Urban planning education. Urban planning: there is such a specialty! A turning point in the development of an important profession
Today the situation is changing.
We are talking about the profession of an urban planner with the director of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Russian State Research and Design Institute of Urban Studies" Vladimir Shchitinsky.
- Vladimir Alexandrovich, what is the basis of the qualification of an urban planner?
Representatives of our profession are characterized by a comprehensive understanding of the general problems of the development of cities and territories, taking into account the tasks of all interested economic entities: authorities, business and the general population. This is not easy, because each of them "pulls the blanket over himself." The authorities are limited by the budget, so often their eyes are turned towards wealthy investors. And business needs come down to making a profit. It is rare to find a businessman who unfolds his investment project and at the same time is concerned about social issues, the problems of preserving historical heritage or nature protection zones. The broad masses of the population are quite limited in their ideas about the development of the territory. For an ordinary person, the main thing is that nothing is built under his windows, that a public garden next to his house is not cut down, that a dog walking area is preserved, etc. And the city planner is able to rise above narrow private interests, to balance the needs of all and thus provide a process of joint decision based on compromises.
- It turns out that a city planner must be competent in such diverse areas of knowledge as economics, sociology, political science, geography, ecology, architecture, construction, and this is probably not a complete list?
Yes, our specialty today is quite rare. Until recently, not a single university in Russia trained people of such qualifications. city planners high level born in the process practical activities, starting his way as architects, engineers in various fields, economists, environmentalists. They came to work in organizations like RosNIPI Urbanistics, and those who had a desire to expand their horizons absorbed knowledge in related disciplines. For example, an architect began to delve into the development of transport, engineering systems, to understand how infrastructure affects architectural solutions. Then gradually came the understanding of how the authorities, the population, and business are involved in this process. And such specialists can now issue solutions that suit everyone to one degree or another. They show the necessity and sufficiency of certain conditions, possible and reasonable compromises.
- Today the specialty "urban planning" has received an official status?
Not so long ago, the Ministry of Health and Social Development approved the standards for this profession. Moreover, new public office associated with this activity. In cities, along with the chief architect, the post of chief urban planner was introduced. In organizations like ours, along with the chief architects and chief architects, there should now be the main urban planners of the project. Specialists of this level are subject to certain qualification requirements. They must either have a diploma in the specialty "urban planning", or in the course of their activities receive appropriate additional education.
- What universities train urban planners today?
So far, in a very limited number of educational institutions. I know that training in this specialty has opened at the Moscow Institute of Architecture (Moscow Architectural Institute), the Academy of National Economy under the Government of the Russian Federation. St. Petersburg universities are not planning this in the near future. The profession of "urban planning" is still a piece of educational product that requires teachers with special knowledge in various fields. Courses for advanced training and retraining are now being formed. All this, I hope, will expand the circle of people who understand the problems of integrated development of territories.
- Does your organization participate in the formation of a system for training personnel in this specialty?
Two years ago we took Active participation in the creation of the textbook "Management of the development of municipalities". It is intended for advanced training courses and highlights a number of problems of urban planning. municipal level: economic development, strategic and territorial planning, legal support. Specialists of our institute participated in the creation of three sections: sustainable development, territorial planning, legal support.
The textbook is quite thick. On its basis, the Academy of National Economy under the Government of the Russian Federation conducted two major training courses with representatives municipal organizations. Our experts gave lectures there as well.
This experience was recognized as successful, the Academy then conducted several courses, and now it is creating a department. We are also very interested in this process: we need to train personnel who will replace our veterans. It is also important to improve the skills of our customers so that they understand the importance of such integrated approach to the development of the territories.
- Which universities supply personnel for St. Petersburg urban planning?
We usually replenished our ranks with graduates of the State Agrarian University of Architecture, St. Petersburg State University, the University of Economics and Finance, the Mining Institute, the University of Water Communications, and the Polytechnic University. Several years ago, we developed an internship program for senior students of these universities and conducted it within the walls of our institute for four years. Every year, several dozen students came to us who wanted to understand what urban planning is and what are the prospects for working in this area. Our experts gave lectures, showed what we do, organized business games. As a result of the internship, students performed a small practical work. Hundreds of two or three people passed through the internship. This practice has played a positive role in the development of the institute. We have overcome the “staff shortage” typical for design organizations, and now the staff of RosNIPI Urbanistics meets the tasks we are facing.
- Tell us about the structure of your institute.
Today it is based on six architectural and planning workshops. They are engaged in territorial planning and development of urban planning documentation for the subjects of the Federation, municipalities in all regions of Russia. These are quite large divisions, including representatives of several professions of architects, specialists in urban transport, engineering infrastructure, economics, and environmental protection. Our workshops are self-sufficient, able to carry out the project as a whole, without involving a large number contractors.
Further, we have a complex design department, including an architectural and design department, a management center, an engineering and construction department, and an estimate department. They are engaged in projects from the general plan of the city to a separate building or structure. This is a rather unique conglomerate of specialists.
In particular, they developed a set of urban planning documentation for the new capital of Ingushetia, the city of Magas. Today they are planning Olympic facilities in the city of Sochi.
We also have a number of smaller R&D-oriented divisions. This is a center for sustainable development, a laboratory economic analysis, scientific and design sector in the field of engineering equipment, laboratory of humanitarian technologies.
- What subdivisions have emerged lately, taking into account the new needs of the market?
There has been great development legal service. This is a new age phenomenon. We began to constantly face legal issues. Our projects have acquired a legal and regulatory character. So, for example, the institute develops rules for development and land use, which are in themselves a legal document.
How seriously is attention paid to the training of domestic urban planning personnel throughout the country?
For this, as well as for solving other important tasks, a non-profit partnership "The National Guild of Urban Planners" was created last year. Our institute is a partner of the guild, we support it in all endeavors.
The last years will probably go down in history as a turning point in the development of our profession. The specialty "Urban Planning" received an official status, educational standards, a scientific and methodological basis for training personnel in higher education, and an authoritative professional community was formed.
Interviewed by Anton Zharkov
196191, St. Petersburg,
Basseinaya st., 21
SPECIALIZATION "URBAN PLANNING" 9-12 SEMESTERS
SPECIALIZATION
"URBAN PLANNING"
9-12 SEMESTER
An exemplary program of the discipline "Urban Planning" of the federal component of the SD cycle is compiled in accordance with the state educational standard
higher vocational education second generation in the direction - 630100 -ARCHITECTURE, Specialty - URBAN PLANNING, Specialist qualification- ARCHITECT-I . ORGANIZATIONAL AND METHODOLOGICAL SECTION
1. Purpose of the course.
The aim of the course is to complete the training of a generalist architect,theoretically and practically comprehensively prepared to work with all citiesbuilding projects in modern conditions.
2. Course objectives.
The objectives of the course include:
1) general acquaintance and subsequent detailed study of the specifics of the project objects rovaniya;
2) assimilation of the composition of pre-project studies in the field of urban planning analysisfor and urban regulatory documents in all areas of urban planning;
3)
study and development of the basic principles and methods for solving socio-economic
ski, functional, engineering and artistic-compositional tasks in everything
variety of conditions for the formation of new urban areas on the basis of territories
for other purposes and varying degrees of development, reconstruction and development of existing
urban areas, transformation and development of urban agglomerations and other types
settlement systems;
4)
the formation of practical skills in the development and execution of project
documentation for all types of design objects under study, using all
contemporary technical means obtaining and processing scientific, historical and urban planning
body and regulatory information and manufacturing project documentation on modern level.
3. Place of the course in vocational training architect- urban planner.
This course is basic in the preparation of an architect-specialist in the fielddesign of urban areas, master plans of cities and district plansdevelopment, instilling the design and methodological skills and abilities necessary for him in this area.
The composition and content of the tasks performed. course and diploma projectsaims to form clear ideas and sufficiently detailed knowledge aboutobjects of design, tasks, methods and techniques of design as historicallyexisting and newly formed urban areas, master planscities and district planning, practical skills in the development of complex urban planning and district planning projects.
4. Requirements for the level of mastering the course content.
The result of studying the course material should be a professional performance about the specifics of the design object, possession of the principles and methods for solving the whole variety of urban planning tasks. The urban architect must know prinprinciples and methods for developing the planning composition of urban formations; planiromilitary, social, economic and ecological tasks and methods of formation of the urban environment; the main composition of pre-project research in the field of urban planninganalysis and urban regulatory documents in all areas of urban development and be able to constantly update their knowledge in this area. Architect-the urban planner needs a detailed understanding of the mechanism of action of these documents onlife and formation of the urban organism and the urban environment.
Architects who successfully complete the course must be able to develop an architecturalplanning organization of the city territory on topographic bases in massheadquarters from 1:10,000 to 1:2,000 and detailed volumetric and spatial solutions for the formation of local urban spaces on a scale from 1:500 to 1:200.
II . COURSE CONTENT 1. Course sections
The course consists of 4 sections, for the passage and development of each of whichgiven for 1 semester:
Section 1. Planning and development of the urban area and urban center (2 proproject in the 9th semester of the 5th year);
Section 2. Reconstruction of the historical urban area (2 projects in10th semester of the 5th course);
Section 3. Undergraduate research and undergraduate practice in the 11th semester 6 course;
Section 4urban areas - in the 12th semester of the 6th year.
The graphical representation of the projects of the 5th course, as a rule, is limited to graphickimi materials with a volume of 3 - 4 sq. m, presented on tablets 1x1 m or 0.7(1.4)x1 m. Graphical representation of the undergraduate project - sketch representationthe expected exposition of the future graduation project on a scale of 1: 2 and an abstract; volumeThe size of the graduation project - from 8 sq.m of exposition area on standard tablets.
There are three main project stages or stages in the development of educational course projects:
1)
analytical
stage - includes the collection of the necessary data for the design,
their processing, systematization and analysis, in order to form a full-fledged information and analytical base of the project, as well as, if necessary, clarification and individualanalysis of the design task;
2)
design and analytical
stage - on the basis of the urban planning
analysis identification of planning restrictions, creation reference plan territory, and
as a result - the formation of a planning and volumetric-spatial idea, expressed by graphic and layout means;
3)
designstage - development and graphic design structural and territoriesplanning schemes for the development of the design object, design drawings and
other materials reflecting the functional planning developed in the project
and spatial solutions.
2. Topics and summary.
Section 1. Planning and development of the urban area and urban center.
Topic 1. Development of the system of settlement and urban agglomerations. Working with scales 1:100000-1:50000.
Topic 2. Urban planning analysis of the territory, the choice of territory for designtown-planning objects. Transition to scales 1:20,000 - 1:10,000.
Topic 3. Basic plan of the territories chosen for the development of urban formations.
Topic 4. Designing the functional planning structure of urban formations. Zoning of urban facilities: the city center, regional and specialized centers, zones of high-density and low-density residential development, industrial and utility and storage zones, external transport zones, zonesnatural complex, recreational and sports. Formation of transport systemsand pedestrian traffic. Transition to scales 1:10,000 - 1:5,000.
Topic 5. Methods, tools and techniques for graphical representation of functionalplanning structure of urban formations. Urban plans.
Topic 6. Designing the functional planning structure of the centraldistrict of a large city or large urban area with up to 100 thousand peopleresidents. Transition to scales 1:5000 - 1:2000.
Topic 7. Volumetric-spatial structure of the central region.
Topic 8. Development of detailed architectural and planning and volumetric spacedecisions of the citywide center. Methods for the formation of functional, transport and engineering infrastructure in three dimensions. Design of open and closed pedestrian spaces with the development of "opened plans", landscaping, small architectural forms on a scale of 1:500 - 1:200.
Section 2. Reconstruction of the historically established urban area.
Topic 1. Historically established urban areas, their typology, problemsreconstruction in modern conditions of urban development.
Topic 2. Urban planning analysis of historically developed urban areas,selection of territory for design. Working with scales 1:5000 - 1:2000.
Topic 3. Historical and architectural base plan.
Topic 4. Drafting project baseline based on pre-project researchof historically developed urban area. Working with a scale of 1:2000.
Topic 5. Features of the transformation of the historically established functional-planning and volumetric-spatial structure. Reconstruction technique inconditions of various building morphotypes. Drawing up a sketch of the building and design schemes. Working with a scale of 1:2000.
Topic 6. Development of detailed architectural and planning and volumetric spacesolutions for a fragment of the reconstructed territory. Update and conversion methodsbuilding functional, transport and engineering infrastructure in an active and adaptive environment, incl. "hidden" reconstruction. Methods of using underground space in conditions of preserved, reconstructed and replaced buildings. Design of open and covered pedestrian spaces with the development of "open plans", landscaping, small architectural forms on a scale of 1:500 - 1:200.
Section 3. Undergraduate research and undergraduate practice.
The subject of undergraduate research and practice is either chosen by the graduate student fromcomposition proposed by the leading design organization or formulated individually by agreement or proposal of the head of the diploma and approved by the department. In the process of undergraduate design, the diploma student studies the following topics:
Topic 1. Problems of development of the settlement system and urban agglomerations in accordance with growing region.
Topic 2tions of existing ones.
Topic 3. Drawing up a design concept for the development and reconstruction of urban areasthorium according to the results of pre-project studies.
Section 4. Comprehensive graduation project for the development of the settlement system, regional planning, reconstruction and development of existing and newly developed urban areas.
The graduation project integrates the skills and knowledge acquired by the student over the entire period of study at the institute, and is carried out in accordance with the State Educational Standard “architect-specialist". The following town-planning objects can act as a design object:
1)
Urban area - part of a large or largest city with coverage
territories up to 3000 ha;
2)
Urban area - part of a large city covering an area of up to 2000 hectares and
project proposals for the development of the city as a whole;
3)
Residential area on the territory of the existing development in the largest, large
or a large city with project proposals for the development of adjacent
territories covering areas up to 500 hectares;
4) The average city and (or) its central region covering the territory up to 3000 hectares;
5)
A small town with adjacent territories covering up to 500 hectares.
common topic diploma is finally formulated on the basis of the results of pre-diploma
research and practice and is approved by the department. In the process of diploma design, the diploma student studies the following topics:
Topic 1. Detailed elaboration of project proposals within the framework of projects of the districtplanning and master plan cities. Working with scales 1:20,000 - 1:5,000.
Topic 2. Drafting project base plans based on pre-project researchof the planned urban areas. Working with scales 1:5000 -1:2000.
Topic 3historical urban areas. Working with scales 1:5000 -1:2000.
Topic 4. Detailed architectural and planning and volume-spatial solutionsof a fragment of the projected (reconstructed) territory. Working with scales 1:500-1:200.
3. List of exemplary control questions and assignments for
independent work
Tasks for independent work are formed within the framework of the topics of practical classesand include the collection of initial materials for design, the preparation of abstracts, sketch layout and graphic proposals on the proposed topic, preparationreports on the results of the work done, including reports for the defense of term papers anddiploma works and a report on the completed pre-diploma practice.
4.Approximate subjects of abstracts and term papers.
Coursework(projects) of this course are carried out in 9 - 11 semesters. Topics of course projects of the 9th semester: 1. Planning of the urban area.
2. Planning and development of the central district of the city.
3. Fragment of the city center.
Topics of course projects of the 10th semester:
1. Reconstruction of the historically developed urban area.
2. Reconstruction of a local area.
In the 11th semester, a pre-diploma project is carried out as a course project, the topic of which is individual for each student in accordance with the specificsselected for the diploma design of an urban object and with tasks undergraduate practice, and in general can be formulated as “Designproposals for the integrated development and reconstruction of urban facilities”.
On the topic of each course project is an abstract with an explanatory note.Abstract, performed on the basis of the results of pre-diploma practice in parallel with the pre-diploma broken project, is the basis of the diploma essay.
5. An approximate list of questions for the test for the entire course.
1.
Settlement systems, district planning and urban agglomerations. Modern
development trends and problems.
2.
Urban planning analysis of the territory, criteria for choosing a territory for
town-planning objects. Natural and anthropogenic factors of city formation.
3.
Reference plan of the territories intended for the formation and development
urban formations. System of planning restrictions.
4. Problems of reconstruction of historical cities. Morphotypes of historical buildings.
Historical-Architectural Basic Plan and Conservation Issues
5. historical architectTourist heritage in the conditions of reconstruction.
6.
Functional-planning structure of urban formations. Citywide
center, regional and specialized centers, high-density and low-density zones
residential development, industrial and utility-storage areas, areas of external
transport, natural complex zones, recreational and sports.
7. The central area and the citywide center of a large and large city.
8.
Formation of systems of transport and pedestrian traffic in the city and central
nom area.
9. Problems of reconstruction of the historically established
functional planningnoah structure of the urban environment.
10.
Means and techniques for transforming the volumetric-spatial structure of history -
of the developed urban environment.
11. Reconstruction technique in conditions of various building morphotypes.
12. Methods for the reconstruction of functional, transport and engineering
infrastructure of local urban spaces.
13. Improvement of the territory in the conditions of reconstruction.
14.
Typology of open and covered pedestrian spaces. Problems and methods
design.
15.
Methods of using underground space in the conditions of the preserved,
reconstructed and replaced buildings.
III . DISTRIBUTION OF COURSE HOURS BY TOPICS AND TYPES OF WORKS
|
№№ p\p |
Name of topics and sections |
Total hours |
Auditory lessons(hour) |
Independent work |
|
|
lectures |
seminars |
||||
|
Urban area planning | |||||
|
Planning and building of the central district | |||||
|
Fragment of the city center | |||||
|
Reconstruction of the urban area | |||||
|
Reconstruction of a local site territory | |||||
|
Undergraduate practice,undergraduate design | |||||
|
Diploma design | |||||
|
total |
IV. FORM OF FINAL CONTROL.
The form of the final control is a comprehensive test with the protection of completed courseworkprojects at the end of the 9th and 10th semesters before the departmental commission, presented based on the average student performance during the semester and on the results of defending courseworkprojects. At the end of the 11th semester, a comprehensive test is given based on the results of pre-diploma practice and pre-diploma design. State exam with diploma defenseproject before the State Certification Commission(GAK) for the degree of specialist architect is held at the end of the 12th semester.
V . EDUCATIONAL AND METHODOLOGICAL SUPPORT OF THE COURSE.Recommended reading (basic)
|
Name |
The presence of the stamp MO |
Year from Denmark |
Does it fully provide soda neighing discipline |
|
|
Avdot'in L.N., Lezhava I.G., Smolyar I.M. |
town-planning design |
textbook |
No |
|
|
Urban Planning Code of the Russian Federation |
2005 |
No |
||
|
Kostrikin N. D. |
New city as an elementresettlement. Educational and methodical allowance |
2003 |
No |
|
|
Kostrikin N. D. |
Reconstruction of historically valuable areas of the city.Teaching aid |
2001 |
No |
|
|
Moshkov A.V. |
Guidelines on thecourse project development"Planning of urban areas" |
1998 |
No |
|
|
Chuchmareva E.Z. |
Public layout city center |
2004 |
No |
|
Shubenkov M.V., professor, Ph.D. arch.Gandelsman B.V., Associate Professor, Ph.D. arch.Moscow Architectural Institute(State Academy)
The most common entrance exams are:
- Russian language
- Mathematics (profile) - profile subject, at the choice of the university
- History - at the choice of the university
The ability to cover a whole range of tasks, think spatially and apply knowledge from a completely different areas science - all this is taught by the specialty 07.03.04 "Urban planning". In fact, the profession could be mastered only in the process of working in research and design organizations urban profile.
This is an extremely exciting and no less complex specialty, the roots of which go back to antiquity. Along with the appearance of the first cities, certain difficulties arose with the organization of territories, and urban planners were always required to solve conflicting problems.
Admission conditions
The main objective of the course is to educate a comprehensively developed specialist who, in his work, will be able to operate with knowledge in sociology and political science, economics and architecture, construction and ecology. He will be able to weigh every decision and come to a compromise, based on the experience of past generations. However, the urban planner has to start from the exact sciences, with all the creative component of the profession. Therefore, the subjects that must be passed upon admission to this direction are as follows:
- mathematics (profile exam),
- Russian language,
- story.
As an additional test, a drawing examination may be conducted.
Future profession
Urban planning involves work in the field of organizing the territory through the implementation of spatial design. In the course of his activity, the former student will be able to carry out territorial and urban planning. It is also responsible for zoning and construction evaluation in every sense: in terms of costs, profitability and impact on environment. The work also includes calculations for the case emergencies, natural Disasters. A specialist cannot do without the use of legal knowledge, since he will have to work with official documents - maps, drawings, diagrams.
Where to apply
Today, you can master the specialty in universities in Moscow and in other regions:
Training period
A bachelor's degree can be obtained after five years of full-time study. At the correspondence or evening department, as in the mixed form, you have to study for 6 years.
Disciplines included in the course of study
In the undergraduate program, the following subjects are mandatory for study:
- design - architectural and construction;
- urban policy, design and analysis;
- network engineering;
- computer design tools;
- multimedia technologies;
- landscape-visual analysis.
Acquired Skills
During the course, the student will learn:
Employment prospects by profession
This is a fairly rare specialty, so young professionals with a wealth of knowledge are in demand in any region. If they are able to take into account economic and environmental factors in their work, they analyze social conditions and evaluate the impact of their decision on the environment as a whole, they can find themselves in the work of creating a favorable urban environment. These are bureaus, workshops, design and scientific organizations involved in architecture and urban planning.
A graduate of the direction 07.03.04 "Urban planning" can work:
- architect,
- designer,
- restorer,
- urban planner,
- builder,
- construction technician,
- urban planning expert
- a specialist or manager in the field of urban planning management.
The level of salary depends on the chosen direction and place of employment. A student who has received a bachelor's degree will be able to receive from 20 thousand rubles at the starting position of an assistant designer or a specialist of the first category.
Benefits of a Master's Degree
In the magistracy, the student will be able to develop better in a cultural and intellectual sense, learn to apply new research methods. He will also gain valuable practical experience, which is both in designing and in organizing or managing a team.
During the course, you will get acquainted with underground urbanism and learn the specifics of the ecology of a particular city. The lectures teach strategies for the development of territories of any type, as well as the reconstruction of historical sites. Subsequently, the graduate will be able to work in specialized public institutions, private bureaus and design organizations, as well as conduct teaching or research work.
The main requirement for bachelor specialists in this area is the ability to think strategically and put into practice a wide range of knowledge in the design and development of the urban environment. A specialist must operate with categories and knowledge from the field of construction, sociology, economics, architecture, and ecology. In this regard, the training program includes natural science and purely engineering disciplines. This includes: the design of buildings and structures, economical geography, urban ecology, energy supply settlements, landscape design, optimization of the urban environment and infrastructure. In addition, students study general education sciences - history, geography, foreign language. Great importance is given to practice in architectural, design and operating organizations related to urban infrastructure. *
* Kit academic disciplines and learning bias