Optimal level of unification and standardization. Determination of the optimal level of unification and standardization
The effectiveness of unification work is characterized by the level of unification.
The level of unification and standardization of products is their saturation with respectively unified and standard components (for example, parts, assemblies, mechanisms), and the applicability and repeatability coefficients are most often used to calculate them.
The applicability coefficient characterizes the level of applicability constituent parts, that is, the level of use in newly developed designs of parts, assemblies, mechanisms that were previously used in similar designs. Calculated by the number of standard sizes, by the components of the product or in value terms.
The coefficient of applicability in various industries is mainly determined due to differentiated indicators that characterize the level (degree) of unification of products (in%):
1. The indicator of the level of standardization and unification by the number of standard sizes is determined by the formula:
where is the total number of standard sizes;
The number of original sizes developed for the first time for this product.
A standard size is such an item of production (part, assembly, machine, device) that has a certain design (which is unique to this item), specific parameters and dimensions and is recorded as a separate item in the product specification column.
Applicability factors can be determined:
for one product;
for a group of products that make up a standard-size parametric) series;
for a structurally unified series.
2. The indicator of the level of standardization and unification for the component parts of the product is calculated by the formula:
where is the total number of component parts of the product;
The number of original components of the product.
3. The indicator of the level of standardization and unification according to value terms calculated according to the following formula:
where - the cost of the total number of component parts of the product;
The cost of the number of original components of the product.
These formulas characterize the level of unification only on the one hand.
4. A more complete description of the level of unification of the product gives complex indicator-- coefficient of applicability, which is presented in the following form:
where is the average cost of the weight of the material of unified parts;
The average cost of the weight of the material of the product as a whole;
Average cost of parts;
The weight of all parts in the product that have undergone unification;
Solve problem 1 according to the given option.
The work performed during standardization makes it possible to improve the design and manufacture of a wide variety of machines, assemblies and devices, as well as the development of high-tech industries and services, which significantly reduces the time required to master new products and ensures quality stability.
The main work performed on standardization includes the unification of parts, assemblies, assemblies, machines, and devices.
Unification- this is bringing objects of the same functional purpose to uniformity (for example, to the optimal design according to the established feature and a rational reduction in the number of these objects based on their effective applicability).
The effectiveness of work on unification and standardization is characterized by its level, i.e. saturation of products with unified, including standardized, parts, assemblies and assembly units.
One of the indicators of the level of unification is the coefficient of applicability (unification) TO etc.
Applicability coefficient TO pr shows the level of applicability of the components, i.e. the level of use in newly developed designs of parts, assemblies, mechanisms that were previously used in previous similar designs. Calculated by the number of standard sizes, by the components of the product or in value terms.
The coefficient of applicability in various industries is mainly determined using differentiated indicators characterizing the level (degree) of unification of products (in%):
1. by the number of standard sizes is determined by the formula:
where n- total number of standard sizes;
n 0 - the number of original sizes that are developed for the first time for this product.
Size they call such an object of production (detail, assembly, machine, device) that has a certain design (inherent only in this object), specific parameters and dimensions and is recorded as a separate position in the product specification column.
2. The components of the product are determined by the formula:
where N- the total number of components of the product;
N 0 - the number of original components of the product.
3. in terms of value is determined by the formula:
where FROM- the cost of the total number of component parts of the product;
FROM 0 - the cost of the number of original components of the product.
Any of the above formulas characterizes the level of unification only on one side. A more complete description of the level of unification of the product can be given by a complex indicator - the coefficient of applicability, which can be represented as:
where BUT w.w - the weight of all unified parts in the product;
FROM y is the average cost of the weight of the material of unified parts;
BUT c.t. - the total labor intensity of manufacturing standardized parts;
BUT d.v - the total weight of the product;
FROM m is the average cost of the weight of the material of the product as a whole;
BUT d.t - the total complexity of manufacturing the product.
h- average cost per standard hour;
The coefficient of repeatability of components in the total number of components of a given product TO n (%) characterizes the level of unification and interchangeability of components of products of a certain type:
where N- the total number of component parts of products,
n- the total number of original standard sizes.
The average repeatability of the components in the product is characterized by the repeatability coefficient:
Task 1
Determine the coefficients of applicability and repeatability for the components of the car.
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Metrology, standardization, certification
1. The characteristic that determines the measurement accuracy of the SI is the accuracy class of the SI
2. Presentation of measurement results
3. Determining the optimal level of unification and standardization
4. The concept of metrological support. Organizational, scientific and methodological foundations of metrological research
5. Quality assurance methodology software tools
6. Legal basis for ensuring the uniformity of measurements. The main provisions of the law of the Russian Federation on ensuring the uniformity of measurements
7. Standardization of software quality assurance
8. Tasks solved in the metrological support of product testing for the purposes of conformity assessment
9. Metrological services. The structure and functions of the metrological services of an enterprise, organization, institution that are legal entities
1. Xcharacteristics, determiningaccuracySI measurements- SI accuracy class
The accuracy class of measuring instruments is a characteristic expressed by the limits of permissible errors. The accuracy class allows you to judge the limits of the measurement error of this class.
Accuracy classes are assigned to measuring instruments during their development, taking into account the results of state acceptance tests.
Although the accuracy class characterizes the totality of the metrological properties of a given measuring instrument, it does not unambiguously determine the accuracy of measurements, since the latter depends on the measurement method and the conditions for their implementation. Measuring instruments with two or more measurement ranges of the same physical quantity may be assigned two or more accuracy classes.
Measuring instruments designed to measure two or more physical quantities may be assigned different accuracy classes for each measured quantity. In order to limit the range of measuring instruments in terms of accuracy for SI specific type establish a limited number of accuracy classes, determined by feasibility studies.
The accuracy classes of digital measuring instruments with built-in computing devices for additional processing of measurement results are set without regard to the processing mode.
2. Presentation of measurement results
The measurement result is represented by a named or unnamed number. Example - 100 kW; 20 ° С - named numbers; 0.44; 2.765 - unnamed numbers.
Together with the measurement result, the characteristics of its error or their statistical estimates are presented. If the measurement result or a certain group of measurement results was obtained using a certified MIM, then instead of the measurement error characteristics, they can be accompanied by a reference to the MIM certification certificate certifying the error characteristics of the measurement results obtained using this MIM and the conditions for its applicability.
If the measurement result is obtained from such a TIM, when the measurement error characteristics are estimated during the measurements themselves or immediately after or before them, the result is accompanied by statistical estimates of the measurement error characteristics.
It is allowed to represent the result of measurements with a confidence interval covering the true value of the measured quantity with a known (indicated) confidence probability. In this case, statistical estimates of the measurement error characteristics are not separately indicated. (This form of presentation of measurement results is allowed in cases where the characteristics of the measurement error are not predetermined and the measurement error is estimated during the measurements themselves or immediately after or before them).
Together with the measurement result, if necessary, provide additional data.
The presentation of measurement results of a time-varying measurand, if necessary, is accompanied by indications of time points corresponding to each of the presented measurement results. In this case, the beginning of the time scale can be any moment of time taken for this experiment as the initial one. The presentation of measurement results obtained as the arithmetic mean of the results of multiple observations is accompanied by an indication of the number of observations and the time interval during which they were carried out. If the measurements at which these results are obtained are carried out according to the MIM established in any document, instead of indicating the number of observations and the interval, reference to this document is allowed.
If necessary, for the correct interpretation of the results and measurement errors indicate, for a given MIM, the model of the measurement object and its parameters taken as measured values. If the measured value is expressed by a functional, the latter is also indicated. If necessary, the measurement result and measurement error characteristics are accompanied by an indication of the compliance (or non-compliance) of the error characteristics with the measurement accuracy standards, if they are specified.
Examples for 2.4:
Example 1 - Recording in the protocol the result of measuring the flow rate of the liquid obtained according to the certified MVI:
a) Measurement result 10.75 m3/s; |Дl| |Дh | = 0.15 m3/s; P=0.95. Measurement conditions: liquid temperature 20 °C, kinematic viscosity 1.5 10-6 m2/s;
b) Measurement result 10.75m3/s. Characteristics of the error and measurement conditions - in accordance with the certificate of attestation of MVI No. 17 dated 05.07.2003.
3. Determining the optimal level of unification and standardization
Unification is an activity to rationally reduce the number of types of parts, units of the same functional purpose.
Unification can be considered as a means of optimizing quality parameters and limiting the number of standard sizes of manufactured products and their components. At the same time, unification affects all stages life cycle products, ensures the interchangeability of products, components and assemblies, which, in turn, allows enterprises to cooperate with each other.
The main types of unification: design and technological.
Design unification is the unification of products as a whole and their components (parts, assemblies, components, etc.).
Technological unification - unification of regulatory and technical documentation (standards, specifications, instructions, methods, guidelines, design and technological documentation, etc.). The result of work on unification can be albums of typical (unified) structures, parts, assemblies, assembly units etc.
Depending on the scope of unification of products, unification can be intersectoral, sectoral and factory.
The degree of unification is characterized by the level of saturation of the product with unified parts, assemblies and assembly units.
An indicator of the level of unification is the coefficient of applicability:
Kp \u003d p - p 100%
n - the total number of parts in the product, pieces;
n about - the number of original parts, pcs.
4. The concept of metrological support. Organizational, scientific and methodological foundations of metrological research
Metrological support is the establishment and application of scientific and organizational foundations, technical means, rules and regulations necessary to achieve the unity and required accuracy of measurements. This is the approval and application of metrological norms of rules, and measurement procedures (MVI), as well as the development, manufacture and use of technical means to ensure the unity and required accuracy of measurements.
The main objectives of the MO are:
Improving product quality, production management efficiency and operation level production processes;
· ensuring the interchangeability of parts, assemblies and assemblies, creating the necessary conditions for cooperating production and developing specialization;
· increasing the efficiency of research and development work, experiments and tests;
Ensuring the reliability of accounting and increasing the efficiency of using material assets and energy resources;
· increasing the level of automation of transport management and traffic safety;
provision High Quality and reliability of communication;
consumer protection.
Organizational, scientific and methodological foundations of metrological research.
The organizational basis of metrological support is the metrological service, which consists of the state metrological service and metrological services of enterprises.
The technical basis of metrological support is the following systems:
State standards of units of physical quantities;
transferring the sizes of units of physical quantities from standards to all measuring instruments using exemplary measuring instruments and other means of verification;
development, production and release into circulation of working measuring instruments;
· obligatory state tests and metrological certification of measuring instruments;
· mandatory state and departmental verification of measuring instruments;
standard samples of the composition and properties of substances and materials;
· standard reference data on physical constants and properties of substances and materials.
The regulatory framework of the Ministry of Defense is the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On ensuring the uniformity of measurements", the regulatory documents of the State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements.
5. Software Quality Assurance Methodology
standardization metrological service unification
One of the most important problems of software quality assurance is the methodology of their evaluation. The international standard ISO 14598, consisting of six parts, is devoted to the methodology and standardization of assessing the quality characteristics of finished software tools and their components at various stages of the life cycle.
In modern automated technologies for the creation and development of complex software systems, from the standpoint of ensuring their necessary and specified reliability, methods and tools can be distinguished, the integrated use of which makes it possible to exclude certain types of threats or significantly weaken their influence. Thus, the level of achieved reliability of the PS becomes predictable and manageable, directly dependent on the resources allocated for its achievement, and most importantly, on the quality and efficiency of the technology used at all stages of the life cycle of the PS.
Methods for ensuring the reliability of the PS:
Error warning
This group includes principles and methods, the purpose of which is to prevent the appearance of errors in the finished program. Most methods focus on individual translation processes and aim to prevent errors in these processes. They can be divided into the following categories:
Methods to cope with complexity, to minimize it, since this is the main cause of translation errors;
Methods for achieving greater accuracy in translation;
Methods for improving information exchange;
Methods for immediate detection and elimination of errors. These methods are aimed at finding errors at every step of the translation, without delaying testing the program after it has been written.
Error detection
Most methods aim to detect failures as soon as possible. Error detection measures can be divided into two subgroups: passive attempts to detect error symptoms during "normal" operation software and active efforts software system periodically examine your condition in search of signs of errors.
passive detection. Error detection measures can be taken at several structural levels of a software system.
Active error detection. Not all errors can be detected by passive methods, since these methods detect an error only when its symptoms are subjected to appropriate testing. You can do additional checks if you design special software tools for active search signs of errors in the system. Such tools are called active error detection tools.
Active error detection tools are usually combined into a diagnostic monitor: a parallel process that periodically analyzes the state of the system in order to detect an error.
Error correction
The next step is error correction techniques; once an error is detected, either the error itself or its consequences must be corrected by the software. Correction of errors by the system itself is a fruitful method of designing reliable hardware systems.
Ensuring fault tolerance
The methods of this group aim to ensure the functioning of the software system in the presence of errors in it. They fall into three subgroups: dynamic redundancy, fallback techniques, and error isolation techniques.
1. One approach to dynamic redundancy is the voting method. The data is processed independently by several identical devices and the results are compared. If most of the devices produced the same result, this result is considered correct.
2. The second subgroup of error-tolerance methods is called fallback or reduced maintenance methods. These methods are usually acceptable only when it is essential for the software system to finish correctly.
3. The last subgroup is error isolation methods. Their main idea is to prevent the consequences of an error from spreading beyond the smallest possible part of the software system, so that if an error occurs, then not the entire system is inoperable; only certain functions in the system or some of its users are disabled.
6. Legal basis for ensuring the uniformity of measurements.The main provisions of the law of the Russian Federation on ensuring the uniformity of measurements
The legal basis for ensuring the uniformity of measurements is established by the Law of the Russian Federation "On ensuring the uniformity of measurements" (1993). The law regulates the relations of state authorities Russian Federation with legal entities and individuals on the manufacture, production, operation, repair, sale and import of measuring instruments and is aimed at protecting the rights and legitimate interests of citizens, the established legal order and the economy of the Russian Federation from negative consequences unreliable measurement results.
Provisions of the law of the Russian Federation "On ensuring the uniformity of measurements":
Article 1. Basic concepts
For the purposes of this Law, the following basic concepts apply:
unity of measurements - the state of measurements, in which their results are expressed in legal units of quantities and measurement errors do not go beyond the established boundaries with a given probability;
measuring instrument - technical device, intended for measurements;
standard of a unit of quantity - a measuring instrument designed to reproduce and store a unit of quantity (or multiple or fractional values of a unit of quantity) in order to transfer its size to other measuring instruments of a given value;
state standard of a unit of quantity - a standard of a unit of quantity recognized by a decision of an authorized state body as the initial one on the territory of the Russian Federation;
regulatory documents to ensure the uniformity of measurements - state standards, international (regional) standards, rules, regulations, instructions and recommendations applied in the prescribed manner;
metrological service - a set of subjects of activity and types of work aimed at ensuring the uniformity of measurements;
metrological control and supervision - activities carried out by the body of the state metrological service (state metrological control and supervision) or the metrological service legal entity in order to verify compliance with the established metrological rules and norms;
verification of a measuring instrument - a set of operations performed by the bodies of the state metrological service (other authorized bodies, organizations) in order to determine and confirm the compliance of the measuring instrument with the established technical requirements;
calibration of a measuring instrument - a set of operations performed to determine and confirm the actual values of metrological characteristics and (or) suitability for use of a measuring instrument that is not subject to state metrological control and supervision;
certificate of approval of the type of measuring instruments - a document issued by an authorized state body, certifying that this type of measuring instruments is approved in the manner prescribed by applicable law and meets the established requirements;
accreditation for the right to verify measuring instruments - official recognition by an authorized state body of authority to perform verification work;
license for the manufacture (repair, sale, rental) of measuring instruments - a document certifying the right to engage in these types of activities, issued by a legal and individuals body of the state metrological service;
calibration certificate - a document certifying the fact and results of calibration of a measuring instrument, which is issued by the organization performing the calibration.
Article 2. Legislation of the Russian Federation on ensuring the uniformity of measurements
The regulation of relations related to ensuring the uniformity of measurements in the Russian Federation, in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, is carried out by this Law and acts of the legislation of the Russian Federation adopted in accordance with it.
Article 3. International treaties
If an international treaty of the Russian Federation establishes rules other than those contained in the legislation of the Russian Federation on ensuring the uniformity of measurements, then the rules of the international treaty shall apply.
Article 4 Public administration ensuring the uniformity of measurements
1. State management of activities to ensure the uniformity of measurements in the Russian Federation is carried out by the Committee of the Russian Federation for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (Gosstandart of Russia).
2. The competence of the State Standard of Russia includes:
interregional and intersectoral coordination of activities to ensure the uniformity of measurements in the Russian Federation;
submission to the Government of the Russian Federation of proposals on units of quantities allowed for use;
establishment of rules for the creation, approval, storage and use of standards of units of quantities;
determination of general metrological requirements for means, methods and measurement results;
implementation of state metrological control and supervision;
monitoring compliance with the terms of international treaties of the Russian Federation on the recognition of the results of testing and verification of measuring instruments;
management of the activities of the State Metrological Service and other public services ensuring the uniformity of measurements;
participation in activities international organizations on issues of ensuring the uniformity of measurements.
Article 5. Regulatory documents to ensure the uniformity of measurements
1. In accordance with this Law and other legislative acts of the Russian Federation, Gosstandart of Russia approves regulatory documents to ensure the uniformity of measurements that establish metrological rules and norms and are binding on the territory of the Russian Federation.
2. Approval allowed normative documents to ensure the uniformity of measurements by the State Standard of Russia and interested government bodies management of the Russian Federation, responsible for the application of these documents in the areas of management entrusted to them.
7. Standardization of software quality assurance
Standardization is an activity aimed at developing and establishing requirements, norms, rules, characteristics, both mandatory and recommended, ensuring the consumer's right to purchase goods of good quality, as well as the right to safety and comfort at work. The purpose of standardization is to achieve the optimal degree of ordering in a particular area through the wide and repeated use of established provisions, requirements, norms for solving real-life, planned or potential problems. The main results of standardization activities should be to increase the degree of compliance of the product (service), processes with their functional purpose, the elimination of technical barriers in international trade, the promotion of scientific and technological progress and cooperation in various fields.
The standards have great importance- they provide an opportunity for software developers to use data and programs of other developers, to export/import data. Such standards regulate the interaction between different programs. This is what interprogramming interface standards are designed for, such as OLE (Object Linking and Embedding - linking and embedding objects). Without such standards, software products would be "closed" to each other.
All development companies must ensure an acceptable level of quality of the released software (SW). For these purposes, software quality standards or separate sections in software development standards devoted to software quality requirements are intended.
Depending on the occurrence: "de jure" and "de facto". A "de facto" standard is a term for a vendor's product that has captured a large market share and that other vendors seek to emulate, copy, or use in order to capture their market share. A "de jure" standard is created by a formally recognized standards body. It is developed following the rules of consensus through an open discussion process in which everyone has a chance to participate. No single group can act independently to create industry standards. If any group of vendors creates a standard that does not take into account the requirements of users, it will fail.
Software Documentation Standards.
Creation of program documentation - milestone, since the user begins his acquaintance with the software product from the documentation. Software documentation should answer the questions: what is the software product for, how to install the software product, how to start working with it. the basis of domestic regulatory framework in the field of documentation of the PS is a set of standards unified system program documentation (ESPD). Now it is a system of interstate standards of the CIS countries (GOST), operating on the territory of the Russian Federation on the basis of an interstate agreement on standardization.
The unified system of program documentation is a set of state standards that establish interconnected rules for the development, design and circulation of programs and program documentation. The ESPD standards mainly cover that part of the documentation that is created during the development of the PS, and is associated, for the most part, with documenting the functional characteristics of the PS. The ESPD includes:
fundamental and organizational and methodological standards;
standards that define the forms and content of program documents used in data processing;
standards that provide automation of the development of program documents.
In the Russian Federation, there are a number of standards in terms of documenting software developed on the basis of the direct application of international ISO standards:
GOST R ISO/IEC 9294-93. Information technology. Software Documentation Management Guide. The standard is fully compliant international standard ISO/IEC 9294:1990 and establishes guidelines for good governance documentation of PS for managers responsible for their creation. The purpose of the standard is to assist in defining a strategy for documenting the OS; choice of standards for documentation; choice of documentation procedures; definition necessary resources; drawing up documentation plans.
GOST R ISO/IEC 9126-93. Information technology. Evaluation of software products. Quality characteristics and guidelines for their use. The standard fully complies with the international standard ISO/IEC 9126:1991. In its context, a quality characteristic is understood as "a set of properties (attributes) of a software product, according to which its quality is described and evaluated." The standard defines six complex characteristics that describe the quality of the software (software, software products) with minimal duplication:
functionality;
reliability;
practicality;
efficiency;
maintainability;
mobility.
These characteristics form the basis for further refinement and description of the quality of the PS.
GOST R ISO 9127-94. Information processing systems. User documentation and packaging information for consumer software packages. The standard fully complies with the international standard ISO 9127:1989. In the context of this International Standard, a consumer software package (SP) is defined as "a software product designed and sold to perform certain functions; a program and its associated documentation packaged for sale as a unit". User documentation is understood as documentation that provides the end user with information on the installation and operation of the software. The information on the packaging is understood as the information reproduced on the outer packaging of the PP. Its purpose is to provide potential buyers with primary information about the PP.
GOST R ISO/IEC 8631-94. Information technology. Software constructs and conventions for their presentation. Describes the representation of procedural algorithms.
GOST R ISO/IEC 12119:1994. Information technology. Software packages. Quality requirements and testing. This standard establishes quality requirements for software packages and instructions for testing them for compliance with specified requirements. The concept of "software package" is actually identified with more general concept"software product", considered as a set of programs, procedures and rules supplied to several users for common use or operation. Each software package must have a product description and user documentation.
8. Tasks solved in the metrological support of product testing for the purposes of conformity assessment
The main goal of the metrological support of tests is to obtain reliable measurement information about the values of quality and safety indicators of products.
To achieve this goal, it is necessary to implement the following tasks:
a) create the necessary conditions for getting reliable information about the values of indicators of quality and safety of products during testing;
b) develop test procedures that provide test results with an error and reproducibility that do not go beyond the established standards;
c) develop test programs that provide reliable information about the values of product quality and safety indicators and their compliance with established requirements;
d) conduct a metrological examination of programs and test methods;
e) ensure the verification of copies of measuring instruments used in the areas of distribution of state metrological control and supervision and the calibration of measuring instruments that are not subject to state metrological control and supervision;
f) ensure certification of test equipment in accordance with GOST R 8.568-97;
g) provide periodic checks technical condition technological, laboratory and auxiliary equipment used in testing;
h) ensure certification of measurement methods in accordance with GOST R 8.563-96 and certification of test methods taking into account the VNIIS Recommendation and section 5 of this manual;
i) provide training for the personnel of testing departments to perform measurements and tests, maintenance and certification of test equipment.
In accordance with the tasks of metrological support for testing, metrological services or other organizational structures to ensure the uniformity of measurements must perform their functions defined by the Regulations on the metrological service of the enterprise (organization), including those regulated in clause 5.13 of GOST R 51672.
Specialists of the metrological service of an enterprise or other structure to ensure the uniformity of measurements must ensure the fulfillment of tasks according to paragraphs. d), e), h) and take part in solving all the other above-mentioned tasks of metrological support together with specialists from other technical services.
9. Metrological services. The structure and functions of the metrological services of the enterprise, aboutorganizations, institutions that aresya legal entities
The metrological service of enterprises, organizations and institutions includes:
Department of the chief metrologist,
Calibration and measurement laboratories,
Measuring instruments repair group,
Rental agency, etc.
The metrological service is created to perform the tasks of ensuring the uniformity of measurements and metrological support for research, development, testing and operation of products or other areas of activity assigned to the enterprise.
The main tasks of the metrological service of the enterprise include:
Ensuring the unity and required accuracy of measurements, increasing the metrological support of production;
Implementation into practice modern methods and measuring instruments, aimed at increasing the level of scientific research, production efficiency, technical level and product quality;
Organization and carrying out calibration and repair of measuring instruments in operation and timely submission of measuring instruments for verification;
Carrying out metrological certification of measurement methods, as well as participation in the certification of test and control tools;
Carrying out metrological examination terms of reference, project, design and technological documentation, draft standards and other regulatory documents;
Carrying out work on the metrological support of production;
Participation in the certification of testing units, in preparation for the certification of production and quality systems;
Implementation of metrological supervision over the condition and use of measuring instruments, certified measurement methods, standards used to calibrate measuring instruments, compliance with metrological norms and rules, regulatory documents to ensure the uniformity of measurements at attached enterprises.
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International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
Determination of the optimal level of unification and standardization
DETERMINATION OF THE OPTIMAL LEVEL OF UNIFICATION AND STANDARDIZATION. ISO INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZATION ORGANIZATION
LECTURE 2
Lecture plan:
Unification according to the definition given by the ISO / STACO committee, it is a form of standardization that consists in combining one, two or more documents (technical specifications) into one so that the products regulated by this document can be interchanged in use.
Unification (from lat. unio - unity and facare - to do, i.e. bringing something to uniformity, to a single form or system) is bringing objects of the same functional purpose to uniformity (for example, to an optimal design) according to an established feature and rational reduction of the number of these objects on the basis of data on their effective applicability.
At the basis of the unification of the series of parts, assemblies, assemblies, machines and
devices lies their constructive similarity, which is determined
the commonality of the work process, the working conditions of products, i.e. the commonality of operational requirements.
Distinguish the following types unification: standard, intradimensional and intertype.
Standard unification used in products of the same functional purpose, differing from each other in the numerical value of the main parameter.
Intratype unification is carried out in products of the same functional purpose, having the same numerical value of the main parameter, but differing in the design of the components.
Intertype unification is carried out in products of various types and designs (for example, the unification of longitudinal milling, planing, grinding machines among themselves).
Unification work can be carried out at the following levels: factory, sectoral, intersectoral and international.
The level of unification of products or their components is determined using a system of indicators, of which the applicability coefficient at the level of standard sizes, calculated as a percentage, is mandatory:
where n is the total number of standard sizes of products;
n o - the number of original standard sizes.
The use of unification can significantly reduce the amount of design work and reduce the design time; reduce the time for preparation of production and development of release new products; increase the volume of output through specialization, as well as the quality of products.
However, unification, accompanied by certain costs, requires business case. Unjustifiably carried out unification can have a negative effect, in particular, when it is necessary to use the nearest large unified parts that cause an increase in the mass, dimensions and labor intensity of manufacturing machines that are unjustified by operational conditions.
To optimize unification means to standardize such designs and their size ranges, in which the total efficiency in the field of production and operation would be greatest.
Figure 3 shows the dependence of the economic effect on the type of production. Curve 1 characterizes the change in the economic effect depending on the reduction in the standard sizes of products and, consequently, the increase in the volume of output, i.e., the specialization of production. Curve 2 characterizes the costs associated with unification.
The most important factor in technological progress in the world is international standardization, which makes it possible to link and systematize the requirements of world trade and the interests of consumers, and to promote the fullest use of productive forces.
For the successful implementation of trade, economic, scientific and technical cooperation various countries international standardization is of paramount importance, since differences in national standards for the same products offered on the world market are a barrier to the development of international trade.
Scientific and technical cooperation in the field of standardization is aimed at harmonizing the national standardization system with international, regional and progressive national standardization systems.
Both industrially developed countries and developing countries that create their own national economy are interested in the development of international standardization.
Figure 3 - Dependence of the economic effect on the type of production
Curve 3 characterizes the total economic effect obtained by improving the quality of products and the efficiency of their production. In the AB section, the efficiency is not high, and the costs associated with unification are very low. In the BV section, the total efficiency increases sharply and reaches a maximum at point C. Further reduction in type and increase in series
This manual contains all the necessary questions in short form, which will allow you to quickly and successfully prepare for the exam or test in the discipline "Quality Management". Tutorial developed on the basis of the national educational standard and is intended for students of economic specialties.
11. INDICATORS OF STANDARDIZATION AND UNIFICATION
- indicators that reflect the degree of use of standard, unified and unique components in the product.
Indicators of standardization and unification characterize the saturation of the product with standard, unified elements, which are its components, assemblies, structures, devices, assemblies, kits and complexes.
The indicators of standardization and unification include:
1) coefficient of applicability;
2) the coefficient of repeatability of the component parts of the product;
3) coefficient of unification of the product or products;
4) coefficient of new original design;
5) serialization coefficient;
6) coefficient economic efficiency object standardization;
7) coefficient of interproject unification of product design kits.
In addition to the selected indicators, the repeatability and unification coefficients are also calculated and studied. by structural components: heat treatment, dimensions, radii, diameters, power, thread, chamfer, materials, spraying, painting and other components.
The optimal level of unification is established on the basis of economic calculations that take into account the costs of the phases of the product life cycle. Thus, the optimal level of unification is assigned based on the calculation of production and operating costs.
With an increase in the level of unification, the costs in the field of production decrease, and in the field of operation, on the contrary, they increase, since one and the same unified object has to be used in different conditions, sometimes with its underload.
Therefore, the optimal level of unification is set on the basis of total costs. This concept is applicable to products of large-scale and mass production, for which part of the costs in the field of production is small, the level of unification is assigned according to a single factor - the size of the cumulative beneficial effect of the product per unit general expenses for its life cycle.
Based on the results of studying the impact of the level of product unification on some technical and economic coefficients, one can only draw partial conclusions and find margins for improving these coefficients, provided that other indicators (quality, consumer costs) do not deteriorate.
Standardization and unification provide for an expedient reduction in the number of standard sizes of elements in designed and manufactured products.
Product quality can be assessed as a measurement of properties. IN modern science and practice, quality indicators are defined as a quantitative assessment of the properties of goods. Properties of goods (items) have a wide classification into groups:
1) reliability indicators;
2) manufacturability indicators;
3) indicators of standardization and unification;
4) indicators of transportability;
5) environmental indicators.