Evaluation of the economic efficiency of the on-farm land management project. Abstract environmental measures of modern land management Ecology of land management

On-farm land management affects the natural environment (land use, water environment, air, vegetation, microclimatic conditions), affects production and labor resources agricultural enterprise, changes the working conditions and recreation of the population, so its effectiveness is manifested in the environmental, economic and social spheres.

Environmental efficiency On-farm land management is manifested primarily through the impact of land management activities and production on the environment and land use (when improving land, protecting it from erosion, and implementing environmental protection measures).

The environmental performance of the project is fundamental. Its manifestation lies in the need to meet stringent environmental and environmental requirements for each element and each component of the project. None of the options for the on-farm land management project can be considered if it does not meet these requirements.

The main indicators of the environmental efficiency of the on-farm land management project include:

Data on a comprehensive assessment of the impact of land management on the qualitative state of land for each land plot (humus balance; content of mobile forms of macro- and microelements, heavy metals, radionuclides, residual pesticides; category, class of land for agricultural suitability, assessment score for productivity; acidity, regime moistening: groundwater level, moisture capacity, productive moisture reserve; uniformity according to soil conditions, relief, etc.);

Information on the reduction of water and wind erosion of soils (residual soil washout, reduction of the area's congestion, grassing and reforestation of eroded lands, coefficients of erosion hazard of crops and projective soil cover by plants during erosion-hazardous periods, volumes of regulated water flow, changes in microclimatic conditions);

Information on the environmental management of land (presence of water protection zones and coastal strips, sanitary protection zones, protected landscapes, land plots under conservation, sanitary and veterinary breaks, protective, prohibited and security zones);

Data characterizing the ecological structure of the territory (the areas of migration corridors, ecological niches, micro-reserves, indices: ecological diversity of the territory, ecological stability of the territory, productivity of agrolandscapes, taking into account the "edge effect", the length of ecotones, etc.).

Production and economic, or simply Economic efficiency on-farm land management is due to the requirements of the mutual organization of production and territory, the creation of optimal proportions in the structure of production and its territorial location, the improvement of economic conditions, which primarily affects economic efficiency production in an agricultural enterprise.

The economic efficiency of on-farm land management is:

In reducing annual production costs and various kinds of losses (for building, road construction) when placing production units, economic centers and main roads;

The increase in net income in the organization of land and crop rotations;

Reducing the cost of performing production processes and preventing production losses (by reducing the area under headlands, residual triangles, wedges) when arranging the territory of crop rotations, perennial plantations and fodder lands.

According to this differentiation economic effect land management calculate the efficiency of capital investments for the creation of elements of industrial and social infrastructure of the corresponding economic level. For example, when transforming lands, the investments spent are paid off by increases in net income from newly developed or more intensively used lands, and when arranging the territory of crop rotations, investments in the construction of field mills and roads are paid off by reducing production costs etc.

The main effect of land management is associated with increases in net income and a decrease in production costs, which can also be transformed into increases in net income. These increases are due to activities carried out at the expense of additional annual investments. TO, requiring additional annual production costs C, as well as organizational and economic activities carried out at no additional cost.

To calculate a general indicator for evaluating the effectiveness of an on-farm land management project, taking into account all of the above activities, use the ratio of net income growth Δ BH to the present costs, that is

Where E- normative coefficient of efficiency of capital investments.

And the ratio of net income gains received through the organization of the territory, respectively, to the costs of design and survey work, capital investments, current production costs will allow us to evaluate the effectiveness of organizational and territorial measures, investments, additional current costs necessary for the implementation of the project.

When evaluating the economic efficiency of an on-farm land management project, technical (technical and economic), agro-economic and economic (cost) indicators are calculated.

The technical justification of the on-farm land management project serves mainly to assess the spatial conditions created by the project for the organization of the territory and the characteristics of the technological properties of the land (terrain relief, mechanical composition of soils, the presence of obstacles, the cultural and technical condition, the size of the contours, etc.).

In the process of land management design, technical indicators reflect the application, when drawing up a project, of scientifically based standards for permissible slopes in the working direction of movement of the units, for the maximum width of the inter-lane sections, for the recommended sizes of land masses. assigned to production subdivisions, according to the optimal areas of crop rotations, fields, working plots, permissible distances for cattle driving. According to the technical indicators of the on-farm land management project, they judge how the standards of land management design are maintained, how the spatial conditions of land ownership and land use are improved compared to the current situation, what are the disadvantages and advantages of possible options.

Agro economic justification the project is necessary to establish the compliance of the planned organization of the territory with the requirements for expanding production. Therefore, agroeconomic indicators mainly characterize the organizational and economic side of on-farm land management projects and represent a system of various kinds of balances: labor, feed, fertilizers, annual herd turnover, production and distribution of agricultural products. The agro-economic substantiation of the project also includes the location of production and its branches, substantiation of the organizational and production structure of the economy, the introduction of crop rotations, which is expressed by the corresponding indicators.

An economic justification is carried out in order to determine the optimal variant of the organization of the territory, the effectiveness of the planned design solutions in comparison with the current situation and the supply of the on-farm land management project with cost indicators characterizing its effectiveness. At the same time, economic indicators determine the state of the economy and the growth of production in various industries.

The system of indicators for the economic justification of on-farm land management projects is made up of individual performance indicators for the components and elements of projects and is summarized in the relevant textbooks, [3].

Social efficiency on-farm land management is to strengthen land relations, protection of land use and tenure rights. It follows from the importance of land as an object of socio-economic relations and is aimed at developing and improving the social conditions of production. The social efficiency of on-farm land management also causes a change in living conditions, cultural and community services and recreation for the population.

The social efficiency of on-farm land management is differentiated by the components and elements of the project.

When placing production units and business centers, it consists of:

In ensuring social justice in the distribution of land shares and property shares, the formation of land massifs of production units, the voluntary association of land shares of citizens and workers into on-farm production units;

Improving the conditions for managing production and managing it, the proper organization of production in the enterprise, which affects the increase in labor productivity;

Improving the living and working conditions of the population through the rational placement of economic centers, determining the prospects for the development of housing, cultural, domestic and industrial construction, targeted changes in the nature of migration processes.

Social efficiency in the placement of main roads, road structures, other objects of engineering equipment of the territory is expressed in reducing the time and money for unproductive transitions and moving people and agricultural equipment to and from the place of work, eliminating oncoming crossings and crossings, improving work Vehicle, changing working conditions due to the organization of water supply, heat supply, communications, energy supply.

Social rationale the organization of land and crop rotation is to create cultural agrolandscapes, meet the aesthetic and recreational needs of the population, improve the natural environment and protect it.

The social efficiency of the organization and arrangement of the territory of crop rotations is associated with a reasonable arrangement of field crops. By designing fields with a rational head length and regular shape, they create normal conditions for working processes in the field, while improving working conditions, reducing the time for idle transfers, turns and arrivals of agricultural machinery, which cause fatigue for machine operators, increases labor productivity, and reduces the time of field work.

Due to the concentration of crops during the period of field work on fields of optimal size, it is possible to concentrate equipment, repair services, improve food and life of machine operators, and provide the necessary transport services.

When arranging the territory of perennial plantations and fodder lands, the social efficiency of the project is determined by the enhancement of the aesthetic properties of the agricultural landscape, the improvement of working conditions for workers (gardeners, livestock breeders), etc.

It is rather difficult to quantify the degree of influence of the on-farm land management project on social conditions, since many social indicators are of a qualitative nature. At the same time, we can assume that the social effectiveness of the project leads to:

To save time for unproductive activities (transports, turns and arrivals of equipment, maintenance, transportation of people and goods, cattle drives, etc.);

Increasing the employment of employees, smoothing seasonality and peaks in work performance, reducing downtime, improving working conditions;

Raising the economic interests of the enterprise as a whole, labor collectives and individual workers in the best use of land assigned to them (in ownership) and other means of production.

These results lead to a significant increase in labor productivity of workers, an increase in production volumes and a decrease in its cost. On the whole, this contributes to the growth of consumption and accumulation funds, and the social conditions of life in the countryside are substantially improved.

Ultimately, all types of land management efficiency (environmental, economic and social) are reflected in the economic results of the agricultural enterprise. Practice shows that farms that have mastered the projects of on-farm land management are producing much more efficiently than other agricultural enterprises with a steady increase in soil fertility.

The implementation of the project includes: 1) development of a plan for the implementation of the planned activities and the development of crop rotations; 2) timely implementation of the activities provided for by the project; 3) maintaining in kind the safety of project boundaries. The project is carried out according to the plan developed by its authors together with the customer, and is the final part of the project. The plan is an integral part of the land management project, it is considered upon approval. The project implementation plan defines the timing and sequence of activities scheduled by the project. The plan is divided into two components: agro-economic and engineering-economic. Responsibility for the implementation of projects lies with land owners, landowners, land users, and farm managers.

Architectural supervision is carried out by specialists of design institutes for land management, as the final stage of land management. Its task is to assist farms in the implementation of projects until they are fully implemented. The content of architectural supervision: 1) verification of the completeness and quality of design solutions; 2) performance of additional calculations and clarification of design solutions, if necessary; 3) providing methodological and technical assistance to land owners and farm specialists; 4) identification and elimination of shortcomings in the design, based on the practice of work.

The document for the right to own and use land is a certificate, the form of which was approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On the regulation of land relations and the development of agrarian reform in Russia" dated October 27, 1993.

The certificate is issued to citizens and legal entities who have been granted land for ownership or use. The certificate is issued after registration of property rights in the Land Register.

It specifies:

1. Date, reason for issue, name of the registration authority.

2. Information about a citizen, or enterprise, or organization, their addresses.

3. Form of ownership or use of land.

4. Location of the land plot and its area.

When describing the property, indicate the cadastral number of the plot, cadastral valuation in ballo-hectares, the category of land and their intended use.

The certificate reflects restrictions on the rights to use land (the presence of encumbrances and easements).

The certificate is signed by the Chairman of the Committee on Land Resources and Land Management and sealed with the official seal.

In cases where a land plot is delimited in kind, a drawing of the boundaries of the land plot is attached to the certificate, which shows: turning points of the boundaries, their numbers, linear measurements, elements of the hydrographic network and linear objects (roads, etc.) that are the boundaries site; boundaries and cadastral numbers of land plots of other owners, owners and users located within the boundaries of the provided plot; boundaries and numbers of territories with a special regime of land use, boundaries of encumbered territories.

The drawing is signed in duplicate by an official of the Committee, where the original of the drawing is also kept.

When transferring land for lease for use for agricultural purposes, an “Agricultural Land Lease Agreement between the Lessee and the Lessor” is concluded, which secures the right to use the land plot, to which the “Lease Land Plan” is attached, as well as the explication of land.

1 FGBOU VPO "Penza State University architecture and construction"

2 Belgorod State Agricultural Academy named after V.Ya. Gorin"

3 FSBEI HPE "Penza State Agricultural Academy"

In the current economic and environmental situation in Russia and the world, there is a growing need to design scientific developments aimed at maintaining the ecological situation in the field of agriculture. Proceeding from this, a landscape-ecological approach in land management design is proposed.

agriculture

Agriculture

landscape-ecological

land management

land management design

1. Armand D.A. The doctrine of the landscape [Text] / D.A. Armand. - M.: Thought, 1975. - 286 p.

2. Varlamov A.A. Organization of the territory of agricultural land holdings and land use on an ecological and landscape basis [Text] / A.A. Varlamov. – M.: GUZ, 1993. – 114 p.

3. Geraskin M.M. Modern approach and principles of agrolandscape land management of agricultural enterprises [Text] / M.M. Geraskin // Geographical studies of territorial systems of the natural environment and society. - Saransk, 2003. - 133 p.

4. Safronova N.Yu., Chursin A.I. Forest belts and plantations as an element of ecological stabilization of agricultural landscapes // Student science - the intellectual potential of the XXI century: Sat. ref. report stud. sci.-tech. conf. - Penza: PGUAS, 2006. - P. 173.

5. Chursin A.I. Solving ecological problems of agriculture with the help of protective forest plantations in agrolandscapes // A.I. Chursin., V.V. Presnyakov, I.Yu. Safronov. - Penza-Neubrandburg: Proceedings of the IV International NPC, 2007. - 50 p.

6. Chursin A.I., Safronova N.Yu. Influence of natural conditions on soil erosion in the Penza region // Natural resource potential, ecology and sustainable development of Russian regions: collection of articles of the V International scientific and practical conference. – Penza: RIO PGSKhA, 2007. – P. 257.

7. Chursin A.I. Land management on an ecological and landscape basis // Land management, cadastre and land monitoring: scientific and practical monthly magazine No. 4. - M.: GUZ, 2007. - S. 26-31.

8. Chursin A.I. Landscape organization of the territory of the forest-steppe zone of the Middle Volga [Text]: monograph. / A.I. Chursin. // - Penza: PGUAS, 2008. - 136 p.

The land reform started in 1991 was never completed. Currently in Russian Federation there is practically no market for agricultural land due to the investment unattractiveness of agriculture, the legal unresolved problems of property rights and civil law transactions with land, and the underdevelopment of market infrastructure.

Over the past 30-40 years, all cartographic material (soil maps, projects for on-farm land management, inter-farm (territorial), etc.) have become very outdated and require a grandiose change and renewal.

Currently, legislative and economic prerequisites have been created for the development of personal subsidiary farming as an equal form of agricultural production and its possible transformation into independent peasant farms. But land management projects are not drawn up when new forms of small agricultural enterprises are opened. And in reality, business plans are drawn up for the acquisition (lease, purchase) of land only in cases where it is pledged from banks.

During the period of implementation of the priority national project"Development of the agro-industrial complex" and the State Program for the Development of Agriculture and the Regulation of Agricultural Products, Raw Materials and Food Markets for 2008-2012, approved by resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation dated July 14, 2007 No. 446, the long-term target program "Development of agriculture in the Penza region for 2009-2013", approved by the Decree of the Government of the Penza region dated October 20, 2008 No. 674-pP, the growth of agricultural products and production was ensured food products.

Modern land use can cause negative consequences for the condition of the land. Millions of hectares of land are withdrawn from economic circulation. Thus, according to the Ministry of Agriculture, 455 thousand hectares of arable land are not cultivated in the Penza region today.

Therefore, the state and society are faced with the issue of rational use of land. There are many developments of leading scientists in the landscape direction: Dokuchaev V.V., Varlamov A.A., Lopyrev M.I., Postolov V.D. and others that have their own approbation in the experimental plots of the Voronezh region and other regions of the Russian Federation. In these examples, with a landscape-ecological approach, the masaicity of the territory increases, the productivity by 20-30% even in the dry season (2010) and a favorable ecological frame of the adjacent territory is created.

Organizational, economic, forest reclamation, anti-erosion agrotechnical and hydrotechnical measures are practically not carried out. Crop rotations are disrupted, and the use of mineral and organic fertilizers and pesticides is decreasing. The area of fields, overgrown with small forests, increases sharply, which leads to a decrease in productivity and loss of agricultural land. Agrotechnics of both basic and pre-sowing tillage, agrotechnics of caring for crops and harvesting are violated. Only a few farms, using the land correctly, have achieved certain results - the preservation and even increase in productivity. The structure of cultivated areas of agricultural crops leaves much to be desired. On leased lands in some joint-stock companies and other forms of management, crop rotations are not applied, and the land is used based on economic considerations of the economy (for example: sunflower is sown on the same plot for several years, or such an amount is brought in mineral fertilizers that all fauna is destroyed in the adjacent territory).

In Russia, 58.6% of agricultural land is subject to erosion, more than 1.5 billion tons of the fertile layer is lost annually. Water erosion is recorded on 17.8% of agricultural land. Almost all agricultural lands of the Central Black Earth and North Caucasus regions are eroded and erosion-hazardous. In the Volga region, Western Siberia and the Southern Urals, every third - fourth hectare of arable land is subject to erosion. Desertification has affected about 100 million hectares, posing a serious threat to the ecological level of agriculture.

Only with an integrated ecological-economic and landscape-ecological approach during on-farm land management can one count on Possible Solution multifaceted problem of protection and rational use land as part of the natural environment and the main means of production in agriculture.

The way out of the protracted ecological crisis in the regions is possible on the basis of the design of soil-protective agricultural landscapes. This will accelerate the modernization of traditional land management.

Environmental soil protection measures should become one of the important components in the design of agricultural landscapes and represent a constant and continuous land management process in the greening of land use.

Soil cover monitoring, soil-ecological zoning of territories based on the assessment state of the art land, the development of land management projects (schemes), their implementation on the experimental sites of enterprises and organizations, are the fundamental basis of the land management, landscape process, which increases the agro-resource potential of the adaptive farming system.

To improve the system of ecological land use and effective arrangement of soil-protective agrolandscapes, a model for the sustainable functioning of a balanced ecosystem with a rational composition and ratio (structure) of environment-stabilizing (environment-forming) and destabilizing lands can be proposed.

The involvement of unused lands in circulation will significantly increase the level of development of land relations. Use of waste land is proposed as follows:

1) transfer to the land fund;

2) survey on suitability for use in agriculture;

3) to offer suitable lands on a lease basis to promising forms of management;

4) allocate unproductive lands for protective afforestation and to the forest fund.

As a result of landscape-ecological design, agricultural organizations can obtain the following results:

1. To increase the number of working sites on the territory of the farm, which will make it possible to increase the mosaic of the territory and improve the edge effect in the farms;

2. As a result of the organization of the territory on a landscape-ecological basis, the protection of arable land due to the planting of forest belts will become close to 100%;

3. The yield of crops will increase by 2-3 times without the use of mineral fertilizers, which negatively affect the soil and deplete it.

4. Organization of crop rotations, taking into account all environmental and economic requirements;

5. The ecological situation in farms as a whole will improve, which will favorably affect the flora and fauna in agricultural production.

At present, agriculture in the Russian Federation is one of the backward sectors of the economy. There are many reasons for this: the lack of a long-term economic policy in the field of agriculture and price stability in the markets for food and material and technical resources; exacerbation of the demographic situation in countryside;noticeable expansion of food imports; the growing level of unequal exchange between agriculture and industry; the absence of a long-term and comprehensive regulatory framework based on a special Federal Law on Agriculture; lack of competitiveness due to organizational, technical and technological backwardness.

To change the situation in the agro-industrial complex, it is necessary to pursue a state agrarian policy in order to accelerate the growth of agricultural production by increasing its competitiveness and increasing the attractiveness of life in the countryside.

The proposed recommendations will make it possible to intensify the science-based land management process, orient regional science to specific local needs, stimulate the increase in the activity of land fund management organizations in the region, and also strengthen control over the use and protection of agricultural land.

Bibliographic link

Chursin A.I., Melentiev A.A., Tikhonov N.N., Krivtsova I.Kh. LANDSCAPE AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN IN LAND MANAGEMENT PROJECTS // International Journal of Applied and fundamental research. - 2015. - No. 8-5. - S. 921-923;
URL: https://applied-research.ru/ru/article/view?id=7271 (date of access: 01/04/2020). We bring to your attention the journals published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural History" Chapter 17

ENVIRONMENTAL, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL EFFICIENCY OF THE ON-FARM LAND MANAGEMENT PROJECT
The effectiveness of on-farm land management is manifested in three areas: environmental, economic and social.

The environmental efficiency of on-farm land management arises from the need for nature protection, reproduction and rational use natural resources and manifests itself primarily in the impact of land management activities and production on the environment through the improvement of land, protecting them from erosion, and the implementation of environmental measures.

The production and economic or simply economic efficiency of land management is due to the requirements of the mutual organization of production and territory, the improvement of economic conditions, which affects, first of all, the efficiency of material production in an agricultural enterprise.

The result of the social efficiency of land management is the strengthening of land relations, the protection of land use and land tenure rights. In relation to this sphere, land is considered as an object of socio-economic relations. The social efficiency of on-farm land management is aimed at the development and improvement of production conditions. it also causes a change in the living conditions, labor, cultural and community services and recreation of the population.

Environmental efficiency project is the main one. The requirements for it are manifested in the need to comply with strict environmental and environmental standards for each element and each component of the project. No variant of the on-farm land management project can be considered if it does not comply with these standards.

The main indicators of the environmental efficiency of the on-farm land management project include:

data of a comprehensive assessment of the impact of land management on the qualitative state of lands obtained for each land plot (humus balance; content of mobile forms of macro- and microelements, heavy metals, radionuclides, residual pesticides; category, class of lands according to agricultural suitability, evaluation score for productivity; acidity, moistening regime: groundwater level, moisture capacity, productive moisture reserve; uniformity according to soil conditions, relief, etc.);

information on the decrease in the processes of water erosion of soils and deflation (residual soil washout, reduction of the area's landscaping, grassing and reforestation of eroded lands, coefficients of erosion hazard of crops and projective soil cover by plants in erosion-dangerous periods, volumes of regulated water runoff, changes in microclimatic conditions);

information on the environmental development of land (the presence of water protection zones and coastal strips, sanitary protection zones, protected landscapes, land plots under conservation, sanitary and veterinary breaks, protective, prohibited and protected zones);

data characterizing the ecological structure of the territory (the areas of migration corridors, ecological niches, micro-reserves, indices of ecological diversity of the territory, ecological stability of the territory, productivity of agricultural landscapes taking into account the "edge effect", the length of ecotones, etc.).

Economic effect on-farm land management consists of:

when placing production units, economic centers and main roads - in reducing annual production costs and various kinds of losses (for development, construction);

when organizing land and crop rotations - in the increase in net income;

when arranging the territory of crop rotations, perennial plantations and fodder lands - in reducing the costs of performing production processes and preventing production losses (by reducing the area under headlands, residual triangles, wedges).

Taking into account this differentiation of the economic effect of land management, the effectiveness of investments in the creation of elements of the production and social infrastructure of the corresponding economic level is calculated. For example, when transforming lands, the investments spent are paid off by an increase in net income from newly developed or more intensively used lands, and when arranging the territory of crop rotation, investments in the construction of field camps, roads are paid off by reducing production costs, etc.

As can be seen, the main effect of land management is associated with an increase in net income and a decrease in production costs, which can also be transformed into increases in net income. These increases are due to activities carried out at the expense of additional capital investments (K), requiring additional production costs (C), as well as organizational and economic activities carried out without additional costs.

To calculate a general indicator for assessing the economic efficiency of an on-farm land management project, taking into account all of the above activities, the ratio of net income growth ∆NH to the reduced costs is used, that is

where E is the normative coefficient of investment efficiency.

The ratio of the increase in net income received through the organization of the territory, respectively, to the costs of design and survey work, capital investments, current production costs will allow us to evaluate the effectiveness of the organizational and territorial measures, investments, and additional current costs necessary for the implementation of the project, respectively.

When evaluating the economic efficiency of an on-farm land management project, technical (technical and economic), agro-economic and economic (cost) indicators are calculated.

Technical indicators of the on-farm land management project serve mainly to assess the spatial conditions created by the project for the organization of the territory and the characteristics of the technological properties of the land (terrain relief, mechanical composition of soils, the presence of obstacles, the cultural and technical condition, the size of the contours, etc.).

In the process of land management design, technical indicators reflect the application, when drawing up a project, of scientifically based standards for permissible slopes in the working direction of movement of units, the maximum width of inter-strip areas, the recommended sizes of land masses assigned to production units, for the optimal areas of crop rotations, fields, working plots, allowable distances cattle drive. The technical indicators of the on-farm land management project at the same time make it possible to judge how the standards of land management design are maintained, the spatial conditions of land ownership and land use are improved compared to the current situation, what are the disadvantages and advantages of possible options.

The agro-economic justification of the project is carried out in order to establish the compliance of the planned organization of the territory with the requirements for expanding production, therefore, the indicators of the agro-economic justification characterize mainly the organizational and economic side of on-farm land management projects and represent a system of various kinds of balances: labor, feed, fertilizers, annual turnover of herds, production and distribution of agricultural products. The agro-economic justification of the project also includes solving the issues of location of production and its branches, substantiation of the organizational and production structure of the economy, the introduction of crop rotations, which is also reflected by the relevant indicators. Agro-economic justification for on-farm land management projects is shown in Appendix 1.

An economic justification is carried out in order to identify the best option organization of the territory, determining the effectiveness of the planned design solutions in comparison with the current situation and supplying the on-farm land management project with cost indicators characterizing its effectiveness. At the same time, economic indicators are used to compare the expected results in improving the economy and increasing the production of various industries, the rational organization of production processes with the costs that caused these improvements.

The system of indicators for the economic justification of on-farm land management projects is made up of performance indicators for the components and elements of projects and is summarized in the relevant textbooks (6).

Social efficiency on-farm land management is differentiated by the constituent parts and elements of the project.

When placing production units and economic centers, it consists in:

ensuring social justice in the distribution of land shares and property shares, the formation of land massifs of production units, the unification of land shares of citizens and workers into on-farm production units;

improving the conditions for managing production and managing it, the proper organization of production in enterprises, which has an impact on increasing labor productivity;

improving the living and working conditions of the population through the correct placement of economic centers, determining the prospects for the development of housing, cultural, domestic and industrial construction, targeted changes in the nature of migration processes.

Social efficiency in the placement of main roads, road structures, other objects of engineering equipment of the territory consists in reducing the time and money for unproductive transitions and moving people and agricultural equipment to and from the place of work, eliminating oncoming crossings and crossings, improving the operation of vehicles, changing working conditions due to the organization of proper water supply, heat supply, communications, power supply.

The social substantiation of the organization of lands and crop rotations is the creation of cultural agrolandscapes, the satisfaction of the aesthetic and recreational needs of the population, the improvement of the natural environment and its protection.

The social efficiency of the organization and arrangement of the territory of crop rotations lies in the design of fields with a rational length of the rut, the correct shape, which creates normal conditions for the implementation of work processes in the field, improves working conditions, reduces the time for idle travel, turns and arrivals of agricultural machinery, and reduces the fatigue of machine operators , timing of field work, improve productivity.

Due to the concentration of crops during the field work on fields of optimal size, it is possible to concentrate equipment, repair service, improve food and life of machine operators, and provide proper transport services.

When arranging the territory of perennial plantations and fodder lands, the social efficiency of the project is expressed in enhancing the aesthetic properties of the agricultural landscape, improving the working conditions of workers (gardeners, livestock breeders), etc.

saving time by reducing unproductive activities (moves, turns and arrivals of equipment, Maintenance, transporting people and goods, transhumance, etc.);

increasing the employment of employees, smoothing seasonality and peaks in work performance, reducing downtime, improving working conditions;

an increase in the interest of the enterprise as a whole, labor collectives and individual workers in the best use of the lands assigned to them (in ownership) and other means of production.

This entails a significant increase in labor productivity of workers, an increase in production volumes and a decrease in its cost. Consumption and accumulation funds are growing, social conditions of life in the countryside are significantly improving.

2. What indicators include the environmental performance of the project?

4. Quantify the social effectiveness of the project.

Introduction

Conclusion

Bibliographic list

Introduction

At present, environmental pollution with waste, emissions, sewage of all kinds industrial production, agriculture, public utilities of cities has become global.

Under these conditions, land management is the main mechanism for organizing the rational use of polluted lands and mitigating the negative effects of pollution.

The current ecological situation in agricultural land use determines the problem of rational use of polluted lands.

The leading role in solving this problem belongs to land management, which should be filled with new content, ensuring the solution of not only legal, socio-economic, organizational and territorial, but also environmental problems of land use.

In the modern theory of land management, the issues that determine its ecological and economic function as an effective mechanism for ensuring the ecological and economic balance of land use development under the conditions of negative technogenic impacts caused by environmental pollution have been sufficiently worked out.

The purpose of this work is to study land management under conditions of land pollution. In accordance with this goal, the following tasks were set:

consider the theoretical foundations of land management in the conditions of land pollution;

reveal the methodological foundations of land management in the conditions of technogenic pollution of the territory;

identify features of land management in contaminated areas.

As a theoretical and methodological basis for the study, the work used legal sources, works and study guides Russian authors, as well as Internet sources.

Structurally course work consists of an introduction, three sections, a conclusion and a list of references. The first section deals with technogenic pollution of Russian lands and the need for land management, the importance of land management in terms of land pollution. The second section reveals the methodology for identifying contaminated lands for land management purposes. The third section discusses the features of land management in contaminated areas. In conclusion, general conclusions are drawn on the basis of the considered processes and the concepts studied.

Chapter 1. Theoretical basis land management in conditions of land pollution

1 Technogenic pollution of Russian lands and the need for land management

The greatest danger to agricultural production in Russia is posed by technogenic sources of pollution. This is, first of all, waste from the energy industry, non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy, oil processing industry. Thus, according to the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia, the total volume of emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air from stationary industrial sources in Russia is 32,487.5 thousand tons. .

As a result of industrial emissions, there are currently areas in Russia where 50% of the population is exposed to high levels of air pollution. These areas include Krasnoyarsk region, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra, Kemerovo region, Sverdlovsk region, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Komi Republic, Chelyabinsk region, Orenburg region, Irkutsk region, Vologda Region.

Contaminated territories require urgent implementation of the complex rehabilitation measures aimed at reducing the transfer of radionuclides into crop products. Among agrotechnical measures, it is necessary to apply increased doses of potash fertilizers and liming acidic soils, which makes it possible to reduce the transfer of nuclides into plant products by 2-4 times. It is necessary to carry out a complex of land management measures to improve the organization of the territory of fodder lands.

The growth of industry and transport steadily, year by year, increases the content of heavy metals in the soil, water environment and atmosphere, from which they pass into vegetation and animal organisms, accumulating to toxic parameters. Unlike organic pollutants that undergo natural decomposition processes, metals can only be redistributed between natural environments. The role of heavy metals is dual: on the one hand, they are necessary for the normal course of physiological processes, on the other hand, they are toxic at elevated concentrations.

According to a number of studies, the number of examples of the toxic effects of metals that are part of products or industrial waste is crowned every year. In the near future, heavy metal pollution will become the main problem of environmental protection, especially in the country's agriculture. In connection with the above, urgent measures are needed related to:

· improvement of the regime of use of polluted lands;

· monitoring of contaminated territories;

· control over the use of wastewater, the emission and discharge of waste from industrial, housing and communal and agricultural spheres of human activity;

· improving the organization of the territory of agricultural enterprises, changing their specialization;

· development of crop rotation systems based on the biological properties of plants to concentrate heavy metals, and industrial technologies their cleaning and other activities.

The implementation of such tasks can be carried out in the process of land management activities. At the same time, the content of design and pre-design work requires significant changes. In modern environmental conditions, land management design should be preceded by serious pre-project studies based on an assessment of the quality of the natural environment. They must ensure the environmental validity of economic, technical and social solutions implemented in the design process. Environmental quality standards in accordance with Article 21 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Environmental Protection" are the maximum allowable standards for the impact on the environment from anthropogenic human activities. The law defines three main requirements for setting environmental impact limits:

· environmental safety of the population;

· preservation of the genetic fund of the animal, flora and man;

· ensuring the rational use and reproduction of natural resources, sustainable development economic activity.

These requirements can be fully considered fundamental for land management design solutions. The land management of agricultural enterprises, based on the environmental requirements of environmental protection, provides a kind of compromise between the economy and ecology, which allows developing agricultural production on a mutually beneficial basis and protecting human life and well-being. In the conditions of technogenic land pollution, land management with all its complex of measures acts as one of the main mechanisms for implementing the basic requirements for environmental protection and a tool for creating conditions for the sustainable development of economic activity on earth.

2 Significance and content of land management in conditions of land pollution

The significance of land management in the conditions of land pollution is determined by the active technogenic impact, which is subjected to all the main environment-forming components of the environment: soil and vegetation cover, atmospheric air, and the aquatic environment. The result of such an impact in most cases is the pollution of these components of the environment and, as a result, the deterioration of the ecological situation, the decrease in the productivity of agricultural land, the significant costs of preserving, maintaining and restoring the disturbed ecological balance of the environment.

The most productive, intensively used lands, territories with the highest population density are exposed to the greatest pollution. Pollution problems are exacerbated by the lack of financial resources allocated for the prevention and elimination of the consequences of pollution, as well as the significant timeframe for the implementation of environmental protection and restoration measures.

The main condition for conducting land management on contaminated lands is to ensure a balance between the economic aspirations of the economic use of the territory and restoration, as well as the preservation of established ecological systems that have been disturbed as a result of pollution.

In the process of land management in conditions of land pollution, the following requirements must be met.

.Mandatory land management of contaminated areas in accordance with Art. 3 of the Federal Law "On Land Management" in cases of detection of disturbed lands, as well as lands subject to pollution and other negative impacts.

.Land management of contaminated territories must be carried out at all territorial levels of land management:

at the federal and regional levels: in the distribution of land resources between various sectors for the purpose of planning, organizing and controlling their use in the interests of the state; in the development and implementation of large-scale programs for agricultural development, increasing fertility and land reclamation, establishing the boundaries of territories with special legal, environmental and recreational use regimes;

inter-farm when substantiating the specialization of farms, the formation of resource zones, modes of use of existing contaminated lands;

economic entities (on-farm level) in determining the composition and ratio of lands, their transformation, organization of lands and crop rotations.

.The priority solution of the tasks of restoring the disturbed state of land (elimination and prevention of pollution), the creation of an ecological and economic balance in the economic use of the territory, the formation of an environmentally stable land use.

.A detailed study of the state of land in order to obtain information about their quantitative and qualitative state. At the same time, special importance is attached to soil and geobotanical surveys and surveys and assessment of land quality.

.Land management works on contaminated and contaminated territories should be carried out on all lands, regardless of the form of ownership.

.Priority of resource development of economic activity in the contaminated territories. The above mainly refers to agricultural land use and involves the planning of agricultural production solely taking into account the availability, condition and quality of environmental resources and the modes of their use, as a rule, it is based on an adaptive-landscape farming system (adaptive farming).

.Land management in contaminated areas should be comprehensive, that is, it must be carried out in a single complex with agrotechnical, reclamation, forestry, legal and other measures that ensure the elimination and prevention of pollution.

.Planning of economic activities in contaminated territories should be carried out in strict accordance with the conditions and regime of land use determined in the process of land management, which is determined by the ecological state of the territory.

.The leading factor in making land management decisions in contaminated areas is to ensure economic efficiency with strict compliance with environmental requirements. This means that no cost-effective land management design solution should be adopted if it does not meet the environmental requirements of land use. Along with this, environmental and economic efficiency should be ensured, i.e. economic efficiency of the implementation of environmentally oriented measures.

.Elimination of the negative consequences of technogenic impact (pollution) should ensure both the interests of the whole society and the interests of collectives and individual citizens. The improvement of the ecological state of one territory should not worsen the ecological state of another, and the interests of one participant in land management should not be ensured at the expense of infringing the interests of another.

Land management carried out in contaminated areas forms unified system interrelated groups of activities, the main ones are: the study of the state of land, planning and organization of their rational use and protection, territorial and intra-farm land management.

Land management work on contaminated lands is carried out in stages (forecasting and planning, pre-project design and development of projects), at each of which various land management documents corresponding to them (schemes, programs, projects) are developed. Each stage is preceded by a study of the state of the land, which is of particular importance in conditions of pollution, where their results determine the subsequent specifics of land management.

In conditions of pollution of the territory, the state of the land is studied as part of special land management work to study and assess the condition and quality of land resources. In the process of their implementation, they study, analyze and evaluate not only the soil cover, but also other components of the environment (vegetation, water and air), which determine the ecological state of land resources and the environment as a whole. The need and activity of assessing other components of the environment is determined by the technogenic impact on agricultural landscapes, obtained from the results of environmental monitoring conducted by environmental services.

The content and results of special land management work on the study and assessment of the state and quality of land resources constitute an ecological block in common system land management measures at each stage of land management, and at the stage of development of the project are included in the field of supervision over the implementation of the project. The performance of these works at all stages of land management is based on a single methodological basis, and they are carried out according to the “through principle”, which provides the necessary consistency and detail in the assessment of the state of land resources.

For example, holding special works for the study and assessment of the state and quality of land resources at the design stage (when developing a territorial land management project) is based on the materials of such work performed at the pre-project stage of land management (when developing a land management scheme). This eliminates the duplication of additional costly surveys and surveys.

The main results of the special land management work on the study and assessment of the state and quality of land resources are as follows:

· data on the location and quality of contaminated lands, their productivity and economic use;

· materials for zoning the territory according to the level of content of various pollutants in the soil cover and adjacent environments;

· calculations of the volumes of losses, damages and lost profits as a result of the negative consequences of pollution;

· establishment of regimes and conditions for the use of contaminated lands.

Chapter 2. Methodology for identifying and assessing contaminated land for land management purposes

1 Methodological bases of land management in the conditions of technogenic pollution of the territory

Contaminated territories are the result of a complex action of a number of factors: pollution of the soil cover, pollution of natural and cultivated vegetation, pollution of the air and water within a certain analyzed territory.

Contaminated lands are lands containing pollutants above the background level.

The background content of a chemical in soils is the level of content of a chemical, a comparison with which makes it possible to detect it in initially analogous soils under the influence of anthropogenic factors. It is known that the amount of a pollutant element that is contained in buried soils or in dated museum samples can be taken as the background content. You can also use previously published information on the previous state of the soils under study, the results found by calculation on the basis of an analysis of the long-term dynamics of the content of controlled elements in soils. Most often, the background content of chemicals is judged by the composition of the soils of the background territories, 50–100 km away from local sources of pollution.

If the indicators of the content of chemicals in the soils of the background territories are distributed according to the normal law, then the arithmetic mean of these data is taken as the background content. In the case when the distribution curve differs from the normal one, the median value can be taken as an estimate of the mean value.

When assessing local and regional pollution, soils that satisfy three conditions serve as a background: they belong to the same type of biogeocenosis as the polluted soils under study; no economic activity is carried out on them; they are removed from the pollution source by 50-100 km.

Soils of complex background monitoring stations and biosphere reserves, which are located within various biogeocenoses and are least affected, serve to assess global pollution.

In industrial regions and in regions with lithogenic enrichment of soils, where it is impossible to find a background area even at a distance of 50–100 km from pollution sources, a “lithogenic” approach is used to assess the background level, i.e. the content of the element in the surface contaminated soil layers is compared with its content in the soil-forming rock. This approach also makes it possible to distinguish lithogenic enrichment of soils from technical anthropogenic pollution.

Pollutants (pollutants) are chemical elements or compounds, the increased content of which in the biosphere and its components causes a negative toxic-ecological situation.

The following pollution classification is currently used:

by sectors of the economy that produce pollution;

according to the background composition of pollutants: solid, liquid, gaseous;

according to the qualitative composition of pollutants: physical, chemical, biological, radioactive;

by sources of pollution: emissions, waste, sewage effluents and sludge, chemicals, fugitive emissions, breaks in treatment facilities and transport pipelines, others emergencies.

The UN has agreed on the following list of the most important pollutants:

sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, nitrogen dioxide, ammonia;

airborne particles;

photooxidative and reactive hydrocarbons;

mercury, lead, cadmium;

chlorinated organic compounds, oil, microtoxins;

nitrates, nitrites, nitrosamines, ammonia;

individual microbial contaminants;

radioactive substances.

In Russia, environmental pollutants include heavy metals, pesticides, a number of derivatives of hydrocarbons, nitrogen sulphur, fluorine, liquid hydrocarbons, synthetic organic substances, radionuclides and other harmful substances.

The main factors determining the sources and ways of pollution of farm territories are:

the location of the holding in relation to potential pollutants, as well as their presence on the holding's territory;

features of the natural and climatic conditions of the economy (wind, soil, groundwater level, etc.);

economic activity of an agricultural enterprise.

Sources of heavy metals and other pollutants can be natural and man-made. Natural sources include: weathering rocks and minerals, erosion processes, etc. Technogenic sources can be ranked in the following order in terms of the scale of pollution and their specific contribution: air emissions from ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises, road transport, liquid and solid household waste, including sewage sludge, pesticides, organic fertilizers, mineral fertilizers.

The main sources of pollution on the lands of agricultural enterprises are:

nearby industrial enterprises;

motorway routes, gas and oil pipelines;

warehouses for the storage of petroleum products, fertilizers and pesticides, repair shops, garages and livestock farms;

polluted river waters and other sources.

Pollution of agricultural areas is mainly carried out by:

movement of polluted air layers of the surface atmosphere and ingress of pollutants into the soil cover, water and vegetation in the form of dust deposits, rain or snow;

use of irrigation waters, which are polluted with industrial effluents, as well as water flooding the territory during the flushing of the channel and draining water from reservoirs;

groundwater coming to the surface as a result of flooding of the territory.

An important role in pollution is played by the lack of economic measures that provide for the disposal of polluted substances concentrated in places where oil products, fertilizers and pesticides are stored, as well as misuse farm manure.

The main pollutants along highways are heavy metals, primarily lead, which is emitted along with exhaust gases.

In farms where irrigation is widely used, the pollution of the territory is carried out mainly due to irrigation water. Irrigation water pollutes both the soil cover and vegetation. The intake of pollutants from irrigation waters occurs with a high intensity, significantly exceeding the intensity of their entry into plants from soils. Therefore, the toxicity threshold for the content of pollutant elements in irrigation waters is much lower than in soils. So, for example, toxicity to crops is manifested at a concentration of copper in irrigation water: 0.17 - 0.2 ml / l (beets, tomatoes, barley), and the maximum allowable concentration in soils is 55 mg / kg for gross content and 3 mg/kg for mobile form (extraction with ammonium acetate buffer pH 4.8).

Rivers are a particularly dangerous source of pollution during the period of flushing of their channel, which is carried out with a frequency of 1 time in 5 years. As a result, bottom sediments settle on flooded floodplain lands, which are extremely dangerous as pollutants not only for soil cover and vegetation, but also for animals; capable of swallowing particles of these deposits along with plant foods.

2 Methodology for identifying and assessing contaminated areas for land management purposes

The assessment of contamination of the territories of an agricultural enterprise should include an assessment of pollution:

soil cover;

vegetation and basic crop products;

air environment;

livestock products.

Such complex analysis will provide a complete picture of the ecological state of the territory and apply the data obtained for scientifically based land management.

With a lack Money to carry out a complex of these works in full, it is possible to confine ourselves only to assessing the contamination of the soil cover and vegetation. Pollution of the soil cover is inadequate to the level of pollution of growing vegetation. Therefore, the assessment of the contamination of the territory of an agricultural enterprise should, at a minimum, consist of an assessment of the contamination of the soil and vegetation cover.

The entire range of appraisal work is preceded by preparatory work - the collection period necessary materials for the subsequent assessment of the territory and their preliminary processing.

The preparatory work consists of a preliminary stage and two stages of the survey: reconnaissance and final.

At the preliminary stage, the collection and processing of materials that determine the natural and economic features of the territory of the enterprise is carried out. Data is collected about:

availability and use of organic fertilizers, doses and places of application of organic fertilizers and pesticides;

placement of crops with increased sensitivity to environmental pollution (parsley, celery, vegetables, etc.);

places and nature of damage to vegetation and animals by various types of diseases caused by pollution of the territory;

irrigated agriculture on the farm.

The level of pollution of water protection zones and coastal strips of reservoirs along highways and near other objects of pollution of the territory is established.

The places of potential sources of pollution of the territory of an agricultural enterprise, located both on the territory of the agricultural enterprise itself and in its immediate vicinity, are specified. These include industrial enterprises, military installations, highways, rivers, large livestock farms, settlements, warehouses for fertilizers and pesticides, etc.

For the identified sources of pollution, materials are collected that characterize the zones of their influence, the nature and types of harmful emissions. Maps of technogenic loads of the study area are compiled, on which the sources of technogenic impacts located in space, the zones of their possible influence, and the main types of pollutants are plotted.

As a result of the preliminary stage of work:

existing and potential sources of pollution of the territory are established;

zones of possible contamination of soil, vegetation cover, water and air environment are identified;

possible types of pollutants in the zones are determined;

an approximate estimate of the area and intensity of pollution in the zones is given;

plots of arable land, perennial plantations and fodder lands with an increased level of pollution are established;

the sampling and analysis strategy for the next phase of the survey is determined.

The task of the reconnaissance stage is to identify contaminated areas, roughly determine the areas of their distribution, as well as identify the types of pollutants to be quantified at the second (final) stage of the survey.

Identification of contaminated territories should be carried out on the basis of methodological and normative documents. To identify contaminated soils, use " Guidelines for the identification of degraded and polluted lands", and for the assessment of vegetation cover pollution - "Criteria for assessing the ecological situation of the territory to identify zones of ecological emergency and zones of ecological disaster".

First of all, chemicals that are classified by GOST 17.4.1.02.-83 as highly hazardous are subject to detection. These are arsenic, cadmium, mercury, selenium, lead, fluorine, benzopyrene.

The layout of sampling sites depends on the type of pollution source and the nature of the spatial distribution of polluting chemicals in the soils and plants of the surveyed area. In doing so, the following rules are observed:

If the source of pollution is toxic, the route of entry of polluting chemicals is air, and a directly proportional relationship between the level of pollution and the distance to the source is assumed, then it is advisable to take soil and plant samples in 4-8 directions (points) from the enterprise, placing sampling points more often, near industrial enterprises and at large intervals at a distance from it. The frequency and range of sampling depend on the power of the source and the natural and climatic conditions of the area. In general, it is recommended to take samples by points through 0.5; one; 2; 4; eight; 16 km.

If the source of pollution is linear, the path of pollutant entry is air, then it is necessary to place points along the source along lines at a distance of 0.1; 0.2; 0.5 km.

If the priority chemical pollutant is liquid (oil and oil products), the sampling system is built depending on the complexity of the landscape, geochemical and hydrological conditions.

In the case when there are no pronounced point sources of pollution in the surveyed area or there are many sources whose influence overlaps, as well as with an areal source of pollution (landfills, landfills, etc.), it is better to use sampling on a uniform sparse grid (grid size from 1x1 to 5x5 km). In order to level the local features of the distribution of polluting chemicals, it is advisable to select not individual, but mixed samples. A mixed sample is made up of at least 15 individual samples evenly spaced on a key site. Key area size is not less than 10x10 m2 .

The depth of selection of individual and mixed samples for the soil is set as follows, in cm: on arable land - 0-20; haymaking - 0-15; in the forest without bedding - 0-10; in the territory industrial enterprises- 0-10; on the lawn in the park, on children's18 playgrounds - 0-10 cm. In case of contamination with oil products, sampling is carried out to the depth of the lower front of the oil flow in the soil.

When sampling plants for analysis, it is necessary to take all or the main types of cultivated vegetation and samples of the leading types of wild vegetation present on the holding.

The first stage of the survey ends with the preparation of a brief report with an assessment of:

need specific types works;

the scope of work to assess the pollution of the territory and their cost;

selection of pollutants for subsequent (detailed) analysis;

Strategies and priorities for the second final (detailed) stage of the survey.

The objectives of the final (detailed) stage of the survey are:

determination of the quantitative content of pollutants in the soil and plants, and if necessary, in the atmosphere and the aquatic environment;

compilation of cartograms characterizing the level of pollution by each of the soil and vegetation pollutants;

compiling summary cartograms of soil and vegetation pollution categories; - drawing up an explication of contaminated territories;

development of a conclusion on the current ecological state of the territory, its further use and a list of the main measures to eliminate the negative impact of the pollution of the territory, recommendations for its cleaning and use.

The determination of the quantitative content of pollutants and the compilation of pollution cartograms is preceded by the choice of the scale of the cartographic base.

The choice of the scale of the cartographic base is determined by the size of the surveyed area and the category of its complexity, as well as the degree of detail of the pollution map required. The recommended scale is 1:10000 or 1:5000, which usually coincides with the design scale.

After choosing the scale, the sampling scheme is determined. Regardless of whether the source of pollution is point or area, at the second stage, sampling is carried out according to a uniform randomly ordered grid (recommended cell size is from 0.1x0.1 to 0.5x0.5 km). Such sampling greatly facilitates the use of methods of interpolation of the obtained analytical data and the construction of isolines according to the levels of polluting chemicals, and also allows you to correctly calculate the areas of pollution. The quantitative content of pollutants in soil and vegetation is determined in accordance with current recommendations. Based on these recommendations, cartograms of soil and vegetation contamination are compiled. The compilation of a cartogram of contamination of soil or vegetation is based on the assignment of one or another degree of pollution to a certain category. Cartograms are compiled separately for soil cover and vegetation pollution for each type of pollutants analyzed. Compilation of a summary cartogram is carried out by sequentially superimposing cartograms of pollution by individual substances one on another with the absorption of a higher pollution category of a lower one. Summary cartograms are compiled separately for vegetation cover and separately for soils. Due to the fact that a methodology has not yet been developed that allows one to establish an increase in the level of pollution as a result of the combined influence of various pollutants, their accounting can only be done by expert assessments.

The summary cartograms indicate not only the pollution category of a particular massif, but also the most dangerous type of pollutant, which determines the assignment of this territory to the level (category) indicated on the cartogram. In addition to the “defining pollutant”, the cartogram indicates the content of pollutants classified as the highest hazard category.

In a number of cases, arrays are especially distinguished, where pollution for each pollutant is characterized only by the most high level.

It should be borne in mind that there are fundamental differences in the assessment of vegetation cover and soil contamination.

If for soils it is important to establish only the category of pollution and the "leading pollutant", then for the vegetation cover it is also important to establish pollution. various kinds plants located in the same area. Therefore, in a number of cases, pollution analysis is carried out not for the vegetation cover “in general” (by analyzing mixed plant samples) or for one leading crop located within the analyzed massif, but for each crop located within the analyzed massif. Such an analysis will require long-term measurements, however, it makes it possible to establish the most complete picture of vegetation cover pollution.

Taking into account the object of assessment, production requirements and the availability of financial resources for its implementation, various classification estimates of pollution can be used: medium, low, and a zone of no pollution or very low.

As experience has shown, the most acceptable for on-farm land management is a five-level assessment scale.

It should also be noted that in addition to the content of substances - pollutants in the soil and plants, in some cases it is necessary to assess the content in soils of mobile forms of phosphorus, exchangeable potassium, easily hydrolyzed nitrogen, mobile microelements, insufficient or excessive content of which adversely affects the growth and development of plants. The presence of these indicators should be used as additional results in assessing the ecological state of farm soils.

The development of a conclusion based on the results of the final stage of the survey at this stage should include general recommendations, defining the ways and goals of further developments, which should find their concrete presentation when drawing up a project to improve the organization of the territory. Schematic diagram of the assessment of soils for agricultural use by the degree of contamination with chemicals.

Chapter 3. Indicators and methodology for assessing the environmental and economic efficiency of land management

1 Economic justification and effectiveness of land management

From the point of view of the theory of land management, identifying its place and role in society, it is important to determine its effectiveness, the economic justification of measures to organize the rational use of land.

Through land management, a balance, quantitative and qualitative proportionality between the main factors of production - land, labor and capital is ensured, their interconnected organization is carried out. The usefulness of certain activities is evaluated in connection with the development social production and use of natural resources. Therefore, there are ecological, economic and social efficiency of land management.

Ecological efficiency is expressed in the improvement of the state of the environment and the expanded reproduction of natural resources, achieved through land reclamation, reclamation of disturbed lands, protection of soils from erosion, implementation of various environmental measures, and so on.

The economic efficiency of land management is characterized by an increase in output, an increase in the income of employees and profits of enterprises associated with the optimization of the structure of production and its territorial distribution, more intensive use of land resources.

The social efficiency of land management is associated, first of all, with the development and strengthening of land relations, the protection of land tenure and land use rights in the interests of the whole society. This ensures the rational use of land as essential element national wealth, improving the social conditions of people's lives.

Land management serves as a powerful tool of the state in the implementation of land policy in the course of various agrarian reforms. Legal, economic and political measures are used for this. Legal ones are focused on strengthening land relations by creating appropriate legislation, economic ones include

Elements such as investment policy, concessional lending, subsidies, taxation, and so on. Political measures are applied mainly during the period of radical agrarian reforms (in Russia, say, during the peasant reform of 1861, the Stolypin reform of 1906, the nationalization of the land in 1917, and so on). Land management in this case becomes one of the main instruments of state policy.

Due to the fact that agricultural enterprises are in diverse economic, technological and social relationships with enterprises in other industries, with the strengthening of market principles in society, the effectiveness of land management has to be considered from two sides - from the point of view of the national economy as a whole and from the standpoint of a particular economy. Therefore, when evaluating, a distinction is made between the national economic and economic (commercial) effects.

In the first case, land management acts as a lever for the purposeful and state-regulated distribution of the country's land fund by category, landowners and land users, certain types lands and on the regulation of the economy of agricultural and other enterprises. This happens with major changes in the organization of production and territory, including mass formation, enlargement (downsizing) and reorganization of land ownership and land use and their systems, revision of the specialization of regions, the introduction of new farming systems, the implementation of complexes of reclamation, anti-erosion and environmental protection measures. The economic effect here is associated with the implementation of various state and regional programs, general schemes for the use and protection of land resources, land management schemes for regions and districts, and inter-farm land management projects.

Economic (commercial) efficiency is determined mainly in the development of on-farm land management projects and working projects. It reflects the impact of the planned reorganization of the territory on the implementation labor collectives economy, production division; rental team and so on; production program, income of workers and profit of the enterprise.

Practice shows that agricultural enterprises with implemented on-farm land management projects receive products per average annual worker by an average of 20% more than non-land management farms. However, the level of implementation of these projects is still low. This is due to frequent changes in the specialization of farms, instability of the boundaries of production units, depersonalization in the use of land, violations of the introduced crop rotations, and sometimes land legislation.

Land management decisions should give the farm a real economic benefit; the information contained in the projects should be used to the maximum for planning purposes, during the transition to renting and the formation of peasant farms, for organizing the rational use and protection of land resources.

All decisions included in the project must be justified. Since land management is complex in nature, affecting the technical, technological, economic and social aspects of the activities of farms, the economic justification contains feasibility, agro-economic and socio-economic sections.

2 Indicators of environmental efficiency of on-farm land management

The main indicators of the environmental efficiency of the on-farm land management project include:

a comprehensive assessment of the impact of land management on the qualitative state of land, obtained for each land plot (humus balance; content of mobile forms of macro- and microelements, heavy metals, radionuclides, pesticide residues; category, class of land for agricultural suitability, evaluation score for productivity; acidity, moisture regime; groundwater level, moisture capacity, productive moisture reserve; relief, etc.);

information on the decrease in the processes of water erosion of soils and deflation (residual soil washout, reduction of the area's contaminants, greening and reforestation of eroded lands, coefficients of erosion hazard and projective soil cover by plants in erosion-dangerous periods, volumes of regulated water runoff, changes in microclimatic conditions);

data characterizing the ecological structure of the territory (areas of migration corridors, ecological niches, micro-reserves, indices of the ecological diversity of the territory, ecological stability of the territory, productivity of agricultural landscapes taking into account the “edge effect”, the length of ecotones, etc.);

coefficient of ecological stability of the territory;

index of ecological diversity of the territory;

agricultural landscape productivity index;

anthropogenic load factor.

So N.F. Reimers (1990) understands the ecological justification of the project as evidence of the probable absence of adverse environmental consequences during the implementation of the proposed project and, conversely, its improvement during the implementation of the proposed project, the conditions for people's lives and the functioning of production and natural systems (in particular, the agricultural landscape as a system). The rationale is probabilistic in nature, since the apparent pros and cons, due to the operation of the uncertainty factor and the principle of incomplete information, may not be realized in practice. The environmental justification is based on environmental forecasting and primary (pre-project) environmental expertise.

One of the components of project expertise is an environmental and economic assessment of the impact of the planned economic load on natural resources, territorial and economic functions of the territory (specific agricultural landscape). The purpose of the assessment is to establish environmentally sound types of economic use of various parts of the agricultural landscape to solve production tasks, substantiation of the location of structural elements, assessment of the quality of the natural environment in terms of its compliance with the optimal conditions for the development of agricultural crops, as well as the economic efficiency of the functioning of agricultural landscapes as a whole. Assessment of the state of agricultural landscapes is carried out according to the chemical and physical indicators of specific components of the landscape. The following areas of assessment are proposed:

) according to the structure and qualitative state of the land;

) according to the relief conditions and geological structure terrain;

) by types, subtypes, types, varieties and qualitative state of soils;

) by types and types of vegetation;

) on changes in the microclimatic conditions of the natural environment;

) by elements of the farming system;

) to ensure the conditions of ecological balance.

However, all these indicators evaluate one or more components of the agricultural landscape and are not integral, according to which it would be possible to draw a conclusion about the optimality and sustainability of the agricultural landscape. As an example, Table 6 shows the results comparative evaluation models of organization of the territory of Klyuchevsky district Altai Territory. The data indicate that the tenth model of the agrolandscape differs from other models in the high forested area (86%) occupied by agricultural land. This model of agrolandscape is characterized by the highest ecological stability and low anthropogenic pressure.

Thus, the ecological sustainability of agrolandscape models is determined by the ratio of areas occupied by natural fodder lands (hayfields and pastures), arable land and conservation areas. forest plantations. As the area of natural fodder lands and protected forest plantations increases, the ecological stability of the agrolandscape increases.

Conclusion

pollution land management protection natural

The greatest danger to agricultural production in Russia is posed by technogenic sources of pollution.

In the conditions of technogenic land pollution, land management with all its complex of measures acts as one of the main mechanisms for implementing the basic requirements for environmental protection and a tool for creating conditions for the sustainable development of economic activity on earth.

Identification of contaminated territories should be carried out on the basis of methodological and regulatory documents.

The environmental efficiency of land management is expressed in the improvement of the state of the environment and the expanded reproduction of natural resources, achieved through land reclamation, reclamation of disturbed lands, soil protection from erosion, the implementation of various environmental protection measures, and so on.

The environmental efficiency of on-farm land management arises from the need to protect nature, reproduction and rational use of natural resources and is manifested primarily in the impact of land management activities and production on the environment through land improvement, protection from erosion, and the implementation of environmental protection measures.

Bibliographic list

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3. Volkov G.A., Golichenkov A.K., Kozyr O.M. Commentary on the Land Code of the Russian Federation. - M.: BEK, 2002.

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Environmental requirements must be taken into account at all stages of land management: when placing land masses of land holdings and land uses; design and construction of various facilities; exploitation of land and facilities.

When placing land holdings and land uses, including agricultural ones, it is necessary to comply with the procedures established by the current legislation for preliminary approval of the location of the object, the allotment of a land plot in kind and the issuance of documents certifying the right of a business entity to develop this land plot on the basis of Article 28 of the Land Code of the RSFSR. The interested party must apply to the local administration with a request for preliminary approval of the location of the facility. In this case, it is necessary to justify the approximate size of the land plots and indicate the terms of land use. Representatives are invited to select a land plot on the ground local authorities authorities, land owners, landowners, land users, tenants, as well as representatives of public services that have the right to control, enterprises and organizations interested in land acquisition. The environmental and other consequences of the proposed occupation of land, the prospects for the use of this territory and its subsoil, as well as the presence in this region of land plots with a special legal regime of use must be taken into account.

After the survey, an act is drawn up for choosing a land plot for the location of the facility, and, if necessary, its sanitary (security) zone. Attached to the act are cartographic materials, calculations of losses of land owners, landowners, land users and tenants, losses of agricultural production associated with the withdrawal of a land plot, materials of other approvals and examinations provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation and carried out taking into account the integrated development of the territory. When placing new and expanding existing enterprises of regional, regional, interregional or republican significance, the consent of higher administrative-territorial bodies is required.

To provide a site, a conclusion of the bodies or institutions of the sanitary and epidemiological service on the assessment of the impact of the object to be located on the site on the environment is required. Based on this assessment, the customer, even at the early stages of planning his activities, can consider and take into account the entire range of environmental requirements before a final decision is made. In cases where environmental requirements are not met when placing objects, the bodies of the land management service, sanitary and epidemiological supervision, and environmental protection have the right to impose a ban on the placement of objects.

At the design stage, design and survey organizations must ensure the rational use of land and other natural resources, as well as the protection of the natural environment. AT design development in accordance with the design assignment, start-up complexes are allocated, which include not only objects of the main production, auxiliary and service purposes of any land ownership and land use, but also treatment facilities and facilities related to the protection of the natural environment. In accordance with environmental standards and methods for rationing production emissions, design estimates should provide for the disposal of waste and by-products of production, as well as provide information about waste that cannot be disposed of in this production. The project must provide for technical solutions that ensure the prevention of pollution - the environment as in production processes, and in the event of an accident, as well as the elimination of negative consequences for the environment. In the design and estimate documentation, issues of atmospheric air protection should be elaborated (a list of emission sources, the name of emitted pollutants with cumulative harmful effects, quantitative characteristics of pollutant emissions, including possible accidental emissions); protection of reservoirs from pollution by sewage (proposals for the prevention of emergency discharges of wastewater, for maximum allowable and temporarily agreed discharges of wastewater); restoration (recultivation) of the land plot, use of the fertile soil layer, protection of the subsoil and wildlife.

Pre-project and design and estimate documentation should contain an assessment of the compliance of the location of the facility with the long-term development program of the area, the degree of environmental hazard of the economic activity of the facility being located, the scale and nature of its impact on the environment and human health. These documents should contain information about the environmental situation in the area of the proposed location of the facility, including an assessment of the sustainability of the natural-territorial complex of the settlement, district. So, when placing enterprises within the boundaries of settlements, it is imperative to arrange sanitary protection zones around them.

Measures to protect the environment in the process of construction of facilities on the territory of land ownership and land use include: prevention of loss of natural resources, land reclamation, prevention of harmful emissions into the soil or their cleaning. In addition, on the territory of existing facilities, destruction of tree and shrub vegetation that is not provided for by design estimates, unorganized outflow of groundwater is not allowed, it is prohibited to release water from construction sites to slopes that are not protected from erosion.

Bodies of environmental control, sanitary and epidemiological supervision and design organizations control the implementation of design decisions in the construction of enterprises, structures and other facilities. In case of deviation from the design decisions, the design organizations of RosNIizemproekt or other departments have the right to issue instructions on the termination of work carried out in violation of the requirements of the project and regulatory documents.

The control bodies carry out inspections of compliance with regulatory environmental requirements in the process of construction and reconstruction of buildings and structures, removal and storage of the fertile layer of the earth, reconstruction or planting of green spaces and supervise the preparation for launch and adjustment of environmental structures. Based on the results of the inspections, the authorized state bodies issue an order to eliminate the identified violations of environmental and sanitary norms and rules. If the violations are not eliminated within the specified period, the control and supervision authorities may decide to suspend construction.

Commissioning of enterprises, structures and other production facilities, provided that all environmental requirements provided for by the project are met in full, is carried out on the basis of acts of acceptance commissions. The commissions include representatives of specially authorized government agencies Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection, including the State Land Committee of the Russian Federation. It should be noted that it is prohibited to commission facilities that are not provided with modern technologies, facilities and installations for the treatment, neutralization and disposal of hazardous waste that are not equipped with means to control pollution of the surrounding area. In addition, if the necessary work on land reclamation and reclamation, improvement of the environment has not been completed, then the operation of such facilities is also prohibited.

Environmental requirements are of particular importance when using land massifs, operating facilities and structures on their territory.

Enterprises, organizations, individuals are obliged to comply with the technological regime, use environmentally friendly technologies, comply with the requirements for nature protection, rational use and reproduction of natural resources, and environmental improvement. The operation of treatment facilities, installations and means of control, neutralization and disposal of waste must be reliable and efficient. Measures should be taken to protect lands, subsoil, waters, forests and other vegetation, wildlife, and to reproduce natural resources.

In cases where enterprises carry out work related to disturbance of land, they are obliged to ensure the removal, use and preservation of the fertile soil layer, and upon completion of work, to carry out the reclamation of disturbed lands, the restoration of fertility and other useful properties land and ensure their involvement in economic circulation.

Enterprises, associations, organizations and citizens involved in agriculture are obliged to carry out a set of measures to protect soils, water bodies, forests and other vegetation, wildlife from the harmful effects of natural forces, side effects of the use of complex agricultural machinery, chemicals, land reclamation and other factors that can worsen the condition of the territories assigned to them.

Construction in the countryside livestock farms and complexes, warehouses for mineral fertilizers and plant protection products, enterprises for the processing of agricultural products, first of all, must meet the general environmental requirements for the location, feasibility study of projects, design and examination of projects, commissioning and operation of facilities.

Agricultural production is more closely connected with the natural environment than industry. The locations of farms, chemical warehouses, processing plants must be chosen especially carefully. They are located on the windward side or lower in relief with respect to settlements, take into account the need to protect valuable agricultural land, the possibility of placing an object in the water protection zone of small rivers or fishery reservoirs, the location of objects in forested or open areas, etc. If these facilities during operation can adversely affect the condition of the land, then it is necessary to evaluate protective measures based on the results of the state sanitary-hygienic and environmental expertise (Article 103 of the Land Code of the RSFSR), without a positive conclusion of which construction or reconstruction of facilities is prohibited.

In the sanitary zone around fishery reservoirs, i.e. no closer than 2 km from their banks, as well as within the water protection zones of small rivers, the construction of warehouses for the storage of pesticides, mineral fertilizers, fuel and lubricants, the construction of landing sites for aerial chemical works, sites for refueling ground equipment with plant protection products, livestock breeding complexes are prohibited and farms, landfill sites, and manure storage sites.

It is not allowed to locate agricultural facilities and enterprises of the processing industry in the first belt of zones of sanitary protection of sources of water use of the population (Article 16 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population"), in the first and second zones of sanitary protection of districts (Article 91 of the Land Code of the RSFSR), on lands of reserves and protected areas of natural (national) parks (Article 90 of the Land Code of the RSFSR).

When planning the location of livestock breeding and agricultural raw materials processing enterprises, it is necessary to provide for the creation of treatment facilities, sanitary protection zones around them on the basis of existing standards.

A mandatory requirement in the organization of the territory of land ownership and land use is the priority use of agricultural land for its intended purpose. On-farm production buildings should be erected mainly on land unsuitable for agriculture, or on agricultural land of poorer quality.

Enterprises, institutions, organizations and citizens are obliged to take all necessary measures on maintaining the water balance, economical use of water, protection of lands, forests and other vegetation from depletion, flooding, flooding, strive to prevent other harmful consequences for the natural environment. The legal regulation of relations related to reclaimed (primarily irrigated) lands is based on the norms of the Land and Water Codes, and the construction and operation of water facilities are regulated by the norms of civil law. Land owners, landowners and land users are obliged to protect lands from flooding, swamping, secondary salinization (Article 101 of the Land Code of the RSFSR). The land legislation also contains a requirement according to which the implementation of land reclamation programs is prohibited without a preliminary assessment of their possible negative impact on the state of the land (Article 103 of the Land Code of the RSFSR). For this, a sanitary-hygienic and environmental examination is carried out.

The boundaries of the reclamation system are designed taking into account the territorial integrated schemes for the protection of the natural environment and schemes for the protection of the waters of small rivers, the boundaries of existing reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, territories (water areas) of habitats for specially protected species of fauna, natural monuments, and also taking into account the status of their protection.

When designing water intakes in fishery reservoirs, in agreement with the fish protection authorities, it is planned to install special devices that prevent fish from entering the water intake facilities.

Special environmental requirements are also imposed on the operation of reclamation systems. Rules technical operation irrigation systems, the obligation of water users to carry out various measures to increase the fertility of reclaimed lands, to fully and highly productively use them, preventing salinization, waterlogging or other deterioration. To combat salinization and waterlogging of soils, farms must systematically check the condition of the irrigation and drainage network and structures, prevent flooding of crops, discharge water into the collector-drainage network, water leakage through structures, and must conduct control measurements of irrigation norms. Landowners and land users who have reclaimed lands are obliged not only to comply with the requirements of the legislation on the protection of those lands and water resources that are directly affected by reclamation measures, but also to take measures to ensure the protection of forests and non-forest vegetation, wildlife, and fish stocks.

Violation of these requirements, exceeding the standards for emissions and discharges, causing harm to nature and human health entail the restriction, suspension or termination of environmentally harmful activities of agricultural and other objects on the instructions of the specially authorized state bodies of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection and health care. The enterprise is also obliged to compensate for the damage caused by the irrational use of land and other natural resources, environmental pollution, violation of sanitary and hygienic standards and requirements for protecting the health of its direct employees, the population and consumers of products in the economy and the region.