protection programs, and at the local level - social support programs.

Social protection and social support of the population is effective on the basis of the program approach. Two types of programs can be distinguished: objective (designed for a certain social group of the population) and problematic (designed to solve some social problem, for example, the elimination of the consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant).

To implement municipal policy in the field of social support for the population, various social service institutions are being created in municipalities, and bodies (divisions, committees, departments) of social protection are being created in the structure of local administrations. The structure of these bodies and institutions depends on the financial capabilities of the municipality, the existing management system, and the availability of the necessary specialists. It is presented in Fig. 5.5.3.

Rice. 5.5.3. Subjects of social support of the population in municipality. Note: municipal services pension provision is currently transferred to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation

The main organizational, practical and coordination activities for the provision of various types of social services are carried out by municipal social service centers. They are designed to identify citizens in need of social services, determine the types of social services they need, and ensure their provision. Workshops, production workshops, subsidiary farms, shops selling at preferential prices, etc., can be created at municipal centers.

Below are the main areas of activity of municipal governments and institutions of social protection of the population.

Municipal support for the elderly and disabled

The federal list of social services provided to the elderly and the disabled includes:

Services provided to elderly citizens and disabled people living in stationary social service institutions (material and household services, catering, household, leisure services, socio-medical and sanitary-hygienic services, services related to social and labor rehabilitation, legal services etc.);

Services provided at home to elderly citizens and disabled people who need outside help due to a partial loss of the ability to self-service (services for catering, household

Chapter 5 municipal government social sphere

and leisure, socio-medical and sanitary-hygienic services, employment assistance, etc.).

Social services for elderly and disabled citizens are carried out by decision of the social protection authorities in institutions subordinate to them or under agreements concluded by social protection authorities with social service institutions of other forms of ownership. At the same time, social services are provided subject to the voluntary consent of elderly citizens and the disabled to receive social services, except as otherwise provided by law.

In accordance with the Federal Laws "On Veterans" and "On the Social Protection of Disabled Persons in the Russian Federation", local governments:

Determine the conditions for the overhaul of residential premises belonging to the disabled of the Great Patriotic War, at the expense of local budgets;

Determine the conditions for the priority receipt of local building materials invalids of the Great Patriotic War for housing construction;

They provide housing free of charge in the municipal housing stock, primarily to disabled veterans of the Great Patriotic War (disabled war veterans of group I out of turn);

Ensure the implementation of other measures of social support for disabled veterans of the Great Patriotic War and combat invalids in the territories of other states, participants in the Great Patriotic War, veterans of military operations in the territories of other states and other groups of veterans.

Disabled persons are exempted from rent for land and premises for the storage of vehicles available for their personal use. They are entitled to additional living space in the form of a separate room in accordance with the list of diseases approved by the Government of the Russian Federation. Local self-government bodies with the participation of public associations of the disabled determine the procedure and grounds for social services for the disabled.

Municipal support for family, motherhood and childhood

The activity of local governments in this area involves their participation in solving the following state tasks:

Providing conditions for overcoming negative trends and stabilizing the financial situation of families, reducing poverty and increasing assistance to low-income families;

Improving family health care;

Increasing assistance to the family in the upbringing of children;

Promoting equal rights for women in the labor market;

Support for the activities of women's, youth, children's public organizations;

Development of a network of pre-school and out-of-school institutions, social service institutions accessible to all types of families; support for children in especially difficult circumstances.

Municipal government system

Local governments:

Stimulate network development preschool institutions various forms of ownership, as well as out-of-school institutions, summer health camps;

Create guardianship and guardianship bodies, carry out primary registration of children left without parental care in order to transfer children for upbringing to a family, under guardianship (guardianship) or to a foster family, and in the absence of such an opportunity - to institutions of all types for orphans or children left without parental care;

Based on the established norms of material support, funds are allocated to the adopted child (children) at the actual prices in the region. Cash allocated to foster families for heating, lighting, Maintenance housing, purchase of furniture and payment for household services. For the purchase of food, the foster family is attached by the local government directly to the bases, shops that supply educational institutions;

Carry out the necessary organizational measures to ensure the provision of benefits to families with disabled children, to provide them with living quarters, pay for housing and utilities, upon receipt land plots for individual housing construction, maintenance of subsidiary and summer cottages and gardening;

Provide disabled children living in stationary social service institutions, who are orphans or deprived of parental care, upon reaching the age of 18, with living quarters out of turn at the location of these institutions or at the place of their former residence at their choice.

In accordance with the Federal Law of 2003, all of the listed functions (with the exception of guardianship and trusteeship) should be considered as state powers.

Municipal support for people in critical situations

Such persons include persons without a fixed place of residence, refugees and internally displaced persons, persons who have lost their breadwinner, victims of fires and other citizens in need of urgent social assistance. For its implementation, departments of urgent social assistance are being created in municipalities.

The services of departments or municipal social service centers include the provision of one-time services to citizens in dire need, assistance in providing temporary housing, the provision of clothes, shoes, the provision of material assistance, etc.

Services provided in semi-stationary conditions, i.e. in departments of day (night) stay, including for persons without a fixed place of residence, may include services for catering, everyday life, leisure, social medical services etc.

Local social service authorities are responsible for ensuring its quality and accessibility, for the development of municipal

Chapter 5. Municipal management of the social sphere

sectors of social services in the territories under their jurisdiction, as well as ensure control over compliance with state standards for the quality of social services in the municipal and non-state sectors of social services. They provide municipal social service institutions with premises for the organization of social services, and also allocate space for the creation of specialized industries for the employment of disabled and elderly citizens.

Financing social services for the population

Social services are provided municipal institutions free and for a fee. Free social services are provided in the amounts determined by state standards of social services. Paid social services are provided in accordance with the procedure established by the Government of the Russian Federation.

According to federal law“On the Fundamentals of Social Services for the Population in the Russian Federation”, social service institutions, both municipal and otherwise, enjoy preferential taxation in the manner prescribed by taxation legislation.

Financing of the municipal sector of the social service system is carried out at the expense of local budgets and subventions from the federal budget and the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, directed to the municipal budget for the maintenance and development of a network of social service institutions, as well as for payment of state-guaranteed social services included in federal and regional lists. The amount of subventions will be determined annually upon approval of the respective budgets.

However, as noted, the state of the country's economy at present does not allow for total social security of the population, which is typical for a welfare state. The gap between the state's ability to fulfill its financing tasks and the normative amount of financing is widening. In this regard, there are many problems in the relationship between the state and local governments that provide various types of social assistance in a particular territory.

There is a tendency to transfer the execution of a number of state social functions from the municipal (in the form of state powers) to the federal level. The consequences of this are ambiguous. On the one hand, the transfer of functions to the federal level saves municipal bodies from unnecessary financial and material costs, reduces the number of municipal employees, and allows citizens to better navigate the system of government, more accurately judge their nature and status. On the other hand, the activity of local communities in solving social problems is decreasing, the effectiveness of responding to the various interests and aspirations of local communities and individual citizens in the field of social protection is decreasing. The quality and competence of management may decrease social processes, the effect of using a targeted approach to the provision of social assistance and services, flexibility and fruitful response to the requirements formulated by the nature of the transition in the country.

Municipal government system

Questions for self-control

2. What mechanisms are used in the implementation of social support for the population in the municipality?

3. What are the criteria for the allocation of objects of social assistance?

4. What are the main features of social support for the population at the municipal level?

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• Introduction
• 2. Analysis of the management system of social protection of the population in the Novoilinsky district of Novokuznetsk
• 2.1 Characteristics of the Novoilinsky district and the population served
• 2.2 Analysis of the performance indicators of the social protection department of the Novoilinsky district of Novokuznetsk
• 3. Measures to improve the system of municipal management of social protection of the population in the USZN of the Novoilinsky district of Novokuznetsk
• Conclusion
• Bibliography
• Applications

Introduction

Today, the social protection of the population should play not only the role of social compensation for the poor, but also serve as a certain counterbalance to the rapidly growing wealth inequality. An important problem is the protection of the entire population from progressive impoverishment.

The actualization of social protection of the population is that the concept of "social protection" is associated with the concept of "social care" of the state, when individual assistance to a person, groups of people, organized by professionally trained people and expressed by the concept of "social work", its ultimate goal will be to support confidence man in his strength, his capabilities. That is why, in recent years, most specialists in the social protection of the population have abandoned such a broad, but vague concept as "social protection of the population", and are increasingly using the term "social support of the population by the state."

One of the ultimate goals of the entire social policy of the population is associated with the concept of an independent life, which considers a person and his problems in the light of his civil rights, and not in terms of his personal and social difficulties, and society needs to be oriented towards overcoming physical and psychological barriers in environment through social services, methods and means.

The need for specialization of forms, improvement of methods of social protection, emerging issues of financing the social sphere have led to an increased interest in resolving these problems of many specialists.

In addition, recently there has been more and more talk about the transfer of the main functions of providing social support to the population from the federal and regional levels of government to "places", for example, to municipalities. However, for the most part, the mechanisms of this transmission and the process of implementing social protection of the population, therefore, have not been studied and not defined.

The object of research is the mechanism of municipal management of social protection of the population and social security.

The subject of the research is the development of proposals for improving the system of municipal management of social protection of the population on the example of the Novoilinsky district of Novokuznetsk.

The purpose of the study is to develop proposals for improving the system of municipal management of social protection of the population on the example of the Novoilinsky district of Novokuznetsk.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

to study the theoretical and methodological foundations of social protection of the population in the Russian Federation;

to analyze the activities of institutions of social protection of the population in the Novoilinsky district of Novokuznetsk;

to analyze the mechanism of financing social protection in modern conditions, to find out its functions.

The legal basis for social protection of certain categories of the population is formed by the following laws of the Russian Federation - "On forced migrants", "On employment in the Russian Federation", "On social protection of the disabled", "On social services for the elderly and disabled", "On the basics of labor protection in the Russian Federation", "On the Basic Guarantees of the Rights of the Child in the Russian Federation", etc.

Interest in the formation and functioning of the system of social protection of the population at the present stage is shown by many researchers of modern Russian society. So the foundations of the organization of social protection of the population are considered in the works of such authors as M.I. Lepikhov, N. Podshibyakina, V. Sharin and others.

social protection municipal government

The economic foundations of social protection of the population are considered by V.D. Roik, T.S. Panteleeva, G.A. Chervyakov and others.

The main directions and principles of social work are presented in the works of A.I. Voitenko, E.I. Komarova, A.N. Savinova, P.D. Pavlenok and others.

The practical significance of the work is determined by the fact that the results of the study can be used in the development of social programs, as well as in educational process, in vocational training specialists.

The work consists of three chapters, introduction, conclusion and list of references.

1. Theoretical and methodological foundations of the study of the municipal administration of social protection of the population

1.1 Essence, directions and functions of social protection of the population

Modern Russia is experiencing transition period, which affected all spheres of the country's socio-economic life, causing the emergence of many socially unprotected segments of the population - the unemployed, refugees and internally displaced persons, the disabled, etc. Under these conditions, the social protection of the population, or protection from risks through comprehensive assistance to a person from the state in solving various problems throughout his life, is of key importance, consistent with the social policy pursued in Russia.

In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1993, the Russian Federation (RF) was proclaimed a social state. His most character traits are reflected in the ongoing social policy, which, according to Article 7 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of a person.

Social policy is a sphere of practical implementation of the most important function of the state to create conditions that provide each member of society with the realization of his needs, taking into account the value system approved by society, and therefore the center of social policy is always a person who simultaneously acts as its goal, subject and subject.

Social policy is a part of the general policy of the state, which concerns relations between social groups, between society as a whole and its members, associated with changes in the social structure, the growth of the welfare of citizens, the improvement of their lives, the satisfaction of their material and spiritual needs, the improvement of lifestyle.

Social policy is carried out through a system of measures on ethics and morality. Including (the formation and determination of the place of the latter in the life of individual members of society (individuals, families, groups, strata, etc.); on the public and personal life of members of society, including state regulation the material and cultural environment in which the satisfaction of human needs for food, clothing, housing, recreation, entertainment, and health maintenance takes place; on the socio-psychological characteristics of various types of individuals, social groups, strata, etc.

As for the social protection of the population, at the present stage it is the most important and priority direction of the social policy of the Russian Federation, being a system of principles, methods, legally established by the state social guarantees, measures and institutions that ensure the provision of optimal living conditions, satisfaction of needs, maintenance of life support and active the existence of the individual, various social categories and groups; a set of measures, actions, means of the state and society directed against risk situations in the normal life of citizens.

Social protection is a state policy aimed at ensuring social, economic, political and other rights and guarantees of a person, regardless of his gender, nationality, age, place of residence and other circumstances.

Social protection of the population in the broad sense of the word is a set of socio-economic measures carried out by the state and society and ensuring the provision of optimal living conditions, satisfaction of needs, maintaining life support and active existence of the individual to various social categories and groups, as well as a set of measures aimed against risk situations in the normal life of citizens, such as illness, unemployment, old age, death of the breadwinner. It represents a set of measures to ensure a state-guaranteed minimum level of material support for socially vulnerable segments of the population during the period of economic transformation. .

Characteristic of the current stage is the rapid development of the methodology and methods of social protection of the population, which has the most important practical and theoretical value. It should be noted that the methodology of social protection is understood as a system of principles and methods for organizing and building a theoretical and practical activities, directed against risk situations in the normal life of citizens, such as illness, unemployment, old age, disability, death of the breadwinner, and others, and under the methodology - a set of techniques, research methods and operations for the practical and theoretical development of the social protection of the population as a system.

The system of social protection of the population at the present stage includes:

social Security;

social insurance;

social support (help).

Social protection of citizens is carried out at the expense of the federal and local budgets, specially created funds social support of the population, non-state funds.

The main principles of social protection of the population are humanity, social justice, targeting, comprehensiveness, ensuring the rights and freedoms of the individual.

The need to improve the system of social protection of the population is caused by the transition to market relations in society.

The main goals of social protection of the population are as follows:

1) getting rid of absolute poverty, when the average per capita total family income is below the subsistence level;

2) provision of material assistance to the population in extreme conditions;

3) promoting the adaptation of socially vulnerable groups of the population to the conditions market economy.

So, one of the elements of social protection of the population in the crisis conditions of transition to market relations is social assistance, provision in cash or in kind, in the form of services or benefits provided subject to social guarantees legally established by the state; a set of social services, medical-social, socio-economic, social-domestic, socio-psychological, socio-pedagogical and other support of a person from state and non-state structures during his crisis, in difficult life situations.

The provision of state social assistance is carried out in the following forms:

1) cash payments (social benefits, subsidies, compensations and other payments);

2) in-kind assistance (fuel, food, clothing, footwear, medicines and other types of in-kind assistance).

Social assistance performs the function of assistance for poverty to certain groups of the population in extreme conditions; is in the nature of periodic and one-time monetary supplements to pensions and benefits, in-kind payments and services in order to neutralize critical life situations, unfavorable economic conditions. Social assistance (support) is carried out at the expense of local authorities, enterprises (organizations), non-budgetary and charitable foundations in order to provide targeted, differentiated assistance to those in need.

Social security is a system of legal, economic and organizational measures which are aimed at compensating or minimizing the consequences of changes in the material and (or) social status of citizens, and in cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation, other categories individuals due to the occurrence of circumstances recognized by the state as socially significant (insurance risks).

Social insurance - part state system social protection of the population, the specifics of which is the insurance of working citizens against a possible change in material and (or) social status, including due to circumstances beyond their control.

Compulsory social insurance is a system of legal, economic, organizational measures created by the state aimed at compensating or minimizing the consequences of changes in the material and (or) social status of working citizens, and in cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation, other categories of citizens due to their recognition as unemployed, industrial injury or occupational disease, disability, illness, injury, pregnancy and childbirth, loss of a breadwinner, as well as the onset of old age, the need to receive medical care, sanatorium treatment and the onset of other established insurance risks subject to compulsory social insurance.

Today in the Russian Federation there are 4 types of compulsory state social insurance:

1) pension insurance;

2) social insurance in case of temporary disability;

3) social insurance against industrial accidents and occupational diseases;

4) health insurance.

the most important integral part social protection of the population is an institution of bodies of social work. The purpose of their activity is to carry out the policy of the state aimed at establishing stable and orderly relations between different levels organizational system designed to form social relations in society, to provide citizens with potential life benefits to meet their needs, to develop economic independence in management.

The objects of management in the system of social protection of the population are institutions and organizations, labor and educational teams of this system, as well as relations between people. The subjects of management are bodies directly involved in the problems of social assistance to the population (ministries, committees, departments, administrations, departments of social protection of the population, labor collectives). The main function of bodies, institutions of social protection of the population (SPS) is to improve the activities of its various structural elements, regulated by certain norms and controlled social institutions to ensure the achievement of the set goals.

Main levels of social work bodies:

federal level (republic);

region;

labor collective;

non-state (charitable) public organizations.

An important role in the system of social protection of the population is played by trade unions, administration and various forms of self-government in labor collectives.

The main functions of the department of social protection of the population at the federal level:

1) organization of pension services and provision of benefits;

2) social service;

3) medical and social expertise;

4) rehabilitation of the disabled and the provision of prosthetic and orthopedic care;

5) social assistance to families and children;

6) preparation of legislation on social protection of the population;

7) foreign economic and international cooperation;

8) development of provisions on the fundamentals of social policy;

9) analysis and forecast of the standard of living of various categories of the population;

10) preparation of recommendations for the development of regional social programs;

11) development of social standards, etc. .

The functions of the management of social protection of the population at the regional (local) level are regulated by higher authorities with a certain independence and include:

1) ensuring and solving production and economic problems;

2) planned and financial and economic activities;

3) creation of various social assistance funds;

4) solution of economic problems, etc. .

Forms of social protection are "reflection in collective agreements additional measures of social protection, support (payments, benefits, in-kind assistance, etc.) for employees and members of their families, as well as pensioners at the expense of the relevant funds of enterprises ".

social functions labor collective are:

1) improvement of the material and cultural conditions of people's lives;

2) development of the social structure of the team;

3) improving relations within the team;

4) improvement of social security, healthcare;

5) organization of assistance in family life, leisure activities;

6) compliance with the principle social justice.

Certain functions perform different charity organisations and funds of social assistance to the population:

1) social and medical assistance to the lonely, the elderly, the infirm;

2) b) social rehabilitation of the disabled;

3) c) legal assistance to socially needy categories of the population, etc. .

In general, the purpose of the social protection system is manifested in its general functions:

1. The economic function is expressed in the provision of material support by citizens in a difficult life situation, in promoting the development of social production in general and individual sectors of the national economy, and the economic rise of priority development zones.

2. Political function aimed at rapprochement of the social level different layers population, creating conditions that ensure a decent life for every person. It is designed to stabilize social relations.

3. The demographic function contributes to stimulating the growth of the country's population, the reproduction of a healthy generation, and the growth of life expectancy.

4. The social rehabilitation function is associated with meeting the needs of the elderly and disabled citizens. It is expressed in the creation of conditions conducive to the preservation of their legal status and the protection of the health of all citizens.

The first direction of social protection is the social protection of children, childhood and adolescence, which is focused on creating conditions for the life and development of children that allow all children, regardless of which family they were born and live in, to have the best opportunities for maintaining health, material well-being, free accessible education, preschool and school education, harmonious spiritual and moral development, realization of one's abilities.

State policy in the interests of children is based on the principles of legislative provision of the rights of the child; state support of the family in order to ensure the full-fledged upbringing of children, protect their rights, prepare them for a full life in society; establishment and observance of state minimum social standards of the main indicators of the quality of life of children, taking into account regional differences in these indicators; responsibility officials, citizens for violating the rights and legitimate interests of the child, causing harm to him; state support of local governments, public associations and other organizations engaged in activities to protect the rights and legitimate interests of the child.

Accordingly, the social protection of children and adolescents must effectively protect children of all age groups, as well as periods of development from social risks.

Of particular importance for the social protection of children at the present stage is the creation of specialized institutions for minors, which are designed to provide assistance to that category of adolescents that previously did not enjoy the attention of the authorities. Abandoned by family and school, they are in best case were only interested law enforcement in connection with illegal activities. In violation of international legal norms, children and adolescents who did not commit offenses were often kept for a long time in the reception centers of the internal affairs bodies, waiting to be sent to residential institutions for children.

Thus, the social protection of children and adolescents at the present stage is consistent with the state policy in the field of childhood, which recognizes this period of a person's life as the most important stage, and therefore undertakes to do everything to prepare them for a full life. Social protection of children and adolescents is multidirectional, affecting the most various areas their livelihoods, however, the priority direction of work is work with children and adolescents suffering from one degree or another of social maladaptation, which leads them to the streets, to drugs, prostitution, etc.

The second direction of social protection is the social protection of the able-bodied population, designed "to provide for the creation of conditions that ensure a balance of rights, duties and interests of citizens, when a person can fully realize the ability to be economically independent, while not infringing on the interests of fellow citizens and participating in social assistance needy." Labor, its remuneration and, as a result, monetary savings, acquired securities and real estate should become the main sources of income and social well-being of a person. A working person must be sure that the most difficult life situations are a disease, time period unemployment or other problems that infringe on his economic independence and social well-being will be overcome if he makes his own efforts, since there are all conditions for this in the country.

Social protection of the able-bodied population, the protection of their labor are based on the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of Labor Protection in the Russian Federation", adopted on July 17, 1999, and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, as well as laws and other legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The implementation of the main directions of the state policy in the field of labor protection is ensured by the coordinated actions of the state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments, employers, associations of employers, as well as trade unions, their associations and other representative bodies authorized by employees on protection issues labor.

The state implements training, vocational training and retraining programs for workers, as well as guarantees the payment of unemployment benefits and retraining. The state provides citizens who have lost their jobs, who are being laid off from enterprises, organizations and institutions, as well as citizens who have lost their jobs for the first time job seekers or wishing to renew labor activity after a long break, compensation, pays scholarships during the period of vocational training, retraining or advanced training; pays unemployment benefits; creates opportunities for participation in paid public works; compensates for expenses in connection with voluntary relocation to another locality at the suggestion of the employment service. Every citizen who has reached the age of 16 and has the status of an unemployed person can exercise the right to receive unemployment benefits or compensation. This right is lost when a citizen reaches retirement age.

Along with labor protection, an important component of the social policy of the state is the protection of the health of citizens. The protection of the health of citizens is a set of measures of a political, economic, legal, social, cultural, scientific, medical, sanitary-hygienic and anti-epidemic nature, aimed at preserving and strengthening the physical and mental health each person, maintaining his long-term active life providing him with medical care in case of loss of health.

Thus, we can conclude that the social protection of the able-bodied population should include mechanisms that provide citizens of the Russian Federation with protection from social risks that prevent:

- effective employment of a person;

Providing, in accordance with the law, additional employment guarantees to categories of the population in need of special social protection and experiencing difficulties in finding work, including young people, single parents and large families raising minor children or disabled children, persons of pre-retirement age, military personnel, dismissed to the reserve, the disabled, persons affected by man-made and natural disasters, as well as victims of military conflicts, persons who have been unemployed for a long time, persons serving a sentence or undergoing compulsory treatment by a court decision, etc.;

- payment and receipt of wages and all types of social benefits in the amounts and terms stipulated by the legislation;

- health protection of employees and prevention of unfavorable working conditions;

- provision and receipt of material and other assistance to persons in crisis material and social situations;

- realization by young people of their potential in scientific, cultural and sports plans;

- equality of men and women in all matters of social life (first of all, we are talking about full actual equality in wages, promotion, access to education, scientific activities, culture and sports).

The third direction of social protection is the social protection of disabled citizens, which should be aimed at the humanization of all spheres of life of these people. It is unacceptable that any of them feel like an extra person, burdening loved ones, society. Everyone should, as long as possible, retain the desire and ability to live in a family, actively participate in the economic, political, cultural development of society, enjoy all its benefits and, if possible, increase them.

In accordance with Article 2 of the Federal Law "On the Social Protection of the Disabled", adopted on November 24, 1995, the social protection of the disabled is a system of state-guaranteed economic, social and legal measures that provide conditions for the disabled to overcome, replace (compensate) life restrictions and aimed at creating equal opportunities for him to participate in the life of society with other citizens.

Social services for the elderly and disabled is an activity to meet their needs for social services. It includes a set of social care services, catering, assistance in obtaining medical, legal, socio-psychological and natural types of assistance, assistance. In vocational training, employment, leisure activities; assistance in organizing funeral services and others that are provided to elderly citizens and the disabled at home or in social service institutions, regardless of ownership.

The fourth direction of social protection is the social protection of the family, which should ensure effective prevention of social risks that prevent:

- preservation of the institution of the family;

- creating and maintaining a family;

- living in the family of its members suffering from disabilities;

- implementation of measures to provide workers with family responsibilities with such employment conditions that would allow them to combine family and professional responsibilities;

- development and assistance to state and other forms of ownership of institutions and services for child care and family assistance;

- ensuring the right of every woman to the widest possible range of family planning services;

- measures to reduce maternal and child mortality;

- granting women the right to maternity leave;

- granting parental leave to the mother or father (guardian) or, at the discretion of the family, to another relative who actually cares for the child;

- termination labor relations an employer with a woman during her absence from work for the above reason;

- the payment of benefits for child care, pregnancy and childbirth, the receipt by a woman of medical care, including free prenatal medical care, obstetric care during and after childbirth;

- refusal of the employer to hire and reduce wages for women for reasons related to pregnancy and childbirth, the presence of children;

- transfer of pregnant women, as well as women with children under the age of 3, in accordance with medical requirements, for more light work excluding the impact of adverse production factors no reduction in wages;

- development of family leisure and recreation.

Social protection of the family at the present stage is the most developing area of ​​social protection, since it is in the family that all social problems characteristic of modern Russian society are reflected, and these problems are always specific, since they are directly related to the type of family.

The organization of the implementation of these areas of social protection of the population is determined by the legal framework for the social protection of the population in the Russian Federation.

1.2 Regulatory framework of the municipal department of social protection of the population

Social protection of the population and the mechanism for its implementation are based on the constitutional and legal legislative framework and international covenants on human rights and freedoms. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the international covenants on civil and political, economic, social and cultural rights proclaim and recognize the rights of all people to life, liberty and security of person, dignity, freedom of opinion, the right to work, rest, education, social security, protection of material and moral interests.

Society cannot do without establishing the rights, freedoms and duties of its citizens. At the same time, they cannot be set arbitrarily, as they are determined by the achieved level of material, cultural and spiritual possibilities. The fundamental rights, freedoms and obligations of citizens are legally consolidated and guaranteed by the state in its main law - the Constitution.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation proclaims that the Russian Federation is a social state whose policy is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of a person.

The Russian Federation also protects the labor and health of people. Installed guaranteed minimum size wages provided governmental support families, motherhood, fatherhood and childhood, disabled and elderly citizens, a system of social services is being developed, state pensions, benefits and other guarantees of social protection are being established.

Article 38 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation states:

1. Every citizen is guaranteed social security in old age, in case of illness, disability, loss of a breadwinner, for the upbringing of children and in other cases established by law.

2. Pensions and allowances are established.

In Article 39 of the Constitution, according to which every person is guaranteed social security in cases of disability, for the upbringing of children and in other situations established by law.

Every citizen has the right to social protection. The constitution obliges the state to create all the necessary conditions to exercise this right.

It not only proclaims the right of citizens to social protection, but also clearly defines the ways of its implementation. First of all it is:

- Compulsory pension insurance for employees;

- creation of other funds that are sources of financing of social protection of the population;

- Adoption of federal laws guaranteeing the exercise of these rights.

In particular, on August 2, 1995, the Federal Law "On Social Services for Elderly Citizens and the Disabled" was adopted. According to the degree of concentration of legislative material, this law can be considered as normative act codification value.

It is distinguished by the relevance of regulatory regulation, a special capacity internal structure(consists of 7 chapters, 40 articles), which provides a single agreed regulation relations in the field of social services for this category of citizens.

This law, in essence, is the base for the institution of social services, because. regulates in a complex a range of issues related to social services for the two most weakly social groups of the population - the elderly and the disabled.

The Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of Social Services for the Population in the Russian Federation" dated December 10, 1995 establishes the foundations legal regulation in the field of social services for citizens in difficult life situations. At the same time, the following principles of social services for citizens are distinguished: targeting; availability; voluntariness; humanity; priority; confidentiality; preventive focus.

The codification law, the norms of which regulate public relations, are the Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation "On the protection of the health of citizens" dated July 22, 1993. The Fundamentals fix the concept of protecting the health of citizens and its basic principles, the rights of citizens in the field of health protection. In particular, it separately provides for the right to health protection: families, pregnant women and mothers, minors, military personnel, elderly citizens, and the disabled.

The federal law of May 19, 1995 "On state benefits to citizens with children" also became codifying. This law established single system allowances addressed to citizens with children. This is a pregnancy and childbirth allowance for a woman, a one-time allowance for women registered in the early stages of pregnancy; childbirth allowance due to each family; allowance for parental leave until the age of 1.5 years; monthly allowance for each child from the moment of his birth until the age of 16 (students 18) years old. IN subsequent years supplements were published this law, in terms of changing the amount of payments.

Another codifying law was the Federal Law of July 16, 1999 "On the Fundamentals of Compulsory Social Insurance". It consolidated the basic principles for the implementation of compulsory social insurance, types of social risks, insured events, types of insurance coverage for compulsory social insurance, rights and obligations of subjects of compulsory social insurance.

Citizens are provided with social benefits in accordance with the above Law of the Russian Federation "On State Benefits to Citizens with Children", as well as the Law of the Russian Federation "On Employment in the Russian Federation" as amended on April 20, 1996, the Federal Law of December 21, 1996 " On additional guarantees for the social protection of orphans and children left without parental care", Federal Laws of September 17, 1998 "On Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases" and of January 12, 1996 "On Burial and Funeral Business".

A number of current laws regulate the provision of pensions to various categories of citizens, for example, Federal Law No. 173-FZ of December 17, 2001 "On labor pensions in the Russian Federation" and Federal Law No. 166-FZ of December 15, 2001 "On state pension provision In Russian federation.

Social protection involves the provision of assistance to specific people in need, taking into account their individual needs. In the Russian Federation, relevant regulatory legal acts on the regulation of the provision of social support to a particular category of those in need.

Of great practical importance in the implementation of social protection of various categories of the population is the adopted number of social programs, the great advantage of which is the special allocation of "program resources" and their concentration on achieving subgoals, tasks and, ultimately, the goals of programs. Today, the following social programs operate in the Russian Federation:

- Federal comprehensive program "Social Support for the Disabled";

- Presidential program "Youth of Russia";

- The program of retraining and employment of military personnel subject to dismissal, and the reserve or retired, citizens dismissed from military service, and members of their families in their places of compact residence;

- Federal migration program.

Thus, the Constitution as the basic law of the state and legal acts that specify and fill with real content the social rights, freedoms and duties of the individual (Decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, Federal laws, Government Decrees, legal acts adopted by the subjects of the Federation, municipal authorities) constitute and form the legal space in which the social mechanism for protecting human interests functions. The operation and effectiveness of this mechanism are directly related to the activities of people and largely depend on their conscientiousness, professionalism, competence and other qualities. That is why the further development and improvement of the social protection system requires a more serious approach to solving legal issues.

1.3 Foreign experience social protection of the population

20th century became a century of destruction of traditional channels of social assistance: communities, families. Communication within the community is torn under the pressure of ongoing processes of industrialization, urbanization and individualization of public life. The family is going through a period of disintegration, which limits the possibilities of mutual assistance. In this regard, in the first half of the 20th century, a redistribution of roles takes place: the state becomes one of the main guarantors of the social security of a person.

For this stage The development of European and American civilization is characterized by the fact that, along with repression, the mechanism of social maneuvering is also included through the adoption of social legislation and the foundation of social institutions aimed at creating a system of social support for wage workers and members of their families.

The main player in the social field, of course, becomes the state. To an ever greater extent, the state is beginning to realize the need to intervene in the social sphere, and therefore to have public service professional social workers. In the first decades of the twentieth century Almost all developed countries are actively expanding in the social sphere, building a social policy, creating a legal framework, developing models and systems of social support for the population. Basically, they operate to this day. At the same time, there are also differences in the models of social support for the population in various Western countries.

Particularly interesting experience social system Germany. Germany, along with the states of Northern Europe, has an exemplary social security system. The basis of this system was laid in the time of Bismarck: accident insurance, sickness insurance, pension insurance. In 1919 unemployment insurance was introduced.

Importance for formation abroad modern system social assistance was provided by the principles of the Elberfeld system, which took its name from the city where it was effectively applied. In the middle of the 19th century, it spread throughout almost the entire territory of Germany and part of France. Based on these principles:

independence of each guardianship when considering particular issues and centralization general direction cases;

individualization of assistance with a detailed examination of each person in need;

attraction of all sections of society to active participation in the charity of the poor.

Over time, the methods and forms of work have changed, but the main principle of social work remains the provision of social assistance.

Social assistance is the main part of the social guarantee system in Germany, serving to get out of a difficult social situation. individuals and having the necessary institutions and services for these purposes.

Social assistance is also called social services that are provided outside the social security system. These are services of a general nature: the issuance of money as a state subsidy for housing, in large families for children, for the poor - for education.

Services such as education are especially important for the young poor and the poor, as they contribute to further professional growth and careers. The solution of the problems of education is completely in the hands of the authorities of the federal states. Each federal state decides in its own way within the framework of federal law. According to German social law, every student with the ability to good results in studies is entitled to individual support for his education, although he may lack this necessary means.

Of interest is the system of social protection in the leading capitalist country - the United States.

As in Western European countries, the U.S. social safety net is being reformed to accommodate modern conditions, but relying on strong material resources and established system of values. The national social security system was laid down in the 1930s and dates back to the signing of the Social Security Act by President Franklin Roosevelt in August 1935. It was all based on the orientation of Americans to success, to personal responsibility for their well-being and the well-being of their families. The American system of social protection has clearly expressed two directions: the system of social security and the system of social assistance.

Social security programs have a high status of social respectability, as wage earners regularly pay taxes to the respective funds. The social insurance system is mainly used by the middle and upper strata of society. This system protects the economically actively employed population from the main socio-economic risks: old age, loss of a breadwinner, disability, illness, industrial injuries, unemployment.

In the article of social expenditures of the US budget, this section of social protection accounts for about 75%. The size of social insurance pensions is 2.5 times higher than cash benefits for poverty.

It should be noted that both social insurance and social assistance in the United States are not of an abstract nature, but have a number of basic and auxiliary programs.

One of major programs- the basis of the pension system General Federal Program (OFP). To receive a full pension, you must be at least 65 years of age and have worked for at least 3 months in each year between the ages of 21 and 65. With a decrease in the length of service, the pension decreases, the minimum required length of service is 10 years.

The tax to the Pension Fund (including the part of medical care under the Medicor program) is 15.3% of income, with half paid by the employer and the other half by the employee. The fund's spending is strictly regulated: out of every dollar that goes into the fund, 69 cents go to trust funds that pay monthly old-age pensions to the insured, their family members, and widows; 19 cents goes to trust funds that pay the bills of the insured under the Medicor program, 12 cents to trust funds to pay pensions to the disabled and their families; and 1 cent is spent on administrative expenses.

The most important component of the social insurance system is the Medicor program for retired health care, which was established in 1965, covers more than 30 million Americans and is of the greatest social importance in the life of the country. Insurance is divided into basic and additional. The main one pays for treatment in general hospital conditions, additional treatment and medical services at home. Additional insurance voluntary insurance with the payment of an insurance premium, as well as payment for the services of doctors and services in polyclinics, the Medicor program provides for health insurance for people aged 65 years and older and some other groups of the population.

A compensatory function similar to the social insurance system is performed by the federal-state unemployment insurance system, introduced in the mid-1930s. The unemployment insurance system is compensated by the tax on entrepreneurs, employees do not make payments for this purpose.

The second direction of the system of social protection in the United States is social assistance. Unlike social insurance programs for social assistance to the poor do not enjoy prestige and support in American society, because the poor do not pay social taxes and represent a much smaller part of the population.

One of the main federal social assistance programs is the Assistance to Families with Dependent Children (PSED) program.

Funding for this program is provided by the federal government on a parity basis with the states, approximately 50 to 50. Within the framework of the PSED, mothers or relatives who are raising children receive benefits. Family support is complex. Such a family, in addition to cash assistance, is entitled to receive food stamps, school-age children receive free meals "School Breakfast Program". family gets medical care under the Medicaid program. Approximately a quarter of families receiving child support use housing.

At the same time, beginning in 1981, a requirement was introduced to work on a gratuitous basis in order to receive benefits under major federal social programs. Two programs require this as a prerequisite for federal welfare assistance: the Dependent Child Assistance Program and the Food Stamp Program.

The Medicaid program, created in 1965, provides medical services to people living below the poverty line. About 23 million people receive assistance through it, it is paid entirely from the budget by the federal government together with the state authorities.

The foundations of social insurance in Germany were laid in the last century by Chancellor Bismarck, and since then the mechanism of social policy, being improved, creates reliable social protection for the population.

in Germany in legislative order compulsory insurance was established for every employee upon reaching a certain age for all types of insurance: pension, unemployment and sick leave.

Insurance funds account for about 37% of the wage fund at each enterprise. They are formed at the expense of deductions from the wages of the worker and contributions from the employer in approximately equal proportions. The state legislates only the amount of payments to insurance funds. The system of payments to social insurance funds operates on the principle of solidarity: the strong pay for the weak.

Pension insurance contributions amount to 1.7% of the wage fund and ensure the formation of one of the largest insurance funds - the pension fund. The fund is intended to finance the following types pensions: a) old-age pensions (assigned to working men from 65 years old, women from 60 years old). The size of pensions is determined by the length of service, which means the term for paying contributions to the pension fund. With an experience of up to 40 years, 61% of net earnings are paid before retirement, and with an experience of 45 years or more - 69%. It should be noted that the length of service includes the time spent on raising children, serving in the army and the period of involuntary unemployment; b) disability pension in connection with its loss as a result of an accident and if a person has been disabled since childhood; c) pensions on the death of the breadwinner.

Unemployment insurance provides a contribution to this fund in the amount of 6.8% of the payroll.

In Germany, the following amounts of unemployment pensions are determined by law - 63-68% of the average salary for the last 3 months before losing a job. These percentages are calculated from the so-called "net" salary, i.e. remaining after payment of all taxes and contributions. Workers are eligible for unemployment benefits vocational education and work experience of at least three years, and unskilled workers - with work experience of at least 6 years.

The payment of benefits is made subject to certain conditions (loss of work by the employee in full, and not in part; mandatory registration at the labor exchange is required; lack of alternative options for working at another enterprise). The allowance is paid from 6 to 32 months.

If the employee does not have the right to receive the specified benefit (for example, the period of time necessary for this has not been worked out), then unemployment assistance is paid in this case. Assistance is issued if there are no other sources of livelihood and none of the relatives can support the unemployed. The amount of assistance is 56-58% of the net previous salary for the last three months of work.

The third type of payments from the unemployment fund is social assistance to the poor and those who have no means of subsistence due to a long illness or illness of close relatives.

Help, help and social payments unemployment is not taxed.

Unemployment insurance in accordance with the Law is at the expense of the entrepreneur.

Hospital insurance (sickness insurance) in Germany is legally regulated by Federal law. The order of hospital insurance is that citizens are automatically members of local sickness funds, then join the production and sectoral funds, and then optionally, on a voluntary basis, additional ones. The amount of deductions ranges from 8 to 16% (on average 12.5%) of the wage fund.

There are currently about one thousand sickness funds of four types in the country: industrial, local, branch, additional. Production cash desks are created at enterprises with at least 450 employees. Local correspond to a territorial sign (urban, quarterly, rural, etc.). Branches serve people of a certain specialty (transport workers, builders, etc.). Additional cash desks are intended for people with a high level of income.

The concept of hospital insurance in Germany is based on differentiation and a commercial approach. Its essence lies in the fact that the amount of contributions and the level of service measures depends on the income of the insurers. In particular, if a citizen earns at the minimum level (about 5 thousand marks per month), then he must be insured. This is due to the fact that in case of illness, his earnings will not be enough for treatment, and according to the constitution of Germany, a sick person cannot be deprived of medical care.

With high incomes, a citizen can join a private health insurance fund, which provides a prestigious level of medical care. In private health insurance funds, there is no principle of joint distribution of medical expenses, and therefore the young and healthy pay less, the old and the sick pay more.

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Theoretical and legal aspects of social protection of the population in the Russian Federation. Criteria for its effectiveness. Characteristics of the Tagansky district and a study of the activities of the USZN of the Tagansky district of Moscow in this area. Ways to improve social policy.

Social protection is a system of legislative, economic, social and other guarantees that provides all able-bodied citizens with equal rights and working conditions, and disabled (socially vulnerable) layers - benefits in the use of public consumption funds, direct material and socio-psychological support in all forms .

Social support is temporary or permanent measures of targeted support for certain socially vulnerable categories of citizens.

Social protection and social support of citizens are the prerogative of the state. Federal Law "On general principles organization of local self-government in the Russian Federation" 2003 refers only guardianship and guardianship to the competence of municipal districts and urban districts in this area, and to the competence of settlements - to assist in establishing guardianship and guardianship over the residents of the settlement who need it. However, the main part of the concerns for social support citizens are traditionally exercised by local governments as state powers.Due to the lack of state funding, local budgets bear a significant share of the costs of social support for the population.

The main forms of social support for certain groups of the population are: cash benefits, in-kind assistance (food, clothing), benefits (discounts) when paying for a number of services, subsidies (target funds for paying for services), compensation (reimbursement of some expenses).

Municipal policy in the field of social protection and social support of the population is the implementation of its own and transferred (federal and regional) state powers to organize a set of measures aimed at preventing certain vulnerable groups of the population and citizens from falling into the zone of extreme social disadvantage. The formation and implementation of local policies in the field of social support for the population are carried out within the framework of targeted assistance to specific groups of the population and individual citizens.

The main criteria for providing social support to certain categories of citizens at the municipal level are: 1) low level of material security. If the per capita income of a person (family) is below a certain legally established normative value, this person (family) needs social support. The normative value of per capita income is determined by the price of the consumer package, which characterizes the subsistence minimum per family member (or single citizen) for a given period of development of society; 2) disability, the consequence of which is the impossibility of self-service; 3) loss of housing and property.

• Disabled: pensioners, children, disabled people, citizens who are in the care of the state (in nursing homes, disabled people, etc.);
• · Poor;
• · Caught in extreme situations: (unemployed, refugees and migrants, without a fixed place of residence, victims of emergency situations (fires, floods, earthquakes, radiation exposure, etc.).

For each of the listed categories, the state develops specific social protection programs, and at the local level - social support programs.

To implement municipal policy in the field of social support for the population, various social service institutions are being created in municipalities, and bodies (departments, committees, departments) of social protection are created in the structure of local administrations (Figure 4).

Social services are provided by social service institutions free of charge and for a fee. Free social services are provided in volumes determined by regional standards of social services. Paid social services are provided in the manner prescribed by the Government of the Russian Federation. According to the Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of Social Services for the Population in the Russian Federation", social service institutions - both municipal and otherwise - enjoy preferential taxation in the manner prescribed by taxation legislation.

Figure 4 - Subjects of social support of the population in the municipality

Financing of the municipal sector of the social service system is carried out at the expense of subventions from the federal budget and the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, directed to the municipal budget for the maintenance and development of a network of social service institutions, as well as for payment of state-guaranteed social services included in federal and regional lists. The amount of subventions will be determined annually upon approval of the respective budgets.

In modern legislation, there is a tendency to transfer the execution of social service functions from the municipal level to the level of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The consequences of this are ambiguous. On the one hand, the transfer of social service functions to the subjects of the Russian Federation makes this system less dependent on the specific situation in each municipality. On the other hand, the activity of local communities in solving social problems is decreasing, the effectiveness of responding to the various interests and aspirations of local communities and individual citizens in the field of social protection is decreasing.