Society's assessment of the significance of social status is called. What are social problems, what are they, and how are they related? Society is an integral social organism and system
Test on the topic "Social sphere"
Teacher: Taran Elena Alexandrovna
MOU secondary school No. 1, Gryazovets, Vologda region
Position: teacher of history, social studies
Note: You can use the test as in the classroom basic level so in profile.
Option 1.
A 1. Evaluation by society social significance of one status or another, enshrined in culture and public opinion, is called
1) value 2) adaptation 3) prestige 4) sanction
A 2. There are a huge number of examples in history when commoners became generals. In this case, the army acts as
1) social adaptation 3) social determinants
2) social elevator 4) social control
A 3. After graduation, K. got a job as a manager in a small private company. After some time, he moved to work as a top manager in the largest holding company in the South of Russia. This situation can be seen as an example
1) horizontal social mobility 2) vertical social mobility
3) social stratification4) professional differentiation
A 4. Relations between people (or groups of people), which are carried out in accordance with the laws of the social organization of society, are called
1) social relations2) social structures
3) social integration4) social differentiation
A 5. The distribution of social groups in a hierarchically ordered sequence is called
1) adaptation 2) stratification 3) mobility 4) socialization
A 6. A democratic (partner) family, in contrast to a patriarchal (traditional) family, is characterized by
1) cohabitation of at least three generations
2) a fair division of household duties
3) the economic dependence of women on men
4) the dominant role of men in the family
A 7. The functions of the family are
1) education of law-abiding behavior in children
2) determination of the amount of utility bills
3) setting standards for school education
4) definition minimum size wages
A 8. Social control is a special mechanism for maintaining public order and includes two main elements:
1) power and actions 2) norms and sanctions
3) expectations and motives 4) statuses and roles
A 9. There are rules for ending a telephone conversation:
The caller hangs up first. The man who called the woman is waiting for the woman to hang up first.
If the boss called his subordinate, then the latter is waiting for the boss to hang up. To what type social norms can they be attributed?
1) norms of etiquette 2) customs 3) norms of law 4) traditions
A 10. social conditions, under which people have different access to social benefits, are called
1) social mobility 3) social inequality
2) social status 4) social relations
A. R. and P. got married, formed a family, began to live separately from their parents - this is an example of horizontal mobility.
B. An example of horizontal social mobility is the receipt of workers leadership position at the enterprise in connection with the graduation from the university.
A 12. Which judgment is correct?
A. Behavior that deviates from the values, norms, attitudes and expectations of society or a social group is called deviant.
B. Any manifestation of deviant behavior is a crime.
1) only A is true 3) both judgments are true
2) only B is correct 4) both judgments are wrong
IN 1. Analyze the data given in the social survey table reflecting the answer to the question "What is success?" What conclusion can be drawn from these data?
1) young people in all age groups the main criterion for success was economic, independence, independence from others
2) young people under the age of 25 consider the creation of a strong family to be the most important thing in life
3) to be the best - a criterion characteristic of young people aged 18 to 25 years. This is due to their characteristic teenage maximalism.
4) the number of people who believe that the most important thing in life is career, decreases with age
A. Development of interethnic relations in modern world associated with two trends - interethnic integration and national differentiation. B. In our opinion, they act constantly, but not without conflict. C. The aggravation of the national question is connected with the contradictions between the growing scientific and technological revolution, which requires maximum cooperation, the international division of labor, and the national identity of states and peoples. D. Contradictions arise between the nation-states themselves due to the presence of specific interests: the use of natural resources, transport communications. E. The reasons for the escalation of conflicts are political, economic, and demographic.
Determine what positions are
Social inequality characterizes the relative position of individuals and social *** (A). Specific group or individual ***(B) are recognized as members of society and in public opinion a certain significance is attributed to them. Social inequality in modern society most often understood as *** (B) - the distribution of social groups in a hierarchical order. The concept of "middle class" describes such a socially comfortable position as economic well-being, the presence of property valued in society *** (D), civil rights. Social inequality is determined primarily by the significance and *** (D) of the functions performed for society. In modern society, the profession becomes the defining criterion of social *** (E)
The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word can only be used once. Choose the words sequentially one by one, filling in each gap. Note that there are more words on the list than you need to fill in the gaps.
1) status 2) group 3) criterion
4) stratification 5) profession 6) prestige
Part 3 (level C tasks)
1. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "social mobility"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about the factors affecting social mobility
Option 2.
A 1. The profession of a programmer today is especially in demand. Its degree of prestige is determined
1) higher educational institutions2) enterprise administration
3) society 4) laws
A 2. What social lift was limited by the Circular on Cook's Children, adopted in Russia in 1886?
1) army 2) church 3) school 4) marriage
A 3. An example of horizontal social mobility is
1) obtaining the next officer rank
2) transfer to a new, better paid position
3) retirement
4) moving to another city
A 4. The clash of opposing goals, opinions and views of the subjects of interaction is
1) social control 3) social integration
2) social adaptation 4) social conflict
A 5. Indicate a sign that is characteristic of all types of social norms.
1) fastening in the appropriate regulations, laws
2) transmission from generation to generation in the form of unwritten norms and rules
3) acting as a regulator of people's behavior
4) security with the power of state coercion
A 6. What sign must be indicated in order to confirm that the Vasiliev family is extended?
1) Vasiliev N. and M. have been living in a registered marriage for more than 15 years
2) N. and M. Vasilievs have two minor children
3) The Vasilyev family consists of the Vasilyev spouses, their children, as well as the parents of wife N.
4) The Vasilievs have their own business
A 7. A small group based on marriage or consanguinity, whose members are connected by a common life and mutual responsibility, is ...
1) clan 2) family 3) estate 4) elite
A 8. The activity of a society to prescribe and encourage the proper behavior of its members and the application of sanctions to violators of accepted norms is called
1) social control
2) social differentiation
3) social stratification
4) social progress
A 9. “While greeting a woman or a senior in position, a man should stand up. A woman in a business setting also greets an incoming employee by standing up if he is higher in position. What type of social norm does this norm belong to?
1) custom 2) rule of law 3) tradition 4) etiquette
A 10. Trends in the development of nations and interethnic relations are
1) centralization and decentralization2) bureaucratization and democratization
3) integration and differentiation4) collectivization and individualization
A 11. Which statement is correct?
A. A radical change or loss of a profession by a person always entails changes in his social status.
B. As a result of a change in social status, the social roles of a person change.
1) only A is true 3) both judgments are true
2) only B is correct 4) both judgments are wrong
A 12. Are the following statements about deviant behavior correct?
A. Deviant behavior can be beneficial to society.
B. A manifestation of positive deviant behavior in society is scientific and inventive activity.
1) only A is true 3) both judgments are true
2) only B is correct 4) both judgments are wrong
Q 1. Analyze data from a social survey on the topic "How often do you trust people?". What conclusion can be drawn from these data?
18-24 |
25-34 |
15-44 |
45-59 |
1) the older people are, the less they trust others
2) most people don't trust each other
3) the most distrustful are people whose generation graduated from school in the late 70s - the first half of the 80s of the twentieth century
4) young people from 18 to 24 years old are characterized by an absolute lack of trust in people
B 2. Read the text below, with each position marked with a letter.
A. In our opinion, deviant behavior is very different from the requirements of social norms. B. It entails the application of sanctions - from the desire to improve to the punishment and isolation of the offender from society. C. Evaluation of human behavior as "deviant" is extremely dependent on the era, the norms and values that have developed in society: what is deviant today may become the norm tomorrow. D. In sociology, there are several reasons for deviant behavior: biological (congenital predisposition of some people to alcoholism, drug addiction, crime); psychological (associated with mental deviations of the personality); social (the impossibility of positive self-realization of the individual).
Determine which provisions of the text are worn
1) factual nature 2) nature of value judgments
Write under the letter of the position a number indicating its nature.
" AT |
B 3. Read the text below with a number of words missing. Choose from the proposed list of words to be inserted in place of spaces.
The aggravation of national relations results in *** (A). This is a form of conflict in which groups with opposing interests differ in *** (B) features. Their most common causes are violation of *** (C) representatives of a particular nation, violation of justice and *** (D) in interethnic relations. Interethnic conflicts can only be resolved by means of *** (D) - a system of measures implemented by the state, aimed at accounting, combination and implementation national interests, to resolve contradictions in the sphere of national relations. Its strategy in the Russian Federation was developed and substantiated in the Concept of National Policy and State program national revival and interethnic cooperation of the peoples of Russia. strategic goal is to strengthen the unity and cohesion of all peoples on the basis of national revival and interethnic cooperation, the strengthening of *** (E) and ties, the formation of a state-political and interethnic community ~~ Russians.
Words (phrases) in the list are given in the nominative case. Keep in mind that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the gaps. Choose sequentially one word after another, mentally filling in each gap.
1) unitary state 2) ethnic conflicts.
3) human rights 4) national policy
5) ethnic 6) federal relations
7) state 8) administrative-command methods
9) tolerance
Part 3 (level C tasks)
1. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "youth"? Make two sentences that reveal the essence of the problems of modern youth.
Additional task for the profile level:
2. To speak at the seminar, you need to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "Interethnic Relations". Make a plan according to which you will perform.
3. Text. Modern migration processes in Russia
External migration processes in Russia are characterized by qualitative features in relation to the emigrating contingent. Recall that over the past 15 years the country has lost at least 100 thousand people annually. Russia is leaving the most educated, professionally trained people, for whose training huge capital has been spent. "Brain drain" is an indicator that characterizes the socio-economic and political situation of the country. First of all, scientists, doctors, technical and creative intelligentsia, highly skilled workers are leaving Russia. Our citizens, leaving the country, significantly contribute to the growth of the scientific, technical and intellectual potential of Germany, Israel, the USA and a number of other countries.
"Brain drain" has a pronounced perspective character. According to the results of surveys of graduates of leading natural-technical universities (Moscow State University, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Moscow Aviation Institute, etc.), more than 50% of them would like to emigrate, and 10-12% already have specific proposals for working abroad. Today, every fifth emigrant has a higher education, including among those who left for Israel - 30%, in the USA - more than 40% (the share of people with higher education in Russia is only 13.3%). The departure of a highly qualified specialist is equivalent to the loss of 300 thousand dollars a year for Russia. The damage caused by the departure of one specialist with a Ph.D. degree in some cases reaches $2 million. high level training will annually incur losses in the amount of 30-35 billion dollars.
The paradoxical nature of the qualitative side of the immigration-emigration balance is determined by the fact that, giving a number of countries its most highly qualified personnel, Russia acquires very low-skilled personnel from part of the excess labor potential of neighboring and even distant countries. Precise definition the number of immigrants to Russia is not, according to many experts, illegal immigrants are at least 1 million people. In a number of regions of the country, illegal immigration has the most significant impact on the socio-economic, and often even on the state-political situation. For example, immigrants from Southeast Asian countries (mainly from China) are concentrated in the Far East. Taking into account the growing outflow of the Russian-speaking population from the regions of the Far East, the increase in the proportion of Chinese among the total population creates not only ethnic and cultural problems, but also far-reaching economic, military-strategic and political difficulties.
Illegal immigrants occupy the most unprestigious jobs for the local population. A significant part of them agree to work outside their specialty and without formalizing their labor relations with an employer. This situation creates special social and economic consequences. Employers become less interested in improving working conditions and introducing new, more advanced technology; created favorable conditions for the development of the shadow economy; the level of injuries and morbidity among migrants is growing.
Russia is unable today to avoid both legal and illegal immigration. Its inevitability is predetermined by the demographic situation in the country. For the sake of preserving the territory, the state will have to open the doors wide for immigrants. It is already extremely difficult to curb illegal migration today; we will have to respond by expanding legal opportunities for immigration. It is necessary, without delay, to develop a new migration legislation that takes into account today's and tomorrow's interests of Russia. But just changing the laws is not enough. Different attitudes towards nation and citizenship are urgently needed, it is necessary to control the structure of immigration. At the same time, new management schemes and aspirations should be aimed at optimizing the demographic situation of the people of Russia, it is necessary not tomorrow, but today, in reality, to take care of their well-being and health.
P. D. Pavlenok, L. I. Savinov. "Sociology"
C1. What is a "brain drain"? Why does the author consider it an indicator that characterizes the socio-economic situation in the country?
C2. Name at least three consequences of the brain drain.
SZ. What is quality characteristic illegal immigration? What social and economic problems arise in connection with it? (Name at least three.)
Economic problems are not the only difficulties faced by the state. Another direction is social problems.
Between themselves, these factors are closely interconnected, and to one degree or another are found in any country. Below IQReview prepared an analysis, highlighting and describing the current social problems in Russia and their impact on the lives of citizens.
What are social problems?
According to Wikipedia, social problems are situations, events and conditions that directly or indirectly negatively affect a citizen from the point of view of society. At first, this term ("social problem") referred only to the unequal distribution of wealth. It began to be used at the beginning of the 19th (19th) century, in Western Europe.
The list of problems has changed and continues to change over time with:
changing circumstances (economic, social, political);
and changing living standards citizens;
change in the minds of citizens.
Types and classification
U s All problems can be divided into:
Socio-economic. This includes all factors related to finances and material conditions.
Social and household. They include factors related to providing citizens with affordable housing, living conditions, material difficulties of young and large families.
Socio-psychological. Includes factors relating to the family and internal relationships between relatives. This also includes family conflicts, domestic violence, infidelity, divorce.
Socio-political problems. This includes the arms race, regional and state conflicts, the growth of violence in individual countries and the world as a whole. This also applies to conflicts on religious or ethnic grounds.
E If another wording is given, the classification of problems will look like this:
between social groups.
Between classes.
between separate individuals.
between social systems.
To global issues include the following factors:
Demographic. In global terms, it is associated with the overall growth of the world's population. In a number of states, it concerns a decrease in the number of inhabitants.
Food. It concerns the need to provide residents with food.
Energy. It concerns the need to provide the population of the planet with energy.
Ecological. Regarding pollution environment and waste disposal.
List of major problems in Russia and the world
Actual social problems all over the world are the same. The difference lies in the fact that in some countries some problems are more acute, while others are less so. In some states, some social problems are practically absent: the percentage of their manifestations is very small.
Now let's have a list. Current social problems today are as follows:
Alcoholism, drug addiction (both among adults and among minors).
Banditry, crime - both children's and "adult", terrorism, prostitution, extremism.
Homelessness, violations of children's rights, abortions, abandonment of children.
Fascism, conflicts arising on religious, national, ethnic grounds.
Inequality between classes of residents (when one part of the citizens is poor, and the other is rich).
Unemployment, poverty, insufficient wages.
Disability (a high number of disabled people relative to the total population), attitudes towards citizens with disabilities.
Demographic crisis: high mortality, low birth rate, high number of citizens who emigrated, a large percentage of pensioners and elderly citizens.
Environmental pollution, the possibility of a man-made disaster.
Health status: increased incidence, epidemics, high chance of infection.
Social inequality, infringement of certain categories of citizens.
Corruption (does not depend on the level of economic development - it can manifest itself both in a poor and in a rich state).
Inflation.
Suicide ( a large number of cases relative to the population).
Restriction of the rights of citizens, suppression of freedom of speech, movement.
Low level of education, lack of specialists.
The full list of these problems is most clearly manifested in third world countries. In addition to their acute manifestation, in such states there is also a complete (or ineffective) system for solving them. That is, no one tries to influence the situation. As a result, the harmful situation can progress and last for years and even decades.
In more developed countries, these problems also exist, but they are felt much weaker.
In Russia, the key negative factors are poverty and low salaries, even for narrow-profile specialists and in-demand professions.
Less serious social problems are:
High level of corruption, "nepotism", promotion of "their own". It can be traced in all structures.
Unemployment, lack of jobs in the regions.
Alcoholism.
Violence in family.
The remaining social problems in the Russian Federation are mostly the result of these factors, and to some extent depend on them.
Brief statistics
The social problems of Russia in numbers have the following indicators (for 2016):
Alcoholism. Among about 5 million are alcoholics (of which 6% are minors).
Addiction. There are about 3 million citizens who constantly use drugs. Among them, 60% are aged 16-30 years, 20% are minors, 20% are citizens over 30 years old.
Crime. 2.16 million crimes were registered (10% lower than in 2015). Among them, 44% were cases of theft of other people's property. Every second crime was committed by persons who had previously violated the law, and every third was committed while intoxicated.
Corruption. The Russian Federation is one of the countries with a high level of corruption. The most corrupt sectors of the social sphere (medicine, housing and communal services), law enforcement agencies and some state organizations(land distribution, government orders and public procurement, certification).
Unemployment. Unemployed - 4.1 million (compared to 2015, there is a decline in unemployment by 0.4%).
Inflation: 5.4% (in 2015 it exceeded 12%).
abortion. In 2015, at the request of women, 447,000 abortions were performed. According to statistics, the number of abortions in the Russian Federation has been steadily declining over the past two decades. For comparison: in 1995, 2.76 million abortions were performed in the Russian Federation.
Suicide. For 100 thousand citizens - 15.4 (for 2016). This is the lowest figure since 1960. In the "nineties" the Russian Federation ranked second in the world in terms of the number of suicides, in 2013 - the fourteenth, in 2016 - the thirtieth. About 22% of suicides, according to statistics, are committed by citizens aged 40-49 years, and men are 6 times more likely than women.
Ethnic conflicts. Due to the multi-ethnic composition of the population of the Russian Federation, conflicts on national and religious grounds often arise. They mainly take place in major cities(where large diasporas of other nationalities live) and in cities located close to the southern borders.
Violence in family. Statistics on this type of crime is complicated due to the fact that about 60-70% of cases are not brought to law enforcement, and about 97% of cases do not reach the court. According to rough estimates, about a quarter of all families are at risk (family violence is present to some extent).
homelessness. The exact number of homeless children in the country has not been established, according to approximate estimates, it is several thousand. There are about 72,000 children of various ages in orphanages. More than 500,000 children are complete orphans, but are brought up in other families.
Prostitution. In 2014, according to rough estimates, the number of employees in this industry was about 3 million.
Health status. Out of 188 countries, the Russian Federation was in 119th place in terms of the health of citizens. There are about 1.5 million HIV-infected citizens. About 300 thousand citizens die from cancer every year. Statistics on tuberculosis - 9 cases per 100 thousand of the population. In general, the assessment of the situation is below average.
Social inequality. According to official statistics around the world, the rating of the Russian Federation in the list of countries is high, but far from the "leaders" (in which inequality is most pronounced).
Demographic situation. Since 2010, the population has been growing steadily. As of the beginning of 2017, it is 146,804,372 citizens. From 1996 to 2009 inclusive, there was a demographic crisis: the population was steadily declining (from 148.291 million in 1996 to 141.9 million in 2009). The situation is more complicated with the age of the nation: the number of pensioners (at the end of 2016) is almost 43 million (that is, almost a third of the total number).
Disability. In 2015, there were almost 13 million people with disabilities in the Russian Federation. Among them are 605,000 disabled children (under the age of 18).
Poverty. According to Rosstat, 21.4 million Russians (14.6% of the total population) can be considered poor. In fact, this indicator is much higher, because (by which the amount of poverty is calculated) is much lower than the real amount needed for a living. According to various estimates, from 40 to 70 million citizens (that is, slightly less than half) are below the poverty line.
Poverty rate in Russia Relationship between individual factors
Almost all problems are closely interrelated and usually do not develop independently, but in a complex manner.
Larger and more serious factors "pull" several related problems:
The growth of unemployment leads to poverty, an increase in crime, prostitution, social inequality, and a demographic crisis.
An increase in the number of alcoholics, drug addicts leads to an increase in crime, prostitution, domestic violence, early mortality, suicide, and an increase in morbidity statistics.
The growth of crime entails increased corruption and prostitution.
T social andeconomic problems. In the event of a long the decline of the state economy will be aggravated by the following negative factors, along the chain:
Decrease in the standard of living, incomes of the population.
Rising unemployment.
The growth of crime.
Exacerbation of the problem of alcoholism and drug addiction - as citizens in difficult situations often resort to alcohol and drugs to distract themselves.
Increasing incidence of domestic violence.
Decline in the birth rate, aslow-income families do not have enough money to provide for the child.
The deterioration of the health status of the population is due to cheap food, lack of funds for treatment and medicine, and difficult working conditions.
Reasons for the appearance
Actual social problems are a consequence arising from various causes. Each problem individually appears due to certain conditions. Often one problem is a consequence of another, since they are all closely related.
If we consider groups of problems, then the causes of their occurrence include:
Demographic, family problems. They arise due to the low level of prosperity of the population, unemployment, low level of medical care, lack of social programs (or their Low quality) aimed at supporting families with children.
Crime. It is growing due to high unemployment, alcoholism and drug addiction, poor work of law enforcement agencies.
Fascism and conflicts arising on religious, national or ethnic grounds. It manifests itself due to the presence of two or more different social groups in a certain area. Also, the reason may be historical background, due to which some groups are aggressive towards others.
Corruption. It arises due to weak control by the state, the lack of public control over the activities of power structures by the population (or the lack of response from law enforcement agencies).
Poor health status of the population, high percentage of disability. It arises due to insufficient funding for medicine, low living standards, poor environmental conditions, outdated production technologies, alcoholism and drug addiction.
Social inequality. It arises due to the large difference between the living conditions of different groups of the population (in income levels, opportunities, benefits).
Violence Statistics There are also common factors that lead to the development and progression of problems:
Weak control of the state apparatus, slow (or ineffective) response to emerging problems (or lack of it at all).
Insufficiently effective work of law enforcement and other control bodies.
Insufficiently effective work of educational institutions.
The poor state of the economy as a whole.
High population density.
Too fast change(technical progress, rapidly changing fashion trends), which leads to the development of a consumer behavior model, when the population seeks to have all the fashionable goods, spending money on it. Also in this case, people easily succumb to advertising and other information received from external sources.
Ways to fight and prevention
Statistics show that solving social problems forever and everywhere is impossible. It is possible to partially reduce their manifestation, up to a minimum.
Moreover, measures taken to solve some social problems can lead to other negative phenomena. For example, in the 1930s Soviet Union actively engaged in the fight against unemployment. Its level has fallen: new jobs have been created for citizens in construction, industry and the agricultural sector. However, this resulted in inefficient employment and heavy manual labor.
Before you begin to deal with the problem, you need to conduct it detailed analysis. It should include:
Scale: what area (city, region, and so on) the factor covers.
"Target audience": which segments of the population and age categories feel its influence.
How dangerous is the situation.
What problems and factors accompany its appearance.
What is the key problem of the complex (for example, alcoholism is one of the main causes of poor health, increased crime, domestic violence).
After the “diagnosis”, the authorities should develop a set of measures aimed at combating negative factors. Solving social problems may include:
Enlightenment target audience". The public must be aware of the current situation and its development, as well as the consequences that it entails. For example, if we are talking about the fight against drug addiction, it is necessary to regularly bring to the attention of the population information about the consequences of using drugs, as well as about crimes committed while intoxicated.
Development of measures aimed at solving key and related problems.
Strengthening control over the situation, regular monitoring of dynamics. It is necessary to track in which direction the statistics are changing, and at what pace the changes are taking place.
If possible, increase liability. For example, if we are talking about drug addiction, then the terms of imprisonment for the distribution and production of substances should be increased.
Modern measures to combat each problem separately are always an individual task. The same negative factor in each country will manifest itself differently.
Representatives of all levels of government, regulatory bodies and state structures, from deputies of the State Duma and up to, should take part in the struggle (prevention). Should not remain aloof and means mass media. Their task is to bring the current situation, its changes and possible consequences to the population.
Social problems in Russia (video)
social status
social status (from lat. status- position, state) of the individual - this is the position of a person in society, which he occupies in accordance with his age, gender, origin, profession, marital status.
social status - is a certain position in social structure group or society, linked to other positions through a system of rights and obligations.
Sociologists distinguish several varieties of social statuses:
1) The statuses determined by the position of the individual in the group are personal and social.
personal status the position of a person that he occupies in the so-called small, or primary, group is called, depending on how his individual qualities are evaluated in it.
On the other hand, in the process of interaction with other individuals, each person performs certain social functions that determine him. social status.
2) Statuses determined by the time frame, the impact on the life of the individual as a whole - the main and non-main (episodic).
Main status determines the main thing in a person’s life (most often this is the status associated with the main place of work and family, for example, a good family man and an irreplaceable worker).
Episodic (non-main) social statuses affect the details of human behavior (for example, a pedestrian, a passenger, a passer-by, a patient, a participant in a demonstration or strike, a reader, a listener, a viewer, etc.).
3) Statuses acquired or not acquired as a result of free choice.
Prescribed (assigned) status - a social position that is prescribed in advance to an individual by society, regardless of the merits of the individual (for example, nationality, place of birth, social origin, etc.).
mixed status has the features of prescribed and achieved statuses (a person who has become disabled, the title of academician, Olympic champion, etc.).
Reachable ( acquired) is acquired as a result of free choice, personal efforts and is under the control of a person (education, profession, material wealth, business connections etc.).
In any society, there is a certain hierarchy of statuses, which is the basis of its stratification. Certain statuses are prestigious, others are vice versa. This hierarchy is formed under the influence of two factors:
a) the real usefulness of those social functions that a person performs;
b) the system of values characteristic of a given society.
If the prestige of any statuses is unreasonably high or, on the contrary, underestimated, it is usually said that there is a loss of status balance. A society in which there is a similar tendency to lose this balance is unable to ensure its normal functioning.
Prestige - it is an assessment by society of the social significance of a particular status, enshrined in culture and public opinion.
Each individual can have a large number of statuses. The social status of the individual primarily affects its behavior. Knowing the social status of a person, one can easily determine most of the qualities that he possesses, as well as predict the actions that he will carry out. Such expected behavior of a person, associated with the status that he has, is commonly called a social role.
social role It is a status oriented behavior pattern.
social role - it is a pattern of behavior recognized as appropriate for people of a given status in a given society.
Roles are determined by people's expectations (for example, the notion that parents should take care of their children, that an employee should conscientiously carry out the work entrusted to him, has taken root in the public mind). But each person, depending on the specific circumstances, accumulated life experience and other factors in its own way performs a social role.
Applying for this status, a person must fulfill all the role requirements assigned to this social position. Each person has not one, but a whole set of social roles that he plays in society. The totality of all the roles of a person in society is called role system or role set.
Role set (role system)
role set - a set of roles (role complex) associated with one status.
Each role in the role set requires a specific manner of behavior and communication with people and is thus a collection of relationships unlike any other. The role set includes basic (typical) and situational social roles.
Examples of basic social roles:
1) a worker;
2) owner;
3) consumer;
4) a citizen;
5) family member (husband, wife, son, daughter).
social roles can be institutionalized and conventional.
Institutionalized roles: institution of marriage, family (social roles of mother, daughter, wife).
Conventional Roles accepted by agreement (a person may refuse to accept them).
Social roles are associated with social status, profession or type of activity (teacher, pupil, student, seller).
A man and a woman are also social roles, biologically predetermined and involving specific ways of behavior, fixed by social norms or customs.
Interpersonal roles are associated with interpersonal relationships that are regulated on an emotional level (leader, offended, family idol, loved one, etc.).
Role behavior
From the social role as a model of behavior, one should distinguish the real role behavior, which means not socially expected, but the actual behavior of the performer of a particular role. And here much depends on personal qualities individual, on the degree of assimilation of social norms by him, on his beliefs, attitudes, value orientations.
Factors determining the process of implementing social roles:
1) biopsychological human capabilities, which may contribute to or hinder the performance of a particular social role;
2) the nature of the role adopted in the group and the features of social control, designed to monitor the implementation of role-playing behavior;
3) personal pattern, defining a set of behavioral characteristics necessary for the successful performance of the role;
4) group structure, its cohesion and degree of identification of the individual with the group.
In the process of implementing social roles, certain difficulties may arise associated with the need for a person to perform many roles in various situations. → in some cases, the discrepancy between social roles, the emergence of contradictions and conflict relations between them.
Role conflict and its types
Role conflict - a situation in which a person is faced with the need to satisfy the requirements of two or more incompatible roles.
Types of role conflicts:
|
Type name |
His essence |
|
Intra-role |
A conflict in which the requirements of the same role contradict each other (for example, the role of parents involves not only kind, affectionate treatment of children, but also demanding, strictness towards them). |
|
Interrole |
A conflict that arises in situations where the requirements of one role conflict with the requirements of another (for example, the requirements of a woman's main job may come into conflict with her household chores). |
|
Personal-role |
A conflict situation when the requirements of a social role are contrary to the interests and life aspirations of the individual (for example, professional activity does not allow a person to reveal and show his abilities). |
QUESTIONS:
1. Establish a correspondence between status types and their examples: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position in the second column.
|
TYPES OF STATUS |
|||
|
heir to the throne |
prescribed |
||
|
world champion |
achieved |
||
|
department head in a company |
2. When applying for a job, citizen A. filled out a questionnaire in which she indicated that she was a specialist with a higher education, comes from a family of employees, is married, has two children. Name one prescribed and two achieved statuses of citizen A., which she noted in the questionnaire. On the example of one of the named achieved statuses, indicate the status rights and obligations.
1. The prescribed status is a woman.
2. Achieved statuses - a specialist with a higher education, a married lady and a mother of two children.
3. As the mother of her children, she is obliged to bear moral and legal responsibility for them, to ensure a decent standard of living. Just like the mother of her children, she has the right to choose an educational institution for them, with whom they communicate, etc.
Founder Auguste Comte considered it about society, the space in which people live. Without it, life is impossible, which explains the importance of studying this topic.
What does the term "society" mean? How does it differ from the concepts of "country", "state", used in everyday speech, often as identical?
The country is a geographical concept denoting a part of the world, a territory that has certain boundaries.
- the political organization of society with a certain type of power (monarchy, republic, councils, etc.), bodies and structure of government (authoritarian or democratic).
— social organization countries that ensure the joint life of people. This is a part of the material world isolated from nature, which is a historically developing form of connections and relations of people in the process of their life.
Many scientists have tried to explore society, to determine its nature, essence. The ancient Greek philosopher and scientist understood society as a set of individuals who united to satisfy their social instincts. Epicurus believed that the main thing in society is social justice as a result of an agreement between people not to harm each other and not to endure harm.
In Western European social science of the XVII-XVIII centuries. ideologues of the new rising strata of society ( T. Hobbes, J.-J. Rousseau), opposed to religious dogmas, was put forward social contract idea, i.e. contracts between people, each of which has sovereign rights to control its actions. This idea opposed the theological approach to the organization of society according to the will of God.
Attempts have been made to define society, based on the allocation of some primary cell of society. So, Jean Jacques Rousseau believed that the family is the most ancient of all societies. She is the likeness of a father, the people are like children, and all who are born equal and free, if they alienate their freedom, it is only for their own benefit.
Hegel tried to consider society as a complex system of relations, highlighting as the subject of consideration the so-called, that is, a society where there is a dependence of everyone on everyone.
Of great importance for the scientific understanding of society were the works of one of the founders of scientific sociology O. Konta who believed that the structure of society is determined by the forms of human thinking ( theological, metaphysical and positive). He considered society itself as a system of elements that are the family, classes and the state, and the basis is the division of labor between people and their relationship with each other. We find a definition of society close to this in Western European sociology of the 20th century. Yes, at Max Weber, society is a product of the interaction of people as a result of their social actions in the interests of everyone and everyone.
T. Parsons defined society as a system of relations between people, the connecting beginning of which are norms and values. From point of view K. Marx, society is a historically evolving set of relationships between people formed in the process of their joint activity.
Recognizing the approach to society as the relationship of individuals, K. Marx, having analyzed the connections and relationships between them, introduced the concepts of "social relations", "relations of production", "socio-economic formations" and a number of others. Relations of production shaping social relationships create a society at a particular stage of historical development. Consequently, according to Marx, production relations are the root cause of all human relations and create large social system called society.
According to K. Marx, society is the interaction of people. The form of social structure does not depend on their will (people). Each form of social organization is generated by a certain stage in the development of productive forces.
People cannot freely dispose of the productive forces, because these forces are the product of people's previous activity, their energy. But this energy itself is limited by the conditions in which people are placed by the already conquered productive forces, the form of social organization that existed before them and which is a product of the activity of the previous generation.
The American sociologist E. Shils identified the following signs of society:
- it is not an organic part of any larger system;
- marriages are concluded between members of a given community;
- it is replenished at the expense of the children of those people who are members of this community;
- it has its territory;
- it has a self-name and its own history;
- it has its own control system;
- it exists longer than the average life span of an individual;
- unites him general system values, norms, laws, rules.
Obviously, in all the above definitions, to one degree or another, an approach is expressed to society as an integral system of elements that are in a state of close interconnection. This approach to society is called systemic. The main task systems approach in the study of society consists in combining various knowledge about society into an integral system that could become a unified theory of society.
played an important role in systemic studies of society A. Malinovsky. He believed that society can be viewed as a social system, the elements of which are associated with the basic needs of people for food, shelter, protection, and sexual satisfaction. People come together to meet their needs. In this process, secondary needs arise in connection, cooperation, control over conflicts, which contributes to the development of the language, norms, rules of the organization, and this, in turn, requires coordinating, managerial and integrative institutions.
Society life
The life of society is carried out in four main areas: economic, social, political and spiritual.
Economic sphere there is a unity of production, specialization and cooperation, consumption, exchange and distribution. It ensures the production of goods necessary to satisfy material needs individuals.
social sphere represent people (genus, tribe, nationality, nation, etc.), various classes (slaves, slave owners, peasants, proletariat, bourgeoisie) and other social groups that have different material status and attitudes towards existing social orders.
Political sphere covers power structures ( , political parties, political movements) that control people.
Spiritual (cultural) sphere includes philosophical, religious, artistic, legal, political and other views of people, as well as their moods, emotions, ideas about the world around them, traditions, customs, etc.
All these spheres of society and their elements continuously interact, change, vary, but in the main remain unchanged (invariant). So, for example, the epochs of slavery and our time differ sharply from each other, but at the same time, all spheres of society retain the functions assigned to them.
In sociology, there are various approaches to the search for foundations choice of priorities in the social life of people(problem of determinism).
Aristotle emphasized the importance state structure for the development of society. Identifying the political and social spheres, he considered man as a "political animal". Under certain conditions, politics can become a decisive factor that completely controls all other areas of society.
Supporters technological determinism determining factor public life see in material production, where the nature of labor, technique, technology determine not only the quantity and quality of the material products produced, but also the level of consumption and even the cultural needs of people.
Supporters cultural determinism believe that the backbone of society is generally accepted values and norms, the observance of which will ensure the stability and uniqueness of society itself. The difference in cultures predetermines the difference in the actions of people, in the organization of material production, the choice of forms of political organization (in particular, this can be associated with the well-known expression: "Every nation has the government that it deserves").
K. Marx based his concept on determining role economic system , believing that it is the mode of production of material life that determines the social, political and spiritual processes in society.
In modern domestic sociological literature, there are opposite approaches to solving problems of primacy in the interaction of social spheres of society. Some authors tend to deny this very idea, believing that a society can function normally if each of the social spheres consistently fulfills its functional purpose. At the same time, they proceed from the fact that the hypertrophied “swelling” of one of the social spheres can adversely affect the fate of the whole society, just as, however, underestimation of the role of each of these spheres. For example, underestimation of the role of material production (the economic sphere) leads to a decrease in the level of consumption and an increase in crisis phenomena in society. The erosion of the norms and values that regulate the behavior of individuals (the social sphere) leads to social entropy, disorder and conflict. Acceptance of the idea of the primacy of politics over the economy and other social spheres (especially in a totalitarian society) can lead to the collapse of the entire social system. In a healthy social organism, the vital activity of all its spheres is in unity and interconnection.
If the unity weakens, the effectiveness of society's life activity will decrease, up to the change of its essence or even disintegration. As an example, let us cite the events of the last years of the 20th century, which led to the defeat of socialist social relations and the collapse of the USSR.
Society lives and develops according to objective laws unity (society) with; ensure social development; energy concentration; promising activity; unity and struggle of opposites; transition of quantitative changes into qualitative ones; denials - denials; correspondence of production relations to the level of development of productive forces; the dialectical unity of the economic basis and the social superstructure; an increase in the role of the individual, etc. Violation of the laws of the development of society is fraught with major cataclysms and great losses.
Whatever goals the subject sets for himself social life, being in the system of public relations, he must obey them. In the history of society, hundreds of wars are known that brought him huge losses, regardless of what goals were guided by the rulers who unleashed them. Suffice it to recall Napoleon, Hitler, former US presidents who started the war in Vietnam and Iraq.
Society is an integral social organism and system
Society was likened to a social organism, all parts of which are interdependent, and their functioning is aimed at ensuring its life. All parts of society perform the functions assigned to them to ensure its life: procreation; ensuring normal conditions for the life of its members; creating opportunities for production, distribution and consumption; successful activity all its areas.
Distinctive features of society
An important distinguishing feature of society is its autonomy, which is based on its versatility, ability to create the necessary conditions to meet the varied needs of individuals. Only in society can a person engage in narrowly professional activities, achieve it high efficiency based on the existing division of labor.
Society has self-sufficiency, which allows him to fulfill the main task - to provide people with conditions, opportunities, forms of life organization that facilitate the achievement of personal goals, self-realization of oneself as comprehensively developed individuals.
Society has a large integrating force. It provides its members with the opportunity to use habitual patterns of behavior, follow established principles, subordinate them to generally accepted norms and rules. It isolates those who do not want to follow them in various ways and means, starting from the Criminal Code, administrative law to public censure. Essential characteristic of society is the achieved level self-regulation, self-management, which arise and are formed within him with the help of social institutions, which, in turn, are at a historically determined level of maturity.
Society as an integral organism has the quality consistency, and all its elements, being closely interconnected, form a social system that makes stronger the attraction and cohesion between the elements of a given material structure.
Part and whole as components unified system connected an inseparable bond between each other and support each other. At the same time, both elements have relative independence in relation to each other. The stronger the whole in comparison with its parts, the stronger the unification pressure. And vice versa, the stronger the parts in relation to the system, the weaker it is and the stronger the tendency to separate the whole into its component parts. Therefore, for the formation of a stable system, it is necessary to select the appropriate elements and their unity. At the same time, the greater the discrepancy, the stronger the bonds of adhesion should be.
The formation of a system is possible both on the natural foundations of attraction, and on the suppression and subordination of one part of the system to another, that is, on violence. In this regard, various organic systems are built on different principles. Some systems are based on the dominance of natural connections. Others are based on the dominance of force, still others seek to hide under the protection of strong structures or exist at their expense, the fourth unite on the basis of unity in the fight against external enemies in the name of the higher freedom of the whole, etc. There are also systems based on cooperation, where force is not plays a significant role. At the same time, there are certain limits beyond which both attraction and repulsion can lead to the death of this system. And this is natural, since excessive attraction and cohesion pose a threat to the preservation of the diversity of system qualities and thereby weaken the system's ability to self-develop. On the contrary, strong repulsion undermines the integrity of the system. At the same time, the greater the independence of the parts within the system, the higher their freedom of action in accordance with the potentialities inherent in them, the less they have the desire to go beyond its framework and vice versa. That is why the system should be formed only by such elements that are more or less homogeneous among themselves, and where the tendency of the whole, although it dominates, does not contradict the interests of the parts.
The law of every social system is an hierarchy of its elements and ensuring optimal self-realization by the most rational construction of its structure in given conditions, as well as the maximum use of environmental conditions for its transformation in accordance with its qualities.
One of the important laws of the organic system — integrity law, or, in other words, vitality of all elements of the system. Therefore, ensuring the existence of all elements of the system is a condition for the vitality of the system as a whole.
fundamental law any material system , which ensures its optimal self-realization, is the law of priority of the whole over its constituent parts . Therefore, the greater the danger to the existence of the whole, the more victims from its parts.
Like any organic system in difficult conditions society sacrifices a part for the sake of the whole, the main and fundamental. In society as an integral social organism, the common interest under all conditions is in the foreground. However, social development can be carried out all the more successfully, the more the general interest and the interests of individuals are in harmonious correspondence with each other. Harmonious correspondence between common and individual interests can only be achieved at a relatively high level. community development. Until such a stage is reached, either public or private interest prevails. The more difficult the conditions and the greater the inadequacy of social and natural components, the stronger the general interest manifests itself, being realized at the expense and to the detriment of the interests of individuals.
At the same time, the more favorable the conditions that have arisen either on the basis of the natural environment, or created in the process of the production activity of the people themselves, the less other things being equal, the general interest is carried out at the expense of the private one.
Like any system, society contains certain strategies for survival, existence and development. Survival strategy comes to the fore in conditions of extreme lack of material resources when the system is forced to sacrifice its intensive development in the name of extensive, or more precisely, in the name of general survival. In order to survive social system seizes material resources produced by the most active part of society in favor of those who cannot provide themselves with everything necessary for life.
Such a transition to extensive development and redistribution of material resources, if necessary, occurs not only on a global scale, but also on a local scale, i.e. within small social groups, if they find themselves in an extreme situation when funds are extremely insufficient. In such conditions, both the interests of individuals and the interests of society as a whole suffer, since it is deprived of the opportunity to develop intensively.
Otherwise, the social system develops after the exit from an extreme situation, but being in conditions inadequacy of social and natural components. In this case survival strategy is replaced by existence strategies. The strategy of existence is realized in conditions when a certain minimum of funds arises to provide for everyone and, in addition, there is a certain surplus of them in excess of what is necessary for life. In order to develop the system as a whole, the surplus of funds produced is withdrawn, and they concentrate in decisive areas of social development in hands of the most powerful and enterprising. All other individuals are limited in consumption and are usually content with a minimum. Thus, under adverse conditions of existence the general interest makes its way at the expense of the interests of individuals, a clear example of which is the formation and development of Russian society.
SOCIAL ASSESSMENT
- English evaluation, social; German Bewertung, soziale. Approval or disapproval, to-rye show a group, organization or society in relation to its members in response to the fulfillment or non-fulfillment of the requirements imposed on them.
Antinazi. Encyclopedia of Sociology, 2009
See what "SOCIAL ASSESSMENT" is in other dictionaries:
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Books
- Social qualimetry, quality assessment and standardization of social services, Shimorina E.F. Tutorial prepared in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard of the 3rd generation in the field of study Social work. The guide covers the main…
- Social qualimetry, quality assessment and standardization of social services. Textbook, Shimorina E.F.. The textbook was prepared in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard of the 3rd generation in the direction of training "Social work". The guide covers the main…