Workbook on the discipline of the basics of materials science. teaching aid

Workbook in mathematics series "USE 2018. Mathematics" is focused on preparing students high school to successful delivery Unified state exam in mathematics in 2018 for basic and profile levels.

This manual is intended to prepare for solving stereometric problems of the first part of the exam in mathematics. It consists of three parts: “Polyhedra.

Prisms”, “Polyhedra. Pyramids” and “Body of rotation”, each of which opens with an initial diagnostic work and includes several thematic modules, as well as training work for each of these modules.

In addition to the training work, each module provides the necessary theoretical information and brief guidelines with typical examples. The manual concludes with final diagnostic work, which includes tasks on all topics of each of the parts.

All training and diagnostic work is given in two versions. The notebook is intended for high school students, mathematics teachers, parents.

The publication complies with the Federal State Educational Standard (FSES).

Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION Penza State Agricultural Academy Department "Fundamentals of Designing Mechanisms and Machines" Central Design Bureau "BIBKOM" OJSC & "Kniga-Service Agency" LLC MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION Penza State Agricultural Academy Department "Fundamentals of Designing Mechanisms and Machines" .I.O.)____________________________________ Penza 2015 1 Copyright OAO Central Design Bureau BIBCOM & OOO Agency Kniga-Service UDC 620.22(075)+621.7(075) LBC 30.30+34(y7) C72 Reviewer – A.A. Orekhov, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Technical Service of Machines Published by decision of the Methodological Commission of the Engineering Faculty of the Penza State Agricultural Academy of October 12, 2015, Protocol No. 02 Spitsyn, Ivan Alekseevich C72 Materials Science and Technology of Structural Materials. Section "Materials Science": workbook for laboratory work / I.A. Spitsyn, N.I. Potapov. - Penza: RIO PGSHA, 2015. - 45 p. The workbook is intended for students of the engineering faculty of the Penza State Agricultural Academy, studying in the areas of 35.03.06 "Agroengineering" and 23.03.03 "Operation of transport-technological machines and complexes." In accordance with work program discipline "Materials Science and Technology of Structural Materials" in the section "Materials Science" provides for the implementation of 8 laboratory works. In the workbook for each work, homework is given, the completion of which allows you to study some of the theoretical issues and make more fruitful use of the time allotted for laboratory work. Schematic representations of equipment and diagrams are given, which require some refinement, as well as; test questions. © Penza State Agricultural Academy, 2015 © I.A. Spitsyn, N.I. Potapova, 2015 2 Copyright OJSC “Central Design Bureau “BIBCOM” & LLC “Agency Kniga-Service” Laboratory work No. 1 DETERMINATION OF HARDNESS OF METALS Purpose of work: To study the methodology and acquire practical determination of the hardness of metal alloys and other materials of skills Work tasks: 1. To study the design of devices to determine the hardness of metals. 2. To study the methodology for determining the hardness of metal alloys and other materials. 3. Acquire practical skills in working with Brinell and Rockwell instruments. 4. Determine the effect of carbon content on the hardness of annealed carbon steel. Material and methodological support: 1. Samples of metal alloys and other materials. 2. Hardness testers Brinell (type TSh), Rockwell (type TK). 3. A magnifier for measuring the diameter of a ball imprint, posters, teaching aids. Homework 1. Give the concept of hardness as a property of a metal (item 1). 2. Give the essence, diagrams and describe the formulas for determining the hardness of metals using the Brinell and Rockwell method (paragraphs 2.1., 2.2). 3. Perform a description of the schemes of devices such as TSh, TK. 4. Prepare for control questions. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Laboratory task To study the design of devices for determining the hardness of metals. To study the method of determining the hardness of metals on existing hardness testers. Select the modes for determining the hardness of alloys by the Brinell method, perform tests, measure the diameters of the indentations and determine the hardness of the samples. Record the test results in Table 1.1. Select the modes for determining the hardness of alloys by the Rockwell method and determine the hardness of the samples. Record the test results in table 1.2. Construct and explain the dependence of the hardness of steel on the carbon content in it. Give conclusions on the work. Performance of work 1. Hardness is ... 2. 1 The Brinell method is based on the fact that ... Figure 1.1 - Scheme for measuring Brinell hardness: D - d - ; h− 3 ; Copyright OJSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" Brinell hardness is determined by the formula HB  where P - 2Р   D(D  (D 2  d 2)) ;D− , ; d− . 2.2 Figure 1.2 shows a diagram of a Brinell lever hardness tester (TSh type). It consists of: 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10 - 11 - 12 - 13 - 14 - 15 - 16 - 17 - 18 - 19 - 20 - 21 - 22 - 23 - Figure 1.2 - Scheme of the Brinell lever hardness tester 3.1 The method of selecting the mode and the procedure for testing the hardness of alloys according to the Brinell method: 3.2 On the instructions of the teacher, determine the hardness of the alloys and enter the results in table 1.1 − Results of determining the hardness of alloys by the Brinell method. 2 rev. Wed on the ball sample, P, kgf exposure value tsa, mm mm under load, s 1 2 3 Hardness, HB 4.1 The Rockwell method is based on the fact that… Fig. 1.3 - Rockwell hardness measurement scheme: P0 ; Р1 − ;Р− ; h0 - ; h − Rockwell hardness numbers are measured in arbitrary units and determined by the formulas: a) when a diamond or hard alloy cone is pressed in h  h0 HRC  100  0.002 b) when a ball is pressed h  h0 HRB  130  0.002 where 4.2. Figure 1.4 shows a diagram of a hardness tester of the TK type (a) and an indicator (b, position 12). b) a) Figure 1.4 - Scheme of hardness tester type TK: 1 - 3 - ;4 - ; 5, 6, 7 - 10 - ; 11 − 5 ;2− ;8− ; ;9− ; Copyright OJSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Book-Service" 4.3. Mode selection procedure and test procedure: 4.4. On the instructions of the teacher, determine the hardness of the samples and enter the results in Table 1.2. Table 1.2 - The results of determining the hardness of samples from various alloys by the Rockwell method Soder-Load-Inden-Scale- Hardness by Hardness Material , % bead) 1 2 3 Avg. mm 5 According to Table 2, build a graphical dependence of hardness on the carbon content in steel. HB 250 200 150 100 50 0 0.2 0. 4 Figure 1.5 − Dependence of steel hardness on carbon content 6% C each, indicate the factors affecting the hardness, explain the resulting graphical dependence). Control questions: 1. What is meant by metal hardness? 2. What device is used to determine the diameter of an imprint obtained by indenting a ball and how? 3. What is included in the mode of determining the hardness of the material by the Brinell method? 4. What determines the choice of the ball diameter when determining the hardness by the Brinell method? 5. How to set the holding time under load when determining the hardness by the Brinell method? 6. What and how is the preload created when determining the hardness by the Brinell method? 7. What determines the choice of load when determining hardness by the Brinell method? 8. Why is it impossible to determine the hardness of the material over HB 450 on the Brinell device? 9. What does the entry HRC 50 mean? 10. To determine the hardness of what materials on the Rockwell device use a load of 150 kgf, 100 kgf and 60 kgf? 11. On what scale (by color) is the Rockwell instrument used to read when determining the hardness of hardened steel? 12. On what scale (by color) is the Rockwell device used to read when determining the hardness of steel subjected to chemical-thermal treatment? 13. What is equal to, what is created and how is the preload controlled when determining the hardness of the metal on the Rockwell device? 14. When determining the hardness of what materials on the Rockwell device, a ball is used as an indenter? 15. How to convert the value of material hardness, determined on the Rockwell device, to Brinell hardness? 16. What is used as an indenter when determining the hardness of hardened steel? The work was carried out by _____________ The work was accepted by ________________ 7 Copyright OJSC “Central Design Bureau “BIBCOM” & LLC “Agency Kniga-Service” Laboratory work No. 2 ANALYSIS OF THE STATE DIAGRAM OF IRON-CARBON ALLOYS Purpose of the work: Studying the methodology and acquiring practical skills in constructing cooling curves of iron-carbon alloys and their analysis Tasks of the work : 1. To study the allotropic forms of iron and the areas of their existence. 2. To study the phase composition and structural components of iron-carbon alloys. 3. To study the transformations occurring in iron-carbon alloys with different concentrations of components during cooling or heating. 4. Acquire practical skills in constructing cooling curves for iron-carbon alloys with determining the degree of freedom of the system state. 5. Acquire practical skills in determining the content of components in phases at a given concentration in the alloy and temperature. 6. Acquire practical skills in determining the percentage of phases at a given concentration of components and alloy temperature. Material and methodological support: 1. Diagram of the state of the "iron-carbon" system (electrified control and training stand). 2. Posters: cooling curve of pure iron, cooling curves of iron-carbon alloys. 3. Guidelines for laboratory work. Homework 1. Draw a cooling curve for pure iron, explain each temperature stop and characterize  and  - iron. 2. Give the concepts: system state diagram, component, phase. 3. Provide definitions for the phases and structural components of the state diagram of the "iron-carbon" system, indicating the areas of existence. 4. To reveal the essence of peritectic, eutectic and eutectoid transformations. 5. Explain the formation of secondary and tertiary cementite during cooling of alloys. 6. Bring and describe the Gibbs law, the first and second rule of segments. 7. Prepare for control questions. Laboratory task 1. Fill in the table with the characteristic points of the state diagram of the "iron-carbon" system. 2. Using the phase rule, plot the cooling curves for the two alloys on the right side of the diagram. 1. С= ___% 2. С= ___% 3. On each section of the cooling curve of the first alloy, indicate the names of the phases, and on the cooling curve of the second alloy, on the right, the names of the phases, and on the left, the names of the structural components. 4. For the first alloy, determine the carbon content in the phases and the quantitative ratio of the phases at t =____ °C. 5. For the second alloy, determine the carbon content in the phases and the quantitative ratio of the phases at t =____ °C. 8 Copyright JSC "TsKB "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" Performance of work 1. Figure 2.1 shows the cooling curve of pure iron. t,0С 1600 1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 900 800 700 600 , s ferrite, cementite, and structural components - austenite, ferrite, cementite (primary, secondary, tertiary), ledeburite, perlite. Austenite - Ferrite - Cementite - Ledeburite - 9 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" Perlite - 4. Peritectic transformation proceeds at a temperature t =____ °С and consists in ... Eutectic transformation proceeds at a temperature t =____ ° С and consists in .. The eutectoid transformation proceeds at a temperature t \u003d ____ ° С and consists in .. 5. Secondary cementite is formed .. Tertiary cementite is formed .. 6. The Gibbs law (phase rule) has the form C = K − F + 1, where S − K − The first segment rule − The second segment rule − 10 ;Ф "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Book-Service" 7. Fill in the table and give a description of points, lines and transformations. Table - Characteristic points and lines of the "iron - carbon" diagram Designation - Coordinates Description 0 t, С С, % 1 2 3 4 А Н I B C D N E C F G P S K Q L ABCD AHIECF HIB 12 1 ECF 2 End of table 4 3 PSK ES PQ GS 8 Glue a sheet of A4 paper on the right side of the state diagram of the "iron - carbon" system (p. 12) and plot the cooling curves of the alloys in accordance with the task (points 2 and 3 of the laboratory task) . 9 Complete points 4 and 5 of the laboratory task with an explanation of the actions taken. 13 Copyright OJSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" Conclusions: (the practical meaning of the diagram, the meaning of the rule of phases and segments) Control questions: 1. What is a state diagram of a binary alloy system? 2. What is meant by the alloy phase? 3. What is the difference between an interstitial solid solution and a substitution solid solution? 4. Under what conditions are chemical compounds formed? 5. Why use the rule of phases? 6. What do you need to know to determine the degree of freedom of the system? 7. If the degree of freedom of the system is zero, what does this mean? 8. What can mechanical mixtures consist of? 9. Define austenite and ferrite. 10. Define ledeburite and perlite. 11. What is cementite? Under what conditions does it form? 12. Give the temperature range at which ledeburite consists of perlite and cementite? 13. Explain the reason for the formation of secondary cementite. 14. What transformations take place at a constant temperature? 15. What should be done to determine the carbon concentration in the phase? 16. How to determine the quantitative ratio of phases in an alloy? 17. Under what conditions does austenite turn into pearlite? 18. Under what conditions does a liquid solution turn into ledeburite? 19. Under what conditions does the peritectic transformation take place and what does it consist of? 20. What is iron allotropy? 21. Name the phase composition of alloys with carbon concentration from 0.006% to 6.67%. The work was carried out by _____________ The work was accepted by ________________ 14 Copyright OJSC “Central Design Bureau “BIBCOM” & LLC “Agency Kniga-Service” Laboratory work No. 3 MICROSCOPIC METHOD FOR STUDYING METALS AND ALLOYS Purpose of the work: Studying the technology of preparing a microsection and acquiring practical skills in the microscopic examination of metals and alloys Tasks of the work : 1. To study the technology of microsection preparation. 2. To study the structure of microscopes MIM-6 and MIM-7. 3. Acquire practical skills in working with microscopes. 4. Determine the grain size in steel. Material and methodological support: 1. Microscopes MIM-6 and MIM-7, spare parts for microscopes. 2. Microsections from various alloys. 3. Object-micrometer and eyepiece-micrometer. 4. Textbook on the study of the design of microscopes, the technology of preparing microsections, determining the grain size in steel, the scheme of microscopes. Homework 1. Describe the technological process of preparing a microsection, reagents for pickling steel and cast iron. 2. Perform a description of the schemes of microscopes MIM-6 and MIM-7. 3. Prepare for control questions. Laboratory task 1. Study the main components and parts of microscopes, familiarize yourself with the adjustments. Set the desired magnification. 2. Place a microsection on the microscope stage and adjust the microscope for visual observation. 3. Give diagrams explaining the visibility of the grain under the microscope. 4. Give a diagram and determine the division value of an eyepiece - a micrometer. 5. Determine the grain size in steel. Doing work 1. Technological process preparation of a microsection consists of the following operations: For etching steel and cast iron, the following reagents are used: assembly units : 1− 2− 3− 4− 5− 6− 7− 8− 9− 10− 11− 12− 13− 14− 15− 16− 17− Microscope MIM-7 consists of the following parts and assembly units: 1− 2− 3− 4− 5− 6− 7− 8− 9− 10 − 11 − 12 − 13 − 14 − 15 − 16 − 17 − 18 − Figure 3.2 – Optical scheme of the microscope MIM-7 16 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" The magnification of the microscope is determined by the formula or by the table.. 3. Schemes explaining the visibility of grains with different colors. Figure 3.3 - Scheme explaining the visibility of ferrite grain boundaries under a microscope Figure 3.4 - Scheme explaining the appearance of inhomogeneous grains micrometer, at a given magnification of the microscope, is determined by the formula C T Tsok \u003d about, A where Tsob is the division value of the object - micrometer (0.01 mm); T - number of combined divisions of the object - micrometer; A - the number of combined divisions of the eyepiece - micrometer. Figure 3.5 - Combination in the field of view of the scales of the object - micrometer and eyepiece - micrometer Coc = 5. Determination of grain size in steel microscopes, the appointment of an object - a micrometer and an eyepiece - a micrometer) Test questions: 1. What is called microanalysis? 2. Name the main operations of microsection preparation technology. 3. How is polishing different from sample grinding? 4. Why is the sample surface etched? 5. What determines the choice of reagent for etching the sample surface? 6. How is the sample viewed under a microscope after the polishing operation? 7. How are grain boundaries visible under a microscope and why? 8. What determines the magnification of an optical metallographic microscope? 9. How can you determine the size of non-metallic inclusions in a metal? 10. What is the purpose of the object - micrometer and eyepiece - micrometer? 11. How is the grain size in steel determined? 12. What is the purpose of the main parts and assembly units of microscopes MIM-6 and MIM-7. The work was carried out by _____________ The work was accepted by ________________ 19 Copyright OJSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Book-Service" Laboratory work No. 4 STUDYING THE MICROSTRUCTURE OF CARBON STEEL IN EQUILIBRIUM STATE Purpose of the work: Acquisition of practical skills in conducting microanalysis of carbon steel structures Tasks of the work: 1. Familiarize yourself with the classification of carbon steels in an equilibrium state by structure. 2. Acquire practical skills in conducting microanalysis of structures, and determining the critical points of carbon steels. 3. Acquire practical skills in determining the carbon content and the approximate steel grade. Material and methodological support: 1. Microscopes MIM-6 and MIM-7. 2. Microsections of carbon steels in an equilibrium state. 3. Photographs of carbon steel microstructures with different carbon content. 4. Posters and guidelines . Homework 1. Draw a section of the "iron-carbon" diagram with a carbon content of up to 2.14% and indicate the structural components in each area. 2. Give a classification of carbon steels in an equilibrium state by structure and characterize the structural components of carbon steels (definition, structure, properties, as viewed under a microscope). 3. Prepare for control questions. Laboratory task 1. Examine microsections of steels with different carbon content under a microscope. 2. Draw diagrams of the microstructures of the considered microsections, indicating the structural components. 3. Determine which structural class the considered steel belongs to (hypoeutectoid, eutectoid, hypereutectoid) and critical points. 4. Based on the microstructure, determine the concentration of carbon and the approximate grade of steel. 20 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" Performance of work 1. Draw the steel section of the iron-carbon state diagram 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 Figure 4.1 - Part of the "iron - carbon" diagram (steel section) 2. Characterize the structural components of carbon steels. 21 2.0 % C Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBCOM & OOO Agency Kniga-Service 3. Schemes of steel microstructures, their description, critical points and names of steels by structure (steel class by structure) No. Scheme of microstructure Description 1 Magnification - Steel grade ___________________________ Carbon content ____________________ Description of the microstructure _______________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Critical points: A1 _______, A3 (st)__________ Name of steel by structure ______________________________________ 2 Magnification - Steel grade ___________________________ Carbon content ____________________ Description of the microstructure _______________ _______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ Critical points: A1 _______, A3 (st) __________ Name steel by structure _______________________________________ 3 Increase - Steel grade ___________________________ Carbon content ____________________ Description of the microstructure _______________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Critical points: A1 _______, A3 (st)__________ Name of steel by structure ______________________________________ 4 Increase Steel grade ___________________________ Carbon content ____________________ Description of the microstructure _______________ _______________________________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Critical points: A1 _______, A3 (st) __________ Name of steel according to the structure _______________________________________ 22 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBCOM & LLC Agency Book-Service 4. Determination of the carbon concentration in hypoeutectoid steel according to its microstructure (item 4) is as follows: mechanical properties) Control questions: 1. How are carbon steels classified by purpose? 2. What is the quality of carbon structural and tool steels? 3. What elements that make up steels mainly determine their quality? 4. What groups are carbon structural steels of ordinary quality divided into and on what grounds? 5. How are carbon structural steels of ordinary quality and quality marked? 6. How are quality and high quality carbon tool steels marked? 7. How does the structure of carbon steel change with an increase in the carbon content in it? 8. What is the method for determining the carbon content in steel by its microstructure? 9. Decipher the steel grades: Bst2, steel 45, U8A, Steel 65G, St3kp, U12, Vst6. 10. How are grains of ferrite and cementite seen under a microscope? 11. How is perlite seen under a microscope? 12. What are the mechanical properties of pearlite and ferrite? 13. Where are the critical points A1 and A3 on the iron-carbon diagram. 14. How to determine the temperature of the critical point Ast for steel U13? The work was carried out by _____________ The work was accepted by ________________ 23 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Book-Service" Laboratory work No. 5 STUDYING MICROSTRUCTURES AND PROPERTIES OF CAST IRON Purpose of work: Acquisition of practical skills in microanalysis of cast iron structures Tasks of work: 1. Familiarize yourself with the classification cast iron depending on the state of carbon. 2. Acquire practical skills in conducting microanalysis and describing the structures of cast irons. 3. Acquire theoretical knowledge on the production of cast iron with different structure and mechanical properties. Material and methodological support: 1. Microscopes MIM-6 and MIM-7. 2. Microsections of cast irons. 3. Photographs of cast iron microstructures with different carbon states. 4. Posters and guidelines. Homework 1. Draw a section of the iron-carbon diagram with a carbon content from 2.14% to 6.67% and indicate the structural components in each area. 2. Give a definition and classification of white cast irons by structure and characterize their structural components (definition, structure, properties, as viewed under a microscope). 3. Give a classification of cast irons depending on the form of graphite inclusions and the conditions for their production. 3. Prepare for control questions. Laboratory task 1. Examine microsections of white cast irons with different carbon content under a microscope. 2. Draw diagrams of the microstructures of microsections of white cast irons, indicating the structural components and their names according to the structure. 3. Examine microsections of gray, ductile and high-strength cast irons under a microscope. 4. Sketch diagrams of microstructures of microsections of the considered cast irons (item 3) indicating the names of their metal base. 24 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" Performance of work 1. Draw a cast-iron section of the iron-carbon state diagram t,0C 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 900 800 700 600 500 2.0 2.5 3 .0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0% C … 25 Copyright OJSC “Central Design Bureau “BIBKOM” & LLC “Agency Kniga-Service” 3. Depending on the form of graphite inclusions, cast irons are divided into three groups: ….. 4. Table - schemes of cast iron microstructures, their description, conditions for obtaining and name according No. Scheme of microstructure Description 1 2 3 1 Magnification - Description of microstructure structure _______________________________________ _______________________________________ 2 Magnification − Description of the microstructure _______________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Obtaining conditions_________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Name of cast iron taking into account the structure _______________________________________ _______________________________________ 26 receipt ______________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Name of cast iron, taking into account the structure _______ ________________________________ ______________________________________ No. 1 Scheme of microstructure Magnification − 2 Magnification − Description of microstructure _______________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Conditions for obtaining ______________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Name of cast iron taking into account the structure _______________________________________ ____________________________________________________ structures _______________________________________ __________________ ____________________ 4 Enlargement − Description of the microstructure _______________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Obtaining conditions_________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Name of cast iron taking into account the structure _______________________________________ _______________________________________ 27 Copyright OJSC “Central Design Bureau “BIBKOM” & LLC “Agency Kniga-Service” Conclusions: (explain the difference in the structure and properties of cast iron; establish the influence of each structural component on the properties of cast iron, including the shape of the graphite inclusion; reflect practical use cast irons). Control questions: 1. What is the carbon content in cast irons? 2. How are white and gray cast iron produced, and what is their main difference? 3. Name the main chemical elements that make up cast irons. 4. In what form can graphite be in cast iron? 5. What determines the strength of cast iron? 6. How is gray cast iron produced on a ferritic metal base? 7. How is malleable iron based on pearlitic metal produced? 8. How is ductile iron produced on a ferritic-pearlitic metal base? 9. For the manufacture of which parts are blanks made of gray, malleable and high-strength cast iron used? 10. How are grey, malleable and high-strength cast irons marked? 11. How do silicon and manganese affect graphitization? 12. The fluidity of cast iron depends on the content of what elements? 13. How are white cast irons classified according to cast irons? 14. At what temperature does the eutectic transformation occur during the production of gray cast iron and what does it consist of? 15. Decipher the grades of cast irons: SCh 15, SCh 20, KCh 35−10, KCh 37−12, VCh 50, VCh 100. 16. Why is the strength of ductile iron greater than gray? 17. What is the structure of white hypereutectic iron? The work was carried out by _____________ The work was accepted by ____________ 28 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" Laboratory work No. 6 HEAT TREATMENT OF CARBON STEEL Purpose of the work: Establishing the effect of heat treatment of steel on the mechanical properties of steel Tasks of the work: 1. To study the technology of execution main types of heat treatment of steel. 2. To study the transformations occurring during isothermal holding and continuous cooling of austenite. 3. Familiarize yourself with the equipment for heat treatment of steel. 4. Acquire practical skills in assigning heat treatment modes for carbon steel. 5. Determine the effect of cooling rate during heat treatment on the hardness of carbon steel. Material and methodological support 1. Muffle furnaces with temperature controllers, baths with hardening media, tongs, files, sanding paper , napkins. 2. Carbon steel samples. 3. Hardness tester type TK. 4. Posters and guidelines. Homework 1. Classify and define the types of heat treatment. 2. Using the diagram of the isothermal transformation of austenite, give an explanation of the processes occurring during isothermal holding of austenite and martensitic transformation. 3. Give a definition and a brief description of perlite, sorbite, troostite, bainite and martensite. 4. Prepare for control questions. Laboratory task 1. Using the iron-carbon state diagram, determine the heating temperature of carbon steel for complete hardening. 2. Determine the time of heating and holding steel at a given temperature. 3. Produce heating and subsequent cooling of the samples in water, oil, air and together with the furnace. 4. Measure the hardness of the samples on a hardness tester of the TK type and plot the dependence of the steel hardness on the rate of cooling of the cooling medium. 29 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBCOM & OOO Agency Kniga-Service Performance of work 1. The main types of heat treatment (HT) include: hardening, normalization, annealing and tempering. Quenching − .. Normalizing − .. Annealing − .. Tempering −.. 2 . Diagram of the isothermal transformation of austenite is constructed in the coordinates "temperature - time" Figure 6.1 - Diagram of the isometric transformation of austenite During the isothermal transformation of austenite, the following transformations occur: pearlitic, intermediate and martensitic. Pearlite transformation - .. Intermediate transformation - .. 30 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" Martensitic transformation - .. 3. Perlite - .. Sorbite - .. Troostite -.. Upper bainite -... Bainite lower - ... Martensite - ... 4. 1 The heating temperature of carbon steel - steel 45 is determined from the iron-carbon state diagram as follows: .. 4.2 The heating and holding time of a sample of steel 45 depends on. 31 Copyright OJSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" Table - Summary data on the heat treatment of carbon steel p thermal treatment medium deg/s T 0, work τ, s t, °С HRC HB HB 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 with furnace air oil water . Conclusions: (explain the effect of cooling rate on the hardness of carbon steel) Name the main types of heat treatment of steels. 2. How is the steel heat treatment schedule built? 3. What is steel hardening intended for? 4. Why is steel annealed? 5. What is steel normalization? 6. For what steels do they spend vacation, and what types of it are there? 7. What is called steel improvement? 8. What should be the heating temperature of steel 60 to perform the "Hardening" operation. 9. What should be the heating temperature of U12 steel to perform the "hardening" operation. 10. What is called the critical hardening rate? 11. What will be the structure of steel 50 after partial hardening? 12. Explain the essence of the intermediate transformation during isothermal holding of austenite. 13. What is martensite and when does it form? 14. Why and how is intermittent hardening carried out? 15. How and why does the cooling rate affect the hardness of hardened steel? 16. Give the main types of marriage during hardening. 17. Why and how is diffusion annealing carried out? 18. What is the essence of recrystallization annealing, and for what steels is it carried out? 19. How is annealing for granular pearlite carried out? 20. Name the types of cooling media during hardening. 21. Assign a heat treatment mode for a chisel made of U10 steel to obtain a hardness of 45 HRC. 22. Set the steel heat treatment mode to 50 to obtain a hardness of 60 HRC. 23. Assign a heat treatment mode for a spring made of steel 65G. The work was carried out by _____________ The work was accepted by ______________ 33 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" Laboratory work No. 7 STUDY OF MICROSTRUCTURES OF ALLOYED STEELS Purpose of the work: Acquisition of practical skills in conducting microanalysis of the structures of alloyed steels Tasks of the work: 1. Familiarize yourself with the classification alloyed steels in an equilibrium state. 2. Acquire practical skills in microanalysis of structures. 3. To study the features of the technology for performing heat treatment of alloy steel. 4. To study the technology of performing heat treatment of high-speed steel P18. Material and methodological support: 1. Microscopes MIM-6 and MIM-7. 2. Microsections of alloyed steels in an equilibrium state. 3. Photographs of microstructures of alloyed steel with different contents of alloying elements. 4. Posters and guidelines. Homework 1 Give a classification of alloy steels according to purpose, chemical composition and structure. 2. Give the essence of the marking of alloyed steels, indicating the steels. 3. Prepare for control questions. Laboratory task 1. Describe the features of heat treatment of high speed steel. 2. Set the microscope magnification to 400…500 times. 2. Place a microsection of alloyed steel on the object table, sketch the visible microstructure and give its description, indicating the name according to the structure, chemical composition and purpose. Specify the scope of steel. Performance of work 1. Alloy steels are classified according to their purpose, chemical composition and structure. According to their purpose, steels are divided into: 34 Copyright OJSC "Central Design Bureau" BIBCOM " & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" According to the structure in the equilibrium state, steels are divided into five classes: According to the chemical composition of steels, they are divided into three groups: 2. Alloyed steels are marked with a combination of numbers and letters, namely: 3. Features of heat treatment of alloy steel, in particular high speed steel, are as follows (explain on the basis of the graph): : A1 ; Mn; Mk A; K| ; K|| Aost;M; Mo P;K. 36; ; ; Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBKOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" 4. Schemes of steel microstructures, their description, critical points and the name of steels by structure (steel class by structure) Chemical composition ______________________ Microstructure description _______________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Heat treatment mode _____________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Steel name by structure _________ _______________________________________ 2 Magnification − Steel grade ___________________________ Chemical composition _____________________ Microstructure description _______________ _______________________________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ Heat treatment mode _____________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Steel name by structure __________ 3 Magnification − Steel chemical composition _____________________ Description of the microstructure _______________ _______________________________________ ______________________ _________________ _______________________________________ Heat treatment mode _____________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Steel name by structure __________ 4 Increase Steel grade ___________________________ Chemical composition _____________________ Microstructure description _______________ __________________________________________ _______________________________________ Heat treatment mode _____________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ Steel name by structure __________ _______________________________________ 37 Conclusions: (indicate which elements give steels special properties, what is the peculiarity of the heat treatment of alloyed steel, the scope of structural and tool steels). Control questions: 1. What steels are called alloyed? 2. How do alloying elements affect the critical points of steels? 3. What do alloying elements form in steels? 4. Why do alloy steels need to be heated stepwise during heat treatment? 5. How to choose the heating temperature of alloy steel when quenching? 6. What is used as a cooling medium during hardening of high speed steel? 7. Why is high-speed steel tempered? 8. What classes are alloyed steels divided by structure in an equilibrium state? 9. What steels are classified as low-alloy, medium-alloy and high-alloy steels? 10. Decipher the following steel grades: 10KhSND, 12KhN3A, 20Kh, 18KhGT, 25KhGT, 40KhN2MA. 11. Choose from the given grades of ball-bearing steels and decipher the grades: 50KhGA, ShKh15, ShKh15-Sh, 40KhN. 12. Select free-cutting steels from the given steel grades: 12XH3A, AC40, 18XGT, AS40XGNM. 13. Specify corrosion-resistant steels: 20X, 30X13, 12X17, 08X13, 40X13, AC40, 25XGT. 14. Under what operating conditions does wear-resistant steel 110G13L have advantages over other steels? 15. What alloying element gives high-speed steels red hardness? The work was carried out by _____________ The work was accepted by __________ 38 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" Laboratory work No. 8 STUDYING THE MICROSTRUCTURES OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND THEIR ALLOYS Purpose of the work: Acquisition of practical skills in conducting microanalysis of the structures of non-ferrous metals and their alloys Tasks of the work : 1. Familiarize yourself with the marking and chemical composition of non-ferrous alloys and their purpose. 2. Acquire practical skills in microanalysis of structures. 3. Acquire practical skills in choosing non-ferrous alloys for the manufacture of structures. Material and methodological support: 1. Microscopes MIM-6 and MIM-7. 2. Microsections of non-ferrous alloys. 3. Photographs of microstructures of non-ferrous alloys of various chemical compositions. 4. Posters and guidelines. Homework 1. Give non-ferrous metals, describe them and indicate their applications. 2. Give the dependence of the mechanical properties of brass on the zinc content (Fig.). 3. Prepare for control questions. Laboratory task 1. Examine the microstructures of non-ferrous metals and alloys under a microscope, draw them. 2. Describe the structures in the form indicated in the table. 39 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Book-Service" Performance of work 1. a brief description of non-ferrous metals and their alloys: 40 Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau "BIBKOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" 2. Sketch the dependence of the mechanical properties of brass on the zinc content. c, MPa ,%  50 350 40 280 30 210 20 140 10 70 0 10 20 30 Figure 8.1 - Dependence of the flow limit of brass on the content of zinc in it.  in 40 50 Zn% and relative elongation  3. Explain the influence of inclusions  - phase on the properties of brass and  - phase on the properties of bronzes. 41 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBKOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" 5. Diagrams of microstructures of non-ferrous metal alloys and their description No. Scheme of microstructure Description microstructures_______________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ 2 Magnification - Name and grade of alloy _______________________________________ Chemical composition ______________________ _______________________________________ ______________________________________ __ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ 3 Magnification - Name and grade of alloy _______________________________________ Chemical composition ______________________ _______________________________________ ______________________________________ Heat treatment ___________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Description of the microstructure _______________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ _______________________________________ ____ ______________________________ _______________________________________ 42 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & OOO "Agency Kniga-Service" Conclusions: (the use of the considered metals and alloys in mechanical engineering). Control questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Name non-ferrous metals and give their areas applications. What is brass? Bring stamps. What is bronze? Bring stamps. What groups are brass divided into according to the method of manufacture? How are wrought brass marked and what is made of them? How are foundry brasses marked and what is made of them? What element gives brass its high corrosion resistance? What groups are bronzes divided into? How are cast and wrought bronzes marked? What element gives bronze anti-friction properties? What bronzes are springs made from? What protects aluminum from corrosion? What groups are aluminum alloys divided into by technological properties? How are aluminum alloys that are not hardened by heat treatment marked? What are duralumins? Give examples. What alloys are called silumins? What gives them high casting properties? What groups are magnesium alloys divided into? Give brands and areas of application of magnesium alloys. What are the groups according to the method of production of titanium alloys? Give grades and areas of application of titanium alloys. The work was carried out by _____________ The work was accepted by __________ Materials Science. Technology of construction materials. Book. 1 / V.A. Oskin, V.V. Evsinov. - M .: Kolos, 2008. - 447 p. 2. Materials science and technology of materials: tutorial/ Ed. A.I. Batysheva and A.A. Smolkin. – M.: INFRA-M, 2013. – 288 p. 3. Material science and technology of metals: textbook / G.P. Fetisov, M.G. Karpman, V.M. Matyunin and others; ed. G.P. Fetisova. - M .: Higher School, 2002. - 638 p. 4. Technology of structural materials: textbook / A.M. Dalsky, T.M. Barsukova, L.N. Bukharkin and others; under the general editorship of A.M. Dalsky. - 5th ed., corrected. - M.: Mashinostroenie, 2003. - 512 p. 5. Kitaev Yu.A. Materials Science. Structural materials technology: guidelines for preparing for practical training. Questions, tests, answers / Yu.A. Kitaev, N.I. Potapov. - Penza: RIO PGSKhA, 2010. - 90s. 44 Copyright OJSC “Central Design Bureau “BIBCOM” & LLC “Agency Kniga-Service” CONTENTS Laboratory work No. 1 Determination of the hardness of metals…………………….... 3 Laboratory work No. 2 Analysis of the state diagram of iron-carbon alloys………… …………………………………………………………………………. 8 Laboratory work No. 3 Microscopic method for the study of metals and alloys ……………………………………………………………………………….. 15 Laboratory work No. 4 Study of the microstructures of carbonaceous steels in equilibrium………………………………………………………………. 20 Laboratory work No. 5 Study of the microstructures and properties of cast irons………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 24 Laboratory work No. 6 Heat treatment of carbon steel ……………………………………………………………………………………. 29 Laboratory work No. 7 Study of the microstructures of alloyed steels……… 34 Laboratory work No. 8 Study of the microstructures of non-ferrous metals and their alloys……………………………………………………………………… …….. 39 Literature……………………………………………………………………………. 44 Contents……………………………………………………………………………… 45 Spitsyn Natalia Ivanovna Potapova MATERIAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF STRUCTURAL MATERIALS SECTION "MATERIAL SCIENCE" Workbook for laboratory work Editor I.A. Spitsyn Computer layout I.A. Spitsyn Signed for printing Format 60x84 1/8 Paper Goznak Print Printed on a risograph Convention. oven l. , edition copies. Order No. ___________________________________________________________________________ RIO PGSHA 440014, Penza, st. Botanicheskaya, 30 46

State budgetary professional educational institution of the Voronezh region "Anninsky agro-industrial technical school" Anna 2016 Workbook for students of GBPOU HE "AAPT" in the specialty 23.02.03 " Maintenance and repair of vehicles. Developed by the teacher of GBPOU VO "AAPT" Koltovskaya A.A. © GBPOU VO "AAPT", 2016 FOREWORD The proposed workbook contains additional material to the program on the course "Materials Science" for students of institutions of secondary vocational education . Its purpose is to promote the study of the structure and properties of materials and alloys, which will further help students when working in production. The workbook reflects the main topics of the course "Materials Science", studied in the preparation of mid-level specialists in the specialty 23.02.03 "Maintenance and repair of motor vehicles." The presented tasks develop thinking, contribute to the consolidation of the material studied in the classroom, instill the ability to independently obtain the necessary knowledge with the help of a textbook and reference literature. Illustrations help students answer the questions and remember the educational material. For a deeper understanding of the material, multi-level tasks are provided so that each student can cope with the task and receive an appropriate assessment. First, the basic concepts are formulated, and then tasks for solution are proposed. The tasks presented in the workbook help to consolidate the material learned in the classroom, and then apply the knowledge gained in practice, instill the ability to use reference literature. The workbook is designed to organize independent work of students and to control their knowledge by the teacher. REGULARITIES OF FORMATION OF THE STRUCTURE OF MATERIALS. 1. What materials gave names to entire eras? ________________________________________________________________________ 2. Complete the definition: chemically simple substances are called metals ___________________________________________________________________ 3. Give examples of metals known to you. ________________________________________________________________________ 4. List the metals that are most often used in mechanical engineering and instrument making. ________________________________________________________________________ 5. Write the chemical designations of rare non-ferrous metals known to you. To complete the task, use the periodic table. ____________________________________________________________________ 6. Complete the definitions: a) substances whose atoms are located randomly in space, call substances whose atoms are located in space in a certain __________________________________________________________________ b) form a crystal lattice, they call _____________________ 7. Complete the definition: Alloy __________________________________________________________________________ 8. What is called an alloy component ? ____________________________________________________________________ nine. How do alloys differ from pure metals? ________________________________________________________________________ 10. What is a crystal? ________________________________________________________________________ 11. List the defects of crystals known to you. ________________________________________________________________________ 12. Draw a cubic face-centered and hexagonal close-packed crystal lattice similar to the cubic body-centered lattice shown in fig. 1. Give the characteristics, following the example provided. Rice. 1. Cubic body-centered lattice Example. The cubic body-centered lattice consists of nine atoms (eight are located at the vertices of the lattice and one is in the center). Chromium Cr, tungsten W, vanadium V and iron Fe have such a lattice at temperatures up to 900 °C and over 1400 °C. ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 13. In the given rectangles (Fig. 2), schematically depict the main stages of the crystallization process. Rice. 2. The main stages of the crystallization process 14. Fill in the gaps in the definitions by choosing the necessary term (anisotropy, allotropy): physical properties 15. Write down the following metals: a) undergoing allotropic transformations b) not undergoing allotropic transformations To complete the task, use the information bank: iron Fe, aluminum A1, nickel Ni, titanium Ti, zinc Zn, cobalt Co, tungsten W, copper Cu, tin Sn, silver Ag, lead Pb. 16. List the methods for studying the structures of metals and alloys: ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 1.1, in which write down the conditions of the study and the distinguishing features various methods analysis of the structure of metals. Analyze these methods and write down your conclusions about the effectiveness of the studies. Table 1. Methods of structure analysis and their features Method Research conditions Distinctive features Macroanalysis Microanalysis Spectral analysis Magnetic flaw detection Ultrasonic flaw detection X-ray analysis Method of radioactive isotopes 18. What properties of metals do you know? ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 19. Draw the “shoes” to the “spider legs” (Fig. 3). Indicate in them the physical properties of metals. Rice. 3. Physical properties of metals ("spider" and "shoes") What technological properties of metals and alloys are shown in fig. 4? 20. Write them down. Rice. 4. Technological properties of metals: n workpiece rotation frequency; S feed 21. Write horizontally the names of the technological properties of metals and alloys, as well as their mechanical properties, determined using technological tests. Read vertically the term denoting these names. 23. What new methods for testing metal samples do you know? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 24. Determine the relative elongation  and the grade of structural steel (GOST 1050-88 **), if, when testing a standard sample of this steel (Fig. 5), its initial dimensions were: d0 = 10 mm and l0 = 100 mm. Sample length after rupture lk = 119 mm. Fig.5. Sample for testing: d0 and l0 initial diameter and initial length of the sample Assumed steel grades: 30 ( = 20%); 35 ( = 19%); 45(=17%). Solution:________________________________________________________________ Answer:____________________________________________________________ 25. Determine the tensile strength (v) and the grade of structural steel (GOST 1050-88 **), if during the tensile test of the sample (see Fig. 5) from this steel, the maximum load Pmax = 159 kN (d0 = 10 mm, l 0 = 100 mm). Estimated steel grades: 30 (v = 500 MPa); 35 (v = 540 MPa). Solution:________________________________________________________________ Answer:____________________________________________________________ 26. What chemical properties of metals and alloys do you know? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 27. On fig. 6 enter in free circles ("planets") the types of chemical and electrochemical corrosion of metals and alloys. Specify appropriate corrosion protection methods. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Rice. 6. Types of chemical and electrochemical corrosion of metals and alloys ("parade of planets") 28. What mechanical properties of metals do you know? ________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 29. What is the purpose of determining the mechanical properties of metals? ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 30. List the methods for testing metals and alloys for hardness. ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 31. What method of testing metals and alloys for hardness is widely used in mechanical engineering? ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 32. List new ways to increase the strength of metals and alloys. ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ BASIC PROVISIONS OF THE THEORY OF ALLOYS. 1. Are there absolutely pure metals? ________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 2. What are the ways to obtain alloys? ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 3. Indicate how many components alloys can consist of: one, two or more. Underline the correct answer. 4. What is called the structure of alloys? ________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 5. What is the alloy phase? ________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 6. Draw the insertion and substitution alloys. 7. Fill out the table. 2., in which write down the alloys and note the features of their composition. Table 2. Alloys and features of their composition Name Composition of a two-component alloy of a multi-component alloy What is the difference between the crystallization of pure metals and alloys? 8. ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 9. What types of alloys are ferrite, austenite, ledeburite, pearlite and cementite structures? Solid solutions: _________________________________________________ Chemical compounds: ____________________________________________ Mechanical mixtures: _______________________________________________ 10. Write on the links of the "chain" the names of the structure of steels during their slow heating. Steel grade 20 (GOST 1050-88**): Steel grade 65 (GOST 105088**): 11. What is the purpose of building state diagrams of alloys? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 12. Write down in the table. 3 characteristic differences phase diagrams of the first and second kind of lead-antimony (Pb-Sb) and nickel-copper (Ni-Cu). Analyze them and write down your conclusions. Table 3. Characteristic differences between Pb-Sb and Ni-Cu state diagrams PbSb system Characteristic differences between NiCu state diagrams 13. What other state diagrams do you know? ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 14. In what coordinates is the state diagram of iron-cementite (Fe-Fe3C) built? ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 15. Draw the main lines of the state diagram of the Fe-Fe3C system. Specify characteristic points of the diagram lying on these lines. 16. How do cementite, ferrite, pearlite and ledeburite affect the mechanical properties of alloys? Enter the data in Table 4. Table 4. Dependence of the mechanical properties of alloys on their structure Structure Mechanical properties Strength Hardness Ductility Ferrite Cementite Perlite Ledeburite 17. Using the textbook, insert the missing words in the text. Solid solution of carbon in iron (exists in steel only up to a temperature of 727 °C). The carbon content in this structure is negligible. This is the softest structure of steel, its hardness is 80 ... 100 HB. This structure is called __________________________________________________________________ A solid solution of carbon in iron, characterized by a high solubility of carbon, the content of which in steel is 2.14% at a temperature of 727 ° C. The hardness is low (170...220 HB), but the strength, ductility and corrosion resistance are quite high. The structure is non-magnetic. It is called ______________________________________________ Iron carbide is a chemical compound of Fe with C (Fe3C). The carbon content is 6.67%. This is the hardest steel structure (700 ... 800 HB). The structure is strong but very fragile; has magnetic properties. It is called _____________________________________________________________ Mechanical mixture of ferrite with cementite. The hardness of the structure is 200 ... 220 HB. Contains 0.8% carbon; has considerable strength and elasticity, but not very high ductility. May be granular or lamellar. This structure is called ________________________________ Answers: cementite, ferrite, austenite, perlite. 18. What initial data is needed to construct state diagrams of the first and second kind? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 19. Indicate at what carbon content, %, steels are hypoeutectoid: a) 2.14...4.3; b) 0...2.14; c) 4.3...6.67; d) 0...0.8. Underline the correct answer. 20. Remember at what carbon content,%, steels are hypereutectoid: a) 0.8 ... 2.14; b) 0...0.8; c) 2.14...4.3; d) 4.3...6.67. Underline the correct answer. 21. Which line on the state diagram of the Fe - Fe3C system corresponds to the beginning of the crystallization of the alloy? ________________________________________ 22. Which line on the state diagram of the Fe - Fe3C system corresponds to the end of the crystallization of the alloy? ___________________________________ 23. Indicate which cast irons are most widely used in mechanical engineering: a) hypoeutectic; b) hypereutectic. Underline the correct answer. 24. What is the carbon content in cast iron? ________________________________________________________________________ 25. Which line on the state diagram of the Fe-Fe3C system is the line of upper critical points? ________________________________________________________________________ 26. Which line on the state diagram of the Fe-Fe3C system is the line of lower critical points? ________________________________________________________________________ 27. Why is there no eutectic alloy on the state diagram of the Cu-Ni system? ________________________________________________________________________ 28. Which line on the state diagram of the Pb-Sb system is called the liquidus? ________________________________________________________________________ 29. What line on the state diagram of the Pb-Sb system is called a solidus? __________________________________________________________________ 30. What phases are located in the zone between the ASV and ADB lines on the state diagram of the Si-Ni system? __________________________________________________________________ 31. Write down in the table. 5 characteristic features of alloys, which are a solid solution, a chemical compound and a mechanical mixture. Specify the areas of their application. Table 5 Features and Applications various kinds alloys Characteristic features Applications Alloy Solid solution Chemical compound Mechanical mixture IRON-CARBON ALLOYS. 1. Write the definitions: a) cast iron is _____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ b) steel is ________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 2. What is the difference between steel and cast iron? ________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 3. What needs to be loaded into a blast furnace to get pig iron? ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 4. Underline the name of the ore with the highest iron content: a) b) c) magnetic iron ore (magnesite). brown iron ore (limonite); red iron ore (hematite); 5. Determine what period of the domain process describes the following chemical reactions: 3Fe2O3 + CO = 2Fe3O4 + CO2 + Q1, Fe3O4 + CO = 3FeO + CO2 + Q2 FeO + CO = Fe + CO2 Q3, where Q1-Q3 are the thermal effects of reactions. Answer options: a) b) c) Underline the correct answer. 6. iron oxidation; reduction of iron from oxides; reduction of iron with hydrogen. Fill in the gaps in the definitions: a) an accumulation of minerals that is technically and economically feasible to develop for the purpose of extracting iron ores is called ________________________________________________ c) furnaces, called _________________________________________________________ d) pollution, called _______________________________________________ Answers: deposit, flux, ore, coke. 7. substance intended for cleaning the working space of the furnace from The given data on the chemical composition of cast iron contains errors: Element Si Mn Fe С S Р Ni Сr Composition, %... Up to 90 2.14...7.0 4.3 2.0 0.04 1.2 0.25 0 Select cast irons that you consider to be pig irons: synthetic; white; grey; malleable; high-strength; doped. Fix them using the tutorial. 8. a) b) c) d) e) f) Underline the correct answers. 9. ________________________________________________________________________ 10. Using the information bank, write down the grades of gray cast irons: low strength ________________________________________________ high strength ______________________________________________ highest hardness and strength ____________________________________ What other types of cast iron do you know? Information Bank: SC10, SC15, SC18, SC20, SC21, SC24, SC25, SC30, SC35. 11. Using the textbook, select the grades of cast iron for the manufacture of the following products: frame ___________________________________________________________ crankshaft ____________________________________________________________ gear ___________________________________________________________ pipes ______________________________________________________________ wheel hubs for cars ______________________________________________ , KCh3712, VCh120. 13. Using the textbook, fill in the table. 6. Table 6. Areas of application of cast irons of various grades ________________________________________________________________________ 15. Fill in the diagram shown in fig. 7. Fig.7. Classification of steels by composition, purpose and quality 16. What methods of obtaining steels do you know? Write your answer in the sectors on the outer part of the circle (Fig. 8). Fig.8. Classification of steels according to the method of production 17. What is the difference between carbon structural steels and carbon tool steels? ________________________________________________________________ 18. What is the difference between alloyed structural steels and alloyed tool steels? __________________________________________________________________ What is the purpose of alloying steels? 19. __________________________________________________________________ 20. What provides high hardness of tool alloy steels? ________________________________________________________________________ 21. Using the textbook, fill in the table. 7, in which indicate the tensile strength, relative elongation and narrowing of steel samples. Table 7. Carbon steel Mechanical properties of some grades of high-quality Index Steel grades 20 35 45 60G â, ÌÏa,%,% 22. Determine the chemical composition of structural carbon steels by their grades: ______________________________________________________________ 23. Determine the chemical composition of tool carbon steels by their grades: U7 ________________________________________________________________ U8G _______________________________________________________________ U9A _______________________________________________________________ U11A ______________________________________________________________ U8GA ______________________________________________________________ 24. Crossword "Alloying elements". 25. From the given letters and numbers, make up the steel grades: R, 7, U, 8, G, 1.4, F, 5, A, 1, 4, M, 6, R, 4, G, 5, A, 2 , X, 0, H, 7, T, 7, 3, Yu, 0, B. The same letter and number cannot be used twice. ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 26. Write the main alloying elements for structural steels. ________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 27. Underline the alloying elements that give the steel heat resistance: a) b) c) d) e) f) chromium; zinc; aluminum; silver; tungsten; vanadium. 28. Underline the alloying elements that give steel hardness: a) b) c) d) e) f) gold; tungsten; copper; vanadium; nickel; titanium. 29. Emphasize the alloying elements that give steel corrosion resistance: a) b) c) d) e) f) nickel; chromium; titanium; molybdenum; magnesium; manganese. 30. Using the information bank, make a group of steels and alloys having the following properties: heat-resistant superalloys _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ heatproof _____________________________________________________ magnetic _______________________________________________________ high ohmic resistance _______________________________ corrosion ______________________________________________ nonmagnetic _____________________________________________________ Info Bank: 08H14N28V3T3YUR, HN77YUR, OH23YUB, 10X13, 80NHS, EH9K15M, 0X27YUBA, 45G17Yu3, 79NM, 12X18N9T, N36K8, 13X12N2V2MF, 12X2MFSR, EX3, 55G9N9. 31. Determine the chemical composition of structural alloyed steels according to their grades: Determine the chemical composition of tool alloy steels according to their grades: used to measure the chromium content in ball-bearing steels: a) b) c) d) Underline the correct answer. tenths of a percent; hundredths of a percent; thousandths of a percent; interest. 35. Determine the chemical composition of steels by their grades. Fill in the table. 8, indicating also the names and areas of application of these steels. Table 8. Application Grades of some steels, their chemical composition and areas Grade Name Grade designation Symbols Content Fields of application Determine the chemical composition of steels and alloys by their grades. Fill in the table. 9, indicating also the names of these materials. Table 9. Grades and chemical composition of some steels and alloys Grade designation Name Grade Steel A20 Steel ShKh15SG Steel 50NHS Steel 18KhTF Alloy KhN77TYu Steel OKH27TYu Steel R14F14 Symbols Content A 20 W X 15 C D 50 H X C 18 X T F X H 77 T Yu O X 27 T Yu R 14 F 14 37. How do soft magnetic alloys differ from hard magnetic alloys? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 38. What requirements must be met by alloys with high ohmic resistance? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 39. What causes the wear of parts during operation? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 40. What determines the wear resistance of parts? __________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 41. Underline the name of the alloying element that gives steel wear resistance: a) niobium; b) manganese; c) tantalum; d) lead. 42. Determine the grade of steel, parts of which are capable of operating under friction, high pressure and shock loading: a) EXZ; b) 12X18H9T; c) A40; d) 110G13L. Underline the correct answer. 43. What steels are called high-strength? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 44. Determine and underline the grade of high-strength steel: a) H18K10M5TYu; b) 30XMA; c) St1kp; d) 50. 45. What is called heat resistance? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 46. What is called heat resistance? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 47. Emphasize the temperature range, °C, in which heat-resistant steels and alloys based on molybdenum and other refractory metals can be used: a) b) c) d) 48. What affects the heat resistance of steels and alloys? 700...850; 1200... 1500; 1500...2000; 2000...3000. ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 49. Underline the temperature range, °C, in which 700...950 can be used; 900...1000; 200...300; 850...900. heat-resistant steels and alloys based on iron, nickel and cobalt: a) b) c) d) 50. What alloys are called nimonics? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 51. For the manufacture of what products are nimonics used? ____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 52. What is the peculiarity of alloys with memory effect? ________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 53. Underline the metals on the basis of which alloys with the memory effect are made: a) b) c) d) e) nickel-niobium; chrome nickel; niobium-titanium; copper-aluminum; nickel-titanium. 54. Write the name of the most widely used memory alloys. 55. For the manufacture of which products are memory alloys used? 56. When were amorphous alloys first obtained? 57. Under what conditions is an amorphous structure formed? 58. List methods to achieve high speeds cooling during ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ obtaining amorphous materials: a) b) c) 59. Write the properties of amorphous alloys: a) b) c) 60. The numbers in the marking of the Fe80B20 amorphous alloy mean: a) b) c) d) percentage content B; element content in atomic percent; alloy number; alloy properties. temperature. hardness; density; Underline the correct answer. 61. Mark the parameters that limit the use of amorphous alloys: a) b) c) heat resistance; d) 62. In what industries are amorphous alloys used? ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 63. What is made of amorphous alloys? ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 64. Using the information bank, fill in the sectors of the outer ring (Fig. 9), indicating the type of tool and processing mode. Rice. 9. Scope of tool steels and cutting conditions of tools Information bank: a) b) c) files, scrapers, needle files; countersinks, drills, reamers, turning tools; tools of all types; d) cutting speed v = 20 m/min, rotation frequency n = 350 min1; e) v = 40 m/min, n = 700 min1; f) v = 70 m/min, n = 1200 min1. 65. Draw a "family tree" (Fig. 10). Write down on its “leaves” the grades of the indicated steels Fig. 10 “Family tree” of steels HEAT TREATMENT AND CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF IRON-CARBON ALLOYS 1. What is heat treatment of iron-carbon alloys? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2. What is called chemical-thermal treatment (CHT) of iron-carbon alloys? ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ What is the purpose of heat treatment of steels and alloys? 3. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 4. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 5. What is the purpose of chemical-thermal treatment of steels and alloys? Write down the components of the heat treatment process: 6. Underline the name of the equipment (Fig. 11) that is effective for heat treatment. Fig.11. Types of thermal furnaces (c) and hardening devices (b) 7. What instruments are used to control operating temperature in the oven? List them: a) b) c) ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 8. What is called annealing? ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 9. Draw the “shoes” to the “spider legs” (Fig. 12). Specify in them the types of annealing. Fig.12. Types of annealing ("spider" and "shoes") 10. What is the purpose of annealing iron-carbon steels? ________________________________________________________________________ 11. List the defects in annealing of iron-carbon alloys: a) __________________________________________________ b) __________________________________________________ c) __________________________________________________ d) __________________________________________________ 12. List the defects in the normalization of iron-carbon alloys: a) _________________________________________________ b) __________________________________________________ c) 13. What is called hardening? 14. What is the purpose of quenching iron-carbon alloys? 15. In the "rays of the sun" (Fig. 13), write down the types of vacation. Rice. 13. Types of tempering ("sun rays") 16. List the defects in the tempering of iron-carbon alloys: a) __________________________________________________ b) __________________________________________________ c) __________________________________________________ d) __________________________________________________ 17. Mark steels for which normalization is preferable rather than annealing: a) alloyed; b) low carbon; c) medium carbon; d) high carbon; e) special steels and alloys. 18. Emphasize the characteristic differences between annealing and normalization: a) the possibility of obtaining a fine-grained structure in steel; b) cooling rate; c) heating temperature; d) appointment; e) equipment for the operation; e) cooling medium. 19. Emphasize the types of heat treatment defects that are not reversible: a) oxidation and decarburization; b) burnout; c) overheating; d) insufficient hardness; e) warping and cracks. 20. List the features of heat treatment: a) alloy steels -______________________________ b) gray cast iron - c) malleable cast iron - 21. For what purpose are products subjected to surface hardening? 22. Specify three methods of surface hardening of products: a) b) c) 23. What is chemical heat treatment steels and alloys? _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ 24. What physical process underlies the chemical-thermal treatment of steels and alloys? 25. Write down in the "rays of an asterisk" (Fig. 14.) Types of chemical-thermal treatment. Rice. 14. Types of chemical-thermal treatment ("asterisk") Fill in the table. 10. 26. Table 10. Advantages and disadvantages of various types of chemical-thermal treatment Type of chemical-thermal treatment Advantages Disadvantages 27. What is cementation? 28. In what environment is cementation carried out? 29. from types of chemical-thermal treatment. Complete the crossword. Read on the selected horizontal the name of one. The transition of a metal from a liquid to a solid state. One of the technological properties of metals. The phenomenon that occurs on the workpiece during cutting. The physical process underlying chemothermal treatment. chemical property metals. Heat treatment defect. 1) The middle of the circle. 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) One of the mechanical properties of metals. 9) The transition of a metal from a solid to a liquid state. 10) One of the physical properties of metals. 11) A layer of metal removed by a cutting tool in one stroke. 12) Multi-blade cutting tool. 30. What carburizing materials are used in carburizing? 31. Products from which steels are carburized? Underline the correct answer: a) low carbon; b) medium carbon; c) high carbon. In what environment is nitriding carried out? What is called nitriding? 32. Why are steel parts cemented after machining? 33. 34. 35. What properties does cementation give to steel products? 36. At what temperatures does nitriding occur? 37. What types of nitriding do you know? 38. Specify for which steels nitriding is the most effective: a) b) c) for carbon; alloyed; any. 39. Why nitrided products do not require hardening? 40. What disadvantages of nitriding do you know? List them. 41. What is called cyanidation? 42. What properties do products acquire as a result of nitriding? 43. What is the difference between nitrocarburizing and cyanidation? 44. In what environment does nitrocarburization take place? 45. In what medium does cyanidation take place? 46. ​​List the advantages and disadvantages of nitrocarburizing and cyanidation: advantages - ________________________________________ disadvantages -________________________________________________ 47. What is called diffusion metallization of products? 48. Write down in the "asterisk rays" (Fig. 14) the types of diffusion metallization. Rice. 14. Types of diffusion metallization ("asterisk") Fill in the table. 11. Indicate the types of diffusion metallization of products, 49. properties attached to them and areas of application. Table 11. Types of diffusion metallization of products, their properties and areas of application. 52. What process is called surface hardening of steel products by plastic deformation? 53. What properties does plastic deformation give to steel products? 54. What are the advantages and disadvantages of plastic deformation? List them: a) b) c) d) __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ 55. What new ways of hardening products by plastic deformation are used in mechanical engineering? ________________________________________________________________________ 56. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 57. Establish the technology for processing steel blanks. Fill in the rectangles (Fig. 15) in the appropriate order necessary information from the information bank. Fig.15. Scheme of the steel workpiece processing process Information bank: milling, hardening, surface hardening, diffusion metallization, turning, grinding. 58. What is the purpose of surface hardening of parts? ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 59. What methods of surface hardening do you know? List them: a) __________________________________________________ b) __________________________________________________ c) __________________________________________________ d) __________________________________________________ 60. What is the purpose of chrome plating of parts? ________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 61. What is the purpose of borating? ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 62. What is the purpose of aluminizing parts? ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 63. What is the purpose of siliconising? ________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 64. Do you know other methods of surface saturation of products? List them. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ MATERIALS USED IN ENGINEERING NON-FERROUS METALS AND THEIR ALLOYS 1. List the most widely used non-ferrous metals. ________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 2. What industries use non-ferrous metals? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 3. Why are non-ferrous metal ores called polymetallic? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Fill in the gaps in the text. To complete the task, use the information bank 4. . Pure copper is a pinkish red metal. Its density is ________, its melting point is . In the annealed state, its tensile strength ___________, relative elongation _____________, hardness __________. Information bank: 5= 45...60%; 60 HB; av = 250 MPa; Тsh = 1083 °С; p = 8.93 g/cm3. 5. From what ores is copper obtained? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Write down in free circles (Fig. 16) the metals with which copper forms alloys. Rice. 15. "Planet" Copper 7. What material is called brass? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Indicate at what ratio of copper and zinc content brass has 8. maximum strength: a) b) c) d) Underline the correct answer. 50% zinc, 50% copper; 45% zinc, 55% copper; 20% zinc, 80% copper; 90% zinc, 10% copper. 9. Determine the chemical composition of ordinary brass by their grades. Specify the purpose of these brasses. JI63 -________________ , serves for _____________________ JI85 -________________ , serves for _____________________ JI96 -________________ , serves for _____________________ J190 -________________ , serves for _____________________ 10. Why are JI85 and JI90 brasses called tompaks? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 11. What is the difference between special brass and ordinary brass? ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 12. Determine the chemical composition of special brasses according to their grades: LAZH6011L _______________________________________________ LA772 - ________________;____________________________ L0701 ______________________________________________ LMtsZh5241-_________________________________________ LA672.5-____________________________________________ 13. Table 12. Applications of some brasses Fill in the table. 12. Mark Areas of application LAZH6011L LA672.5 LA772 L0701 LK803L 14. ____________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 15. Indicate what type of heat treatment is subjected to products made of special brass after cold pressure working: a) What is the difference between cast brass and wrought brass? annealing; vacation; normalization; hardening. b) c) d) Underline the correct answer. 16. Complete the definition: an alloy of copper with tin, aluminum, nickel and other elements is called ___________________________ 17. What are the two main types of bronze subdivided by chemical composition? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 18. What are the properties of casting bronzes? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 19. What are the properties of deformable bronzes? ________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 20. Determine the chemical composition of bronzes by their grades: 5.2. Applications Grade BrKN13 BrOS25 BrAZhN1044 BrOF6515 BrBN49 22. Fill in the sectors at the outer part of the circle (Fig. 17), in which write the grades of tin bronzes. 23. Fill in the sectors of the outer ring (Fig. 5.3), in which indicate the marks. 17. Tin-free bronze bronzes. Rice. 18. Tinless bronzes 24. Why are tinless bronzes cheaper than tin ones? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 25. Why is aluminum called the first "winged" metal? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 26. Which structural material is the lightest? ________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ In which industries is aluminum used most widely? 27. ________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 28. Using a textbook, write down the main physical and mechanical characteristics of aluminum: a) b) c) d) density _______________________________________________ melting point _____________________________ tensile strength ___________________________________ relative elongation _________________________________ 29. Enter in the free circles (Fig. 19) the metals with which aluminum forms alloys . Rice. 19. "Planet" Aluminum 30. What two main types are aluminum alloys divided into according to technological features? ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Fill in the table. 13. 31. Table 13. Fields of application of some aluminum alloys Fields of application Grade AL2 AMg2 D16 V95 AK8 What equipment is needed to obtain magnesium? write down the main physical and mechanical properties. What metal used in industry is the lightest? density __________________________________________ melting point _____________________________ tensile strength __________________________________ relative elongation _________________________________ 32. ________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ 33. 35. Using a textbook, the characteristics of magnesium: a) b) c) d) 36. Why can't magnesium be melted in the presence of atmospheric oxygen? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 37. It is known that, according to technological characteristics, magnesium alloys are divided into cast and wrought alloys. What is their difference? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 38. What methods can be used to process wrought alloys? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 39. What are the properties of cast magnesium alloys? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 40. Table 14. Fields of application of some magnesium alloys Fill in the table. 14. Fields of application Grade ML10 ML12 MA13 MA14 ML5 41. Enter in free circles (Fig. 20) the metals with which magnesium forms alloys. Rice. 20. "Planet" Magnesium 42. What is the purpose of heat treatment of magnesium wrought alloys? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 43. At what temperatures can magnesium alloys be used? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 44. From what ores is titanium obtained? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 45. Using a textbook, write down the main physical characteristics of titanium: a) b) 46. Indicate the main advantage of titanium and its alloys. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 47. At what temperatures can titanium alloys be used? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 48. What industries use titanium alloys? ________________________________________________________________________ Density_______________________________________________ Melting point ____________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 49. Fill in the free circles (Fig. 21) with the metals with which titanium forms alloys. Rice. 21. "Planet" Titanium 50. What types of heat treatment and chemical-thermal treatment are titanium alloys subjected to? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 51. Using the information bank, write down the grades of cast and wrought titanium alloys: cast - __________________________________________________________ wrought -___________________________________________________ Information bank: BT5JI, BT14, BT14JI, BT21JI, BT6. 52. Indicate with arrows the correct purpose of certain alloys. Manufacture of instrument cases, rocket fairings, landing gear Manufacture of crankcases for engines, gearboxes and other heavily loaded parts Manufacture of ship plating, use in power engineering and cryogenic technology Manufacture of pipes and profiles by forging, stamping, pressing VT6, VT14; B95, B96; VT5L, VT24L; D1, D16, D18 MA1, MAZ, MA14 AL2, AL 18, AL 19 ML 5, ML 6 Which industries are most widely used 53. Indicate what type of heat treatment magnesium wrought alloys are subjected to: a) b) c) d) Underline the correct answer. 54. What is the difference between heat treatment of cast aluminum alloys and wrought ones? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 55. What aluminum alloys are called silumins? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 56. duralumin? Why? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 57. List the products for which aviation is used: a) _________________________________________________________________ b) ________________________________________________________________ c) _________________________________________________________________ 58. For the manufacture of which products is forged aluminum used? ________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 59. Are aluminum, magnesium and titanium alloys used in total? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 60. Why in the aviation industry for the production of products is more often annealing; hardening; vacation; normalization. 1 3 2 5 9 4 8 1 6 7 10 Fill in the horizontals of the crossword puzzle and read keyword . 1 2 1 1 3 1. The ability of a metal to resist surface deformation under the action of a harder body. 2. The ability of the same metal to form a crystal lattice of different shapes. 3. A physical phenomenon, in some metals associated with their ability to "remember" the original shape. 4. Saturation of the surface layer of steel with non-ferrous metal atoms. 5. One of the types of chemical-thermal treatment. 6. Alloy with high electrical resistance. 7. Finishing the part. 8. The ability of the metal to be processed by pressure in a heated state. 9. Non-ferrous metal with a melting point of 3400°C. 10. Processes associated with heating and cooling of iron-carbon alloys. 11. Alloy of Cu with Ni and Mn (Ni - 40%, Mn - 1.5%). 12. Structure of iron-carbon alloy. 13. Non-ferrous metal. STEEL AND ALLOYS WITH SPECIAL PROPERTIES 1. What metals are called refractory? Why? ____________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 2. List the refractory metals known to you. ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3. In what industries are refractory metals used? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 4. At what temperatures can superalloys be used? ________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 5. At what temperatures can heat-resistant alloys be used? ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 6. Determine the chemical composition of heat-resistant and heat-resistant alloys according to their grades: KhN70MVTYuB _____________________________________ KhN77T ____________________________________________ KhN77TYUR ______________________________________________ KhN77TYu __________________________________________ 7. What products are made from nickel alloys (nichromes)? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 8. What products are made from heat-resistant alloys? ____________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ nine. What alloys are called magnetic? ____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 10. All substances in nature are divided into three groups according to their magnetic properties: diamagnets, paramagnets and ferromagnets. Give examples of these substances: diamagnets - _____________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ quenching followed by cooling in oil or water; cold treatment; normalization; annealing; vacation. paramagnets -_________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ ferromagnets -________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 11. Emphasize the methods of heat treatment of hard magnetic alloys: a) b) c) d) e) 12. Using a textbook, underline the grades of non-magnetic steels: a) b) c) E340; d) e) 50N; f) 13. What is the difference between soft magnetic alloys and hard magnetic alloys? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 14. Determine the chemical composition of magnetic alloys according to their grades: EX7B6 ____________________________________________________________ EX5K5 _______________________________________________________________ EX5K5; 80HXS; 55G5N20; 12X18H9. __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ EX9K15M _______________________________________________________________ 50N _______________________________________________________________ 34NKMP ________________________________________________________________ 15. What is called corrosion resistance? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 16. In which industries is corrosion resistance particularly important? Why? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 17. What metals give steel corrosion resistance? List them: a) b) c) d) 18. In what industries are corrosion-resistant steels and alloys used? ______________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ nineteen. Give known brands of corrosion-resistant steels and alloys. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 20. What types of corrosion do you know? List them. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 21. What types of corrosion are all the same subject to corrosion-resistant steels and alloys? Under what conditions? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 22. What types of heat treatment are used for corrosion-resistant steels and alloys? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 23. What is called wear of a part? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 24. What reasons can cause wear of the product? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 25. What types of wear do you know? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 26. List the factors that affect the wear of parts: a) b) c) 27. Using a textbook, write down the grades of wear-resistant steels. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 28. What steels are called high-strength? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 29. What alloying elements are used to produce high strength steels? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 30. Indicate the carbon content, %, in high-strength steels: a) b) c) d) 31. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 32. Give the grades of high-strength steels known to you. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 0.20...0.40; 0.45...0.50; 0.25...0.30; 0.10...0.15. What industries use high strength steels? HARD SINTERED AND MINERAL CERAMIC ALLOYS 1. What alloys are called hard? ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. What method is used to produce hard alloys? ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3. What types of hard alloys are divided according to the method of production? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 4. How are sintered hard alloys produced? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 5. How are cast alloys obtained? ________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 6. For what purposes are hard sintered and mineral-ceramic alloys used? ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 7. Decipher the grades of sintered hard alloys: VK8 _______________________________________________________________ VK8V ________________________________________________________________ T30K4 ________________________________________________________________________ T15K6 ________________________________________________________________________ TT7K12 ________________________________________________________________ TT10K8V _________________________________________________________ VK25V ____________________________________________________________ V6M ______________________________________________________________ 8. Fill in the table. 15. Table 15 Application of sintered hard alloys in mechanical engineering Fields of application Alloy VK8 T15K6 TT7K12 VK20V T30K4 9. What tungsten-free hard alloys are used in metal cutting? ________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 10. What is the difference between sintered hard alloys and mineral ceramics? ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 11. What types of mineral-ceramic alloys are used in metalworking? List them: a) __________________________________________________________________ b) __________________________________________________________________ c) ________________________________________________________________ 12. What are the advantages and disadvantages of hard sintered and mineral-ceramic alloys? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 13. Using the information bank, fill in the diagram shown in fig. 22. Write in the circles denoting "planets", the grades of tool steels and alloys in ascending order of their heat resistance. Information Bank: P9, P18, P6M5; T5K10, VK6, T15K6; elbor, cubonite, microlite, thermocorundum; 9XS, 11XS, 9X5WF; U10, U11A, U12A. Fig.22. Tool steels and alloys ("Parade of planets") NON-METALLIC MATERIALS 1. What materials are called non-metallic? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What groups are non-metallic materials divided into depending on their purpose? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What groups are non-metallic materials divided into by chemical composition? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 4. What is rubber? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 5. Write on the links of the "chain" the stages of rubber production technology. 6. What substances are included in the composition of rubber? ___________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 7. Specify the main types of special rubbers according to their purpose: a) __________________________________________________________________ b) __________________________________________________________________ c) ________________________________________________________________ d) __________________________________________________________________ 8. What products are made of rubber? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 9. What is polyurethane? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 10. What products are made of polyurethane? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ eleven. Draw the "sun rays" (Fig. 23) and write in them the names of abrasive materials. Rice. 23 Natural (а) and synthetic (b) abrasive materials (“sun rays”) 12. What indicators are the characteristics of abrasive materials? Underline the correct answers: a) hardness; b) granularity; c) plasticity; d) abrasive ability; e) mechanical strength. 13. Indicate the groups into which abrasive materials are divided by size: _______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ a) b) c) 14. Write the grades of abrasive materials belonging to these groups: ____________________________________________________________ a) b) ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ c) 15. What is the structure of glass? 16. List the main properties of glass. 17. What glasses are used in industry? 18. What materials are called sitalls? 19. Specify the properties of glass-ceramics. 20. For what purposes are glass-ceramics used in industry? 21. Fill in the horizontal lines of the crossword puzzle. Read the keyword. 2 5 6 1 3 4 7 1. A synonym for the concept of "allotropy". 2. Soft non-ferrous metal. 3. Non-metallic material. 4. Phenomenon arising in a liquid metal upon cooling. 5. Alloy of aluminum with silicon. 6. Refractory metal. 7. The process of heating and cooling of iron-carbon alloys, causing a change in their structure and properties. 22. What materials are called antifriction? List them. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 23. For what purposes are antifriction materials used? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 24. What properties should anti-friction materials have? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 25. What materials are called babbits? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 26. List the properties of babbits known to you. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 27. Which brands of babbits are of the highest quality? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 28. Fill in the table. 16. Table 16. Grade and areas of application of antifriction bronzes Applications Grade BrOS525 BrOSN444 BrOF6,51,5 BrS3O composite materials (composites)? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What is called a matrix? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 3. What are the components of the matrix? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 4. What groups are composites divided into according to the type of reinforcing material? List them: a) __________________________________________________________________________________________________ b) __________________________________________________________________ 5. What are the requirements for composite materials? ________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 6. Fill in the table. 17, indicating for what purposes composites are used in industry. Table 17. Fields of application of composites in industry Fields of application Type of composite Aluminum based Beryllium based Magnesium based Nickel and cobalt based 7. What factors affect the properties of fiber composites? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 8. What components are included in the composition of fibrous composites? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 9. What materials are reinforcing for composites? 10. In the rectangles of the diagram (Fig. 24), write the advantages and disadvantages of composites with a polymer matrix. Fig. 24 Advantages and disadvantages of polymer matrix composites 11. Fill in Table 18, in which indicate the advantages, disadvantages and areas of application of various composites. Table 18 Advantages, disadvantages and areas of application of composites Type of composites Advantages Disadvantages Fields of application Fiberglass Organoplasts Carbon fiber reinforced plastics Boroplasts Carbon matrix Metal matrix Magnesium matrix Titanium matrix POLYMER MATERIALS 1. Complete the definition: polymers are _____________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 2. What is the basis of the structure of polymers? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 3. What is involved in obtaining polymers? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Complete the definition: polymerization is ________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 5. Indicate the three stages of the polymerization reaction. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 6. What is the essence of the polymerization reaction? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 7. What polymers are called thermoplastic? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 82 __________________________________________________________________ 8. What polymers are called thermosetting? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 9. What is the difference between thermoset polymers and thermoplastic ones? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 10. What are the names of the units that make up polymers? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 11. What are plastics? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 12. What groups are plastics divided into? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 13. Indicate the ways in which plastic products are obtained: a) by forging; b) stamping; c) pressing; d) casting; e) broach; e) cutting. Underline the correct answers. 14. How relevant is the use of various types of plastics in machine and instrument making? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 15. What plastics are used most widely in mechanical engineering? For what purpose? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 16. What parts are made from one-component plastics? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 17. What parts are made of multi-component plastics? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 84 LIST OF USED LITERATURE 1. Adaskin A. M. Materials science (metalworking) / A M. Adaskin, V. M. Zuev. M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2003. 240 p. 2. Bartashevich A.A. ,Bahar L.M. Materials Science. R / D "Phoenix"; 2008. 168s 3. Bratukhin A. G. Materials of the future and their amazing properties / A. G. Bratukhin, O. S. Sirotkin. M.: Mashinostroenie, 1995. 126 p. 4. Dalsky A.M., Barsukova T.M., Bukharkin L.N. Technology of construction materials. M.: Mashinostroenie, 2006. 5. Kalitev V.A. Progressive materials in mechanical engineering / V. A. Kalinchev, I. M. Bulanov. M.: Higher. school, 1988. 70 p. 6. Kozlov Yu. S. Materials science / Yu. S. Kozlov. M. : Agar, 1999. 178 p. 7. Kolokoltsev V. M. Improvement of properties of steels / V. M. Kolokoltsev, A. F. Mileev. - M.: Higher. school, 1990. - 208 p. 8. Kuzmin B.A. Technology of metals and structural metals. M. Mashinostroyeniye, 2007. 9. Kucher A. M. Technology of mechanical engineering / A. M. Kucher. L.: Mashinostroenie, 1987. 215 p. 10. Lakhtin Yu.M. Material science and heat treatment of metals / Yu.M. Lakhtin. Moscow: Metallurgy, 1993. 464 p. 11. Lakhtin Yu.M., Leontieva V.P. Materialovedenie M.: Mashinostroyeniye, 2009. 12. Nikiforov V.M. Technology of metals and construction materials. Leningrad: Mashinostroenie, 2009. 13. Oskin V.A., Baikalova V.N. Workshop on materials science and technology of structural materials. M.: Colossus, 2008.160s. 14. Rogacheva L.V. Materialovedenie, Moscow: Kolos Press, 2002. 136 p.: ill. (Textbooks and textbooks for secondary vocational education). 15. Stukanov V.A. Materials Science: textbook - M .: Publishing House "Forum": INFRA - M, 2008. - 368 p.: ill. - (Professional education) 16. Stukanov V.A. Materials science: textbook / V.A. Stukanov. M: ed. "Forum" INFRAM, 2014368s.il 17. Cherpakov B. I. Metal-cutting machines / B. I. Cherpakov, T. A. Alperovich. M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2003. 368 p. 18. Chumachenko Yu.T. Materials Science. Textbook, 4th edition, revised Rostov n/D: Phoenix, 2005. – 320 p. - (SPO). 19. SchmittThomas K.G. Materials science for mechanical engineering / KG SchmittTo mas. 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Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Tatarstan State Autonomous Educational Institution of Secondary Vocational Education "Nurlat Agricultural College" WORKBOOK on the discipline "MATERIAL SCIENCE" for the specialty 262019 Design, modeling and technology of garments Developer: teacher of special disciplines Zaitseva T.P. Nurlat 2013 Explanatory note The workbook is intended to assist students of the specialty SPO 262019 Design, modeling and technology of garments (basic training) in mastering the discipline OP.03 Materials Science. The workbook contains the structure of materials science of clothing production, a terminological dictionary, assignments for consolidation and verification of educational materials. General information about materials for sewing production. The notebook also includes laboratory and practical and control work, with the help of which students can collect materials to confirm their professional competence. It is offered for students of NGO institutions studying in the professions of "Sewing Equipment Operator", as well as for training and retraining of the unemployed population. BASICS OF MATERIAL SCIENCE OF SEWING PRODUCTION Structure Determine the type, structure and properties of sewing materials. Result 1. CODE: Determine the type of sewing material according to the classification A) The type of sewing material according to the production method is correctly determined. B) The classification of textile fibers is named correctly. B) The type of fiber according to the sample is determined correctly. Result 2. CODE: Determine the type of textile threads according to the classification. A) The types of textile threads according to the classification are named correctly. B) The types of yarn according to the sample are correctly identified in accordance with the classification. C) The type of basic fabric finishing according to the sample is correctly determined. Result 3. CODE: Determine the structure of tissues. A) The parameters of the tissue structure are named correctly. B) The front side in the tissue samples is determined correctly. C) The direction of the warp and weft threads in the fabric samples is determined correctly. D) Types of weaving weaves are identified correctly. E) The classification of fabrics according to the fibrous composition is named correctly. E) The composition of the fibers of the fabric according to the sample is determined correctly. GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT SEWING MATERIALS INTRODUCTION Most recently, you have been busy looking for an outfit for prom. At the same time, many questions arose before you related to the properties of the materials from which the clothes are made: * What materials are suitable for the selected product; * products; What properties should be considered when choosing a material for * What properties of materials affect the design of clothing and should be taken into account when building a design drawing and making product patterns; * What properties of sewing materials determine the parameters and processing modes in the manufacture of products at a sewing enterprise; * How will the materials behave when the clothes are used, cleaned and washed? These questions are also faced by the creators of high-quality clothing. Making clothes is an art. It requires creativity, imagination, skill, understanding of the beautiful, the ability to feel the material. The latter is acquired by students in the study of the discipline "Materials Science". This workbook is part of the textbook General information about sewing materials is part of the course "Fundamentals of Material Science of Sewing Production" and was developed on the basis of competence-based training, the main task of which is to activate students' independent work throughout the entire period of study. In the workbook, students record the results of their educational activities aimed at achieving a certain level of professional competence, expressed through the Result. The ways in which this Outcome (competence) is achieved are described in the Performance Criteria (CRA). Upon completion of study this manual students will be able to identify the type, structure and properties of sewing materials. After studying Outcome 1. Students will be able to identify the type of sewing material by the method of production, classify textile fibers and determine their type from the sample. After studying Result 2. Students will be able to classify textile yarns, identify types of yarn and type of basic fabric finishing from the sample. By studying Outcome 3, students will be able to determine the structure of tissues. Namely, to determine the front side in the fabric samples, the direction of the warp and weft threads, the type of weaving, the composition of the fibers. The study of Outcome 4 will allow students to determine and characterize the main properties of tissues: mechanical, physical, technological, optical. The terminological dictionary offered in the manual will help students complete tasks. To confirm their professional competence, the student must collect and demonstrate evidence of their knowledge and skills for each Outcome, which is facilitated by laboratory exercises and tests. Laboratory work should be drawn up in accordance with the guidelines. At the end of the work, they are handed over to the teacher for verification. If the work is unsuccessful, the student can repeat the collection of evidence of competence. Execution Requirements control works listed at the end of each. In case of non-fulfillment of the named requirements, the student must additionally work out the educational material of one or another Result and do the work again. The teacher helps students achieve a particular Result (competence level), monitors the progress of tasks, keeps records of the achievements of each student. The proposed textbook can be used in the training of skilled workers in the professions "Tailor", "Cutter", "Operator of sewing equipment", as well as in the specialty 262019 "Design, modeling and technology of garments" and will allow them to be competitive in the labor market. TERMINOLOGICAL GLOSSARY     Absolute density - the actual number of threads per 100 mm of fabric. Angora is the wool of the angora rabbit. Hardware yarn is a thick, loose, fluffy, low-strength thread. Dressing - application to fabric special composition to give it density, rigidity, or softness, better whiteness, gloss and other properties that improve quality and wear resistance.  Reinforced yarn is a yarn having a core entwined along its entire length with cotton, wool, linen or chemical fibers.  Acetylation - processing of cotton waste with acetic anhydride in an environment of glacial acetic acid to produce acetate fiber.  Whitening - giving the fabric a stable whiteness.  Birdo - consists of flat metal plates (teeth), fixed vertically on two slats, serves to nail the newly laid weft thread to the previous one, ensuring the uniformity of the threads.  Shine - the ability of a fabric to reflect incident light.  Felted - fabrics that have been rolled during the finishing process and have a felt-like covering on the front side (cloth, coat fabrics).  Viscose is an artificial fiber made from cellulose.  Water resistance - the ability of fabrics to resist the penetration of water.  Air permeability - the ability of fabrics to pass air through themselves and ensure ventilation of clothing.  Fibrous composition of fabrics - the composition of the fibers from which the fabric is made.  Fiber is a flexible, thin, durable body, the length of which is many times greater than the cross-sectional dimensions. Racking Result 1. Determine the type of sewing material according to the classification Theme 1. INTRODUCTION Task 1 FIXING MATERIAL Using educational material 1, try to complete the tasks. TASK 1. What is the subject of study of sewing materials? ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ TASK 2. Select textile materials from the proposed list (mark with \/): - natural leather - sewing threads - fabric - knitwear - fluff - artificial fur - yarn - non-woven materials TASK 3. Determine the expressions of the right and left columns corresponding to each other : technology selection of materials for the product material science construction construction designing modes and processing parameters equipment product care TASK 4. What are the requirements for sewing materials. ____________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ TASK 5. Complete the table by writing in the free column your thoughts on the functions of clothing materials. Groups of sewing materials Functions (role in clothing) Upper materials Lining materials Lining materials Insulating materials Finishing materials Clothing accessories Materials for joining parts Task 1. 2 CHECKING THE DEGREE OF MASTERING OF THE MATERIAL TASK. For the proposed samples of materials, indicate the method of production and purpose. Sample No. 1 Sample No. 2 Evaluation material for Result 1 Sample No. 3 CONTROL WORK No. 1 Option I Complete the tasks. TASK 1. For the proposed material sample, determine its type, origin, chemical composition and properties. Mark the answer with \/. 1.1. Presented fiber: - wool - silk - cotton - linen 1.2. Origin of this fiber: - vegetable - animal mineral natural artificial - synthetic 1.3. Elongation of the presented fiber: - plastic - elastic - elastic 1.4. Fiber heat resistance, 0C: 1.5 Fiber strength, cN/tex: 1.6 Fiber chemical composition: - 110 - 150 - 120 - 180 - 140 - 200 - 24 - 36 - 35 - 70 - 35 - 72 - 13 - 24 - 10 - 14 - 32 - 55 - sericin - keratin - fibroin 1.7 chemical resistance of the fiber: - cellulose - alkali-resistant - not alkali-resistant - acid-resistant - not acid-resistant thus: - strength - elongation - hygroscopicity - heat resistance - chemical resistance - special properties TASK 2. Find a correspondence between the expressions of the left and right columns: Fabric textile knitted material Knitwear non-textile material Natural leather textile woven material TASK 3. List artificial fibers. ______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ TASK 4. Describe the nature of the burning of lavsan. ____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ To confirm the competence, it is obligatory to complete tasks 1, 4 in full.