1 PRODUCT QUALITY

1.1 WHAT IS PRODUCT QUALITY

1.2 PRODUCT QUALITY COMBINED WITH MANAGEMENT QUALITY

1.3 ISO STANDARDS

1.4 QUALITY MANAGEMENT IS THE BASIS OF A NEW STAGE OF THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTION OF THE 21ST CENTURY

1.5 LONGER AT THE FIRST STAGE MEANS LONGER FOREVER

2 HOW TO INCREASE THE COMPETITIVENESS OF THE UKRAINIAN ECONOMY?

LITERATURE

1 PRODUCT QUALITY

1.1 WHAT IS PRODUCT QUALITY

Product quality is a set of properties that determine its suitability for consumption, its ability to satisfy its purpose. Each thing, product, type of product has its own special properties that characterize their quality. For the machine, high productivity, processing accuracy are important; for a car - carrying capacity, speed, fuel consumption; for fabric - density, shrinkage, crease resistance; for shoes - its strength, elasticity of the skin, comfort of the last, fashion, etc.

Improving the quality of products is tantamount to increasing the volume of output without building new factories, without increasing the cost of raw materials and materials. Only by improving the quality, reliability and durability of products, it is possible to increase the national income of the country by many billions of rubles.

To manage the quality of products, you need to be able to evaluate it. General Criteria quality assessments are contained in standards (see Standard, standardization). The standard establishes and regulates the most advanced quality indicators for any type of product. Among them are technical (power, productivity, reliability, durability, etc.) and economic, reflecting material, labor or cash costs. The quality of a product is formed at all stages of its creation: it is laid in the course of scientific research, during design and construction, is ensured during direct production, depends on the quality of raw materials and materials, on the technological process, on the means and methods of control and testing, transportation, storage, operation and repair.

AT modern production Not a single plant manufactures itself all the materials, parts and assemblies it needs, from which its product is completed. He receives a significant part of them from other enterprises. For example, factories producing cars receive a good half of their parts from other enterprises. Therefore, the problem of quality is not a matter of one enterprise or even a separate industry. It is an intersectoral, national problem. To solve it, it is necessary to harmonize the quality requirements of many enterprises. For this purpose, state certification of product quality has been introduced in our country. After a thorough check of the production conditions at a particular enterprise and evaluation of its products, the best types of products are awarded the State Quality Mark. The quality of certified products must correspond to the highest level of modern technology achieved in the USSR and abroad, must meet the needs of the national economy and the population of the country, and provide cost savings. By purchasing a thing with the Quality Mark, the consumer can be sure that it is really of a high class, that its quality, reliability and durability are guaranteed by the state. For the manufacturer, such certification of products also brings benefits. After all, products with the Quality Mark are easier to sell, therefore, it is easier for the enterprise to fulfill the state plan and get more profit.

The most important goal of any organization at present is to achieve such a level of competitiveness that allows not only to feel confident in the market, but also to look to the future with optimism. Competitiveness today implies not only the quality, reliability and attractive price of products, but also the attitude towards the organization on the part of society and the staff of the organization itself.

The State Quality Mark is awarded to consumer goods for a period of up to 2 years, the rest of the products - up to 3 years.

1.2 PRODUCT QUALITY COMBINED WITH MANAGEMENT QUALITY

In the field of quality management implementation, one constantly has to deal with the initial misunderstanding of the essence of this direction, which is rapidly developing in the West in the last quarter of this century.

Analyzing this phenomenon, we can conclude that it is based on the following facts:

Mental perception of the word "quality";

Poor familiarity with modern technologies market-oriented management;

Lack of systematic strategic planning or underestimation of the importance and profitability of investing in programs related to improving management efficiency.

Often, in trainings for the training of business leaders, they are asked to complete one task: "Give your definition of the quality that the company should demonstrate in the market, and tell me who is responsible for quality in your company."

The vast majority of answers come down to the definition: "Quality is the degree of fulfillment of the technical conditions and customer requirements for the company's products, and the responsibility for quality rests with the control services."

This is a typical response of a manager who works in the state planning and distribution economic system.

However, in market economy Since the 1970s things have changed. There are so many goods that the question of whether the product meets the given characteristics has ceased to be decisive. The market simply began to discard goods that did not meet the specified parameters when sold or in operation. The market began to demand something more than product quality.

This "something" has become, first of all, the need for a systematic risk assessment when concluding procurement contracts, the need to obtain guarantees that the purchased or supplied product or service will certainly have the specified characteristics, be presented on time and will be paid on time.

The market has found a criterion that confirms these guarantees - this is a stable production, provided with an appropriate level of management efficiency.

Thus, a new definition of quality has appeared, enshrined in Western standards. (ISO 8402).

As can be seen, product quality is only integral part new definition, it is no longer a defining element for the market, as it is implied as a self-evident characteristic, without which the conversation about selling becomes meaningless.

So, the market demanded the development and implementation effective management enterprise.

1.3 SERIES STANDARDSISO

This led to the emergence in 1987 of the international standards of the series ISO 9000, determined the minimum requirements for the stability of enterprise management, i.e., at least the presence of a formalized management system that reduces the risks of the customer, which can be demonstrated in the main areas of the enterprise.

In accordance with the new philosophy of quality, the standards covered almost all areas of the enterprise, excluding only financial and economic management, the requirements for which are planned to be introduced in new version 2000 standards.

The most complete standard ISO 9001 includes 20 controls, covering, for example, such areas of the enterprise as:

Contract activities;

Design;

Documentation management;

Production process management;

Procurement;

Metrology;

Personnel training;

Corrective and preventive actions;

Control and testing, etc.

As a matter of fact, ISO 9000 demanded the smallest thing - to make an inventory of existing information flows, formalize them within reasonable limits and enable customers to make sure that the minimum requirements for the manageability and stability of the enterprise are met.

The market needed a business card from the manufacturer, confirming the existence of minimum guarantees in relation to the existing risks.

All the largest and most reputable Western audit companies, such as, for example, TUV(Germany) or BUREAU VERITAS(England), in response to this, were accredited to conduct audits and issue certificates confirming the compliance of quality systems with the requirements of international standards ISO9000.

1.4 QUALITY MANAGEMENT IS THE BASIS OF A NEW STAGE OF THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTION OF THE 21ST CENTURY

Since the recognition of international standards ISO 9000 in Europe, a real boom began in the formalization and refinement of their management systems to obtain business card market entry. By the beginning of 1997, more than 110,000 European enterprises and several dozen in Russia had been certified.

The new approach has received a new development.

Firstly, it was found that the formalization and inventory of management processes reveals the imperfection of the flow of information flows, the absence of separate links, and reveals unnecessary management links. Management functions become transparent, responsibility and status are clearly defined at all levels of management.

The process of building a quality system turned out to be not so simple and required total training and the involvement of consultants, who at the same time are forced to train managers in problem solving methodology and team work methods, process descriptions (process maps), internal audit.

Second, the standards ISO 9000 have become a powerful tool for the Western market in the competition with the products of developing countries and our products.

1. Product quality and its evaluation

Product quality- this is a critical assessment by the consumer of the degree of compliance of its properties, quality indicators, individual and social expectations, mandatory standards in accordance with its purpose.

Product quality is associated with the concepts of product property and product usefulness. Property defines objective sides object without evaluating the importance of these properties for the consumer (for example, the technical level of products), and utility - the ability of products to benefit and satisfy a particular consumer.

Product quality is a set of product properties that determine its ability to satisfy certain needs in accordance with the purpose.

Factors affecting product quality

· Public expectations, subjective moods of consumers;

· Quality of the project (perfection of a design);

· Quality of execution (perfection of technologies);

The level of market competition.

The need to take into account the subjective side of the perception of product properties makes the problem of quality assessment quite difficult.

Factors affecting the shelf life of products:

· humidity;

The composition of the air

· mechanical factors;

biological.

As a result of these influences, various changes occur.

Quality assessment is a set of the following operations: selection of the range of quality indicators of the evaluated products, determination of the values ​​of these indicators and their comparison with the base ones.

The need to assess product quality arises when solving the following problems:

Forecasting needs, technical level and product quality;

Planning to improve the quality of products and volumes of its production;

Justification of the development of new types of products;

Selection of the best product samples;

Justification of the expediency of removing products from production;

Substantiation of the possibility of selling products abroad;

Evaluation of the scientific and technical level of the developed and existing product standards;

Product quality control;

Stimulating the improvement of product quality;

Analysis of the dynamics of quality change;

Analysis of information on product quality, etc.

Product quality assessment should be carried out at various stages of its life cycle.

Product quality assessment

Quantitative assessment of product quality indicators is carried out in order to:
- choice the best option products;
- increasing the requirements for product quality in terms of reference for design;
- evaluation of the achieved quality indicators in the design and production;
- determination and control of quality indicators after manufacture and in operation;
- determining the compliance of the achieved quality indicators with the requirements normative documentation etc.

To assess product quality indicators, the following methods are used:
- measuring;
- settlement or analytical;
- statistical;
- expert;
- organoleptic;
- sociological.

The measuring method is based on information obtained using technical measuring instruments (for example, the speed of a car is measured by a speedometer).

The calculation method is based on the use of information obtained using theoretical or experimental dependencies (for example, such a value is the power or volume of a car engine).

The statistical method is used in cases where the use of a measurement or analytical method is not possible. It is based on the collection of statistical information about individual phenomena or product parameters (for example, the time of failure or the time between failures, the operating time of products, etc.) and its processing by methods of mathematical statistics and probability theory. Based on the results of these procedures, it is possible to determine the characteristics affected by a large number random factors, such as mean time to failure, mean time between failures, mean time to recovery, product uptime, etc.

These methods are widely used in the control of product quality and regulation of the course of technological processes. Some quality indicators cannot be determined otherwise, for example, selective quality control of disposable products.

The expert method is based on the determination of product quality indicators by a relatively small group of experts (as a rule, up to 11-13 people). Via expert method the values ​​of such quality indicators are determined, which cannot currently be determined by other, more objective methods, for example, the color or shade of the color of the indicator, smell, etc.

The organoleptic method is based on the use of information obtained as a result of the analysis of the perception of the sense organs, and the values ​​of the indicators are determined by analyzing the sensations received on the basis of experience and are expressed in points. The accuracy and reliability of this method depend on the ability, skills and qualifications of the determiners. In practice, the organoleptic method is used in combination with the expert method, since they evaluate the same quality indicators, for example, groups of indicators of aesthetics, ergonomics, etc.

The sociological method is based on the determination of product quality indicators by its actual or potential consumers using questionnaires. The accuracy of the sociological method increases due to the expansion of the circle of surveyed consumers, but unlike the expert method, this method does not require special training experts.

Both sociological and organoleptic methods are used in cases where it is impossible to use measurement or calculation methods.

In practice, a combination of several methods is used to determine product quality indicators. For example, the data obtained by the measurement method are then calculated using theoretical dependencies; indicators obtained by a sociological survey are processed according to a special procedure involving the apparatus of mathematical statistics, etc.

2. Purpose and main indicators of product (service) quality.

Product quality - physical category. It is formed at the stage marketing research and experimental design developments.

Based on the analysis of the current and projected market demand, marketers formulate quality requirements that the product must meet in the short and long term. In conditions when offers on the sales market exceed demand, it is the quality of products that is one of the main factors determining its competitiveness. According to researchers, 23% of commercial product failures are due to technical imperfections of products, second only to misjudgment of market requirements.

Based on the presented studies and operating experience of previous models of equipment, the designer identifies new requirements in the working and assembly drawings of the product in the form of standardizing the accuracy of the geometric parameters of the elements of parts and their surfaces, the parameters of the physicochemical properties of surface layers that determine the wear resistance of rubbing surfaces, tightness and strength of joints , interchangeability of parts and assembly units.

Product property (GOST 15467-79) - an objective feature of a product that can manifest itself during its creation, operation or consumption.

Product quality index (GOST 15467-79) - a quantitative characteristic of one or more product properties that make up its quality, considered in relation to certain conditions of its creation and operation or consumption.

The last part of the definition is extremely important, because it shows that quality cannot be demanded from a product if it is used under conditions other than those specified in technical requirements. As a rule, the manufacturer of a product is released from legal liability for product quality if he can prove that the operation or use of the product by the customer did not occur in accordance with the specifications for this product.

Depending on the purpose and requirements for the product, the quality of the product, as a rule, cannot be characterized by one indicator. In practice, a system of indicators is used. Various factors influence the formation and application of the system of quality indicators: the diversity (complexity) of the properties that form the quality of the product; the level of novelty and complexity of its design; the originality of the conditions for the use and restoration of the properties of operated products, etc.

These factors predetermine the range of quality indicators, the features of their choice and application for specific conditions for the development, manufacture and use of the product for its intended purpose.

Quality indicators must meet the following basic requirements:
- contribute to ensuring that the quality of products meets the needs of the economy and the population;
- be stable;
- take into account modern achievements of science and technology, the main directions of the technical process and the world market;
- characterize all the properties of the product that determine its quality;
- be measurable at all stages of the product life cycle (marketing, design, manufacture, operation or use).

Based on these requirements, when establishing the nomenclature of quality indicators, they proceed from the following principles:
- completeness of the composition of product quality indicators;
- manageability of the processes of creation and application of products in terms of quality indicators;
- aggregated indicators.

The principle of completeness of the composition implies that the adopted nomenclature of product quality indicators will be necessary and sufficient to assess with a certain degree of accuracy the fact of achieving the required quality level, based on the final effect as a result of using the created product with the allocated resources for its creation, development and use.

The principle of manageability is that the target functions of managing the processes of creating and using products must be expressed through indicators that can be used to plan, take into account, control and regulate quality management. At the same time, these indicators should be compatible with the quality information that is transferred from one level of management to another, from this stage of the life cycle to the next (from development to production), and should be measurable at each of them.

The aggregated principle consists in the possibility of moving from single quality indicators to complex or integral ones, characterizing the totality of product properties or the product as a whole.

Single indicator quality properties (GOST 15467-79) - an indicator of product quality that characterizes one of its properties (for example, durability, reliability, productivity, etc.).

Comprehensive Quality Score (GOST 15467-79) - an indicator of product quality that characterizes several of its properties (for example, ergonomics, i.e. adaptability of products to work in the "man-machine" system, which includes such properties as suitability for control, signal reading, conditions work with a given performance, etc.).

Integral quality index (GOST 15467-79) - the ratio of the total beneficial effect from the operation or consumption of products to the total costs of its creation and operation or consumption.

The cost of creating a product significantly depends on the time of its subsequent release, since the cost of creating a machine is a one-time value and, when calculating the beneficial effect, it should decrease depending on the time of release of the product.

It is advisable to use the integral indicator when optimizing the product parameters. It becomes maximum at the optimal useful effect and optimal (minimum) costs, i.e. an increase in costs is necessary when the integral quality indicator increases.

Technical effect indicators characterize the ability of the product to perform its functions under the specified conditions of use for its intended purpose (productivity, power, load capacity, etc.).

Reliability indicators - the ability of the product to perform the required functions under specified conditions for a specified period of time.

The product reliability property is a complex property that includes such product properties as reliability, durability, maintainability and storage (in various combinations).

Reliability (GOST 27.002-89) - the properties of the object continuously maintain a healthy state for some time or operating time.

Features of this property include:
- the probability of failure-free operation P(t) - the probability that within a given operating time or a given time, the failure of the object will not occur;
- mean time to failure (for non-recoverable parts) Gavg;
- GE - mathematical expectation of the operating time of the object to the first failure;

Durability (GOST 27.002-89) - the property of an object to maintain a healthy state until the limit state occurs with the established maintenance and repair system.

To indicators of durability relate:

Y-percentage resource Ru - the total operating time during which the object does not reach

limit state with probability y, expressed as a percentage;

The average resource Рav is the mathematical expectation of the resource, etc.

For non-recoverable products (fuses, light bulbs, etc.), the reliability and durability indicators are the same.

maintainability (GOST 27.002-89) - property of an object, which consists in adaptability to maintaining and restoring a working state through maintenance and repair.

To indicators of maintainability relate:
- the probability of recovery P(tB) - the probability that the recovery time of the operable state of the object will not exceed the specified value;
- the average recovery time Tv - the mathematical expectation of the recovery time of the operable state of the object after a failure, etc.

Persistence (GOST 27.002-89) - the property of an object to retain within the specified limits the values ​​of parameters that characterize the ability of the object to perform the required functions during and after storage and / or transportation.

All of the above reliability indicators are single, i.e. characterizing only one any property of reliability. In addition to them, complex indicators are also used to assess reliability, most often they jointly evaluate the properties of reliability and (or) durability and maintainability. For example, the availability factor Kr is the probability that the object will be in a working state at an arbitrary point in time, except for the planned periods during which the object is not used for its intended purpose.

Ergonomic indicators - suitability of the product for human use; are used in production and household processes during the functioning of the system man-product-environment of use. These indicators take into account a complex of hygienic (humidity, illumination, temperature), anthropometric (effort on the handle of the control system, ease of sitting, etc.), physiological (conformity of the design with the speed, visual, auditory capabilities of a person), ergonomic (compliance of the product with the possibilities of perception, use and consolidating operator skills, etc.) human properties.

Ergonomic indicators should quantitatively characterize the corresponding properties that have such an impact on a person, in which the magnitude of the technical effect from the performance of the main functions of the product changes. The name and units of measurement of individual indicators of ergonomics are specified depending on the type of product.

Aesthetic indicators characterize the artistic expressiveness, the rationality of the form and the integrity of the composition of the product. For example, for wristwatches, such indicators include the quality of design, conformity to fashion, compositional performance, etc.

Manufacturability indicators characterize the degree of adaptability of the structure to production, operation and repair for given values ​​of product quality indicators, the volume of its output and the conditions for performing work (for example, specific labor intensity in manufacturing, maintenance and repair, specific energy intensity). AT technical terms manufacturability indicators characterize two interrelated sets of product properties: the technological rationality of its design (composition and design) and the continuity of design solutions (applicability and repeatability of performance components) and efficiency, labor intensity, material and energy consumption of the product. Manufacturability indicators also include indicators of unification and transportability.

Unification indicators - characterize the degree of saturation of the product with standard and unified parts and components.

Transportability indicators - characterize the suitability of the product for movement by various types Vehicle, without being used for its intended purpose (for example, the average duration and average labor intensity of preparing the product for transportation; the average duration of loading the product onto vehicles of this type, etc.).

Workflow resource metrics - characterize the product properties that determine the efficiency of a functioning product, i.e. adaptability to efficient use resources (energy, labor, materials, time) allocated for direct use for their intended purpose (for example, specific consumption of fuel, electricity, heat).

For a comprehensive assessment of the resource-saving properties of a structure, a single complex indicator, expressing the total costs of all types of resources for the creation, manufacture and use of the product in accordance with its purpose, as well as maintaining it in working condition.

JAV safety performance are the most important among all other indicators of quality. They include groups of environmental indicators, i.e. indicators of environmental protection and labor safety indicators characterizing the safety and preservation of human health when working with this product. The fulfillment of quantitative requirements for safety indicators (environmental friendliness and labor safety) is standardized by national legislative acts or other regulatory and technical documents or international agreements, their implementation is mandatory and is verified during product certification. If the products do not meet these requirements or have not been certified, they are not allowed on the national markets of the respective countries.

Environmental indicators - characterize the level of harmful effects of the product on the environment arising from its operation or consumption (for example, the specific concentration of harmful substances emitted into the environment during its operation or storage, the specific pressure of the machine on the soil, etc.). In our country, these indicators are standardized in state laws and in the GOST System of standards in the field of nature protection and improvement of the use of natural resources (for example, GOST 17.2.2.03-87 "Nature protection. Atmosphere. Standards and methods for measuring the content of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons in exhaust gases vehicles with gasoline engines"), as well as in the legislation of most countries in the world or international agreements.

Occupational safety indicators - characterize the features of the product, which determine the safety of a person, mating and other objects in all modes of operation, transportation and storage of products. They are standardized in the standards of individual countries (in our country - in the GOST "System of Labor Safety Standards") and a number of international documents (for example, the safety standards for electrical household appliances adopted by the International Electrotechnical Commission, or the Directives of the European Community on transport safety). Their implementation is mandatory.

The nomenclature of quality indicators of a particular type of product is selected depending on its features, life cycle stage and decision-making level, which predetermine the areas of application of the indicators.

Safety indicators (environmental friendliness and labor safety) are subject to mandatory certification.

3. Ways and means of achieving the highest quality indicators in the development of new types of products (services).

The market economy as one of the most important characteristics includes competition between the subjects and objects of the market. By competition is meant rivalry between individuals or economic units interested in achieving the same goal in any field.

The concept of competitiveness is closely related to competition. Competitiveness- the ability to withstand competition, resist it. At the same time, the concept of competitiveness is applied both to goods (services) and to enterprises, firms and other organizations. Product competitiveness is its relative characteristic, which reflects the difference this product from a competitor's product, firstly, according to the degree of compliance with the same social need, and secondly, according to the costs of satisfying this need. Costs are understood as the consumption price, which includes the costs of the buyer associated with the acquisition of the goods, and all costs arising from its consumption or use.

The competitiveness of a product is characterized by three groups of indicators:

- usefulness(quality, effect of use, etc.);

- defining costs of the consumer when meeting his needs through this product (costs of acquisition, use, maintenance, repair, disposal, etc.);

- offer competitiveness(method of promoting products to the market, terms of delivery and payment, distribution channels, after-sales service, etc.).

The parameters of product competitiveness (Fig. 1.2) are divided into normative(compliance of goods with standards, specifications and, legislation) technical(technological properties of the product that determine the scope of its application, reliability, durability, power, etc.), economic(the level of expenses of the buyer for the acquisition, consumption and disposal of goods, i.e. the price of consumption) and organizational(system of discounts, completeness of deliveries, terms and conditions of deliveries, etc.).

Rice. 1.2. Product competitiveness parameters

The study of the competitiveness of goods is important for manufacturing enterprises, since market relations do not allow them to occupy a stable position in the market for a long time, relying in their production and marketing strategy only on indicators of the competitiveness of goods, i.e. without taking into account the costs of its production and sale. Manufacturer Competitiveness is its ability to maintain and expand sales markets through purposeful activities both in relation to the quality characteristics of products and in relation to competing manufacturers. All decisions related to entering new sales markets, reorganizing the organizational structure, modifying and mastering new types of products, changing the volume of its production, changing the main production assets, changes in economic relations and marketing policy.

The categories "competitiveness of goods" and "competitiveness of the manufacturer" are interdependent. An enterprise cannot be competitive if its product is not marketable. However, the competitiveness of the goods is not a decisive factor in the competitiveness of the enterprise. In a number of cases, the competitiveness of a product is ensured through its sale at dumping prices that do not compensate for the costs of its production and sale (which, over a sufficiently long period of time, can lead to the bankruptcy of the manufacturer).

Being closely interconnected, the categories of competitiveness of a product and an enterprise also have significant differences:

1) the competitiveness of products is assessed and studied in the time interval corresponding to the life cycle of the product, and the study of the competitiveness of the enterprise is based on a longer period of time corresponding to the period of operation of the enterprise;

2) the competitiveness of products is considered in relation to each of its types, and the competitiveness of the enterprise covers the entire changing range of products and its production and technical potential;

3) the analysis of the level of competitiveness of the enterprise is carried out by him, and the assessment of the competitiveness of the goods is the prerogative of the consumer.

In its structure, the competitiveness of an enterprise is much more complicated than the competitiveness of products, since the object of its application is the entire production and economic activity of the enterprise.

The competitiveness of an enterprise is determined by the action of a complex of factors of external and internal environment his life activity. To factors external environment can be attributed:

The level of state regulation and development of the economy of the country of residence (taxation, credit, financial and banking systems, legislative support for business, the system foreign economic relations etc.);

Communication system;

Organization of input material flows;

Factors that determine the consumption of products (market capacity, consumer requirements for product quality, etc.).
Internal environmental factors enterprises characterize the following internal production indicators:

Technical level of production (state and level of use of production capacities);

Technology;

Organization of production and management;

Demand formation and stimulation system, etc.

The possibilities of the enterprise's influence on environmental factors are limited, since they act objectively in relation to the enterprise. The real and immediate possibilities for regulating the competitiveness of an enterprise belong to the sphere of internal environment factors, however, an enterprise can influence these factors with different intensity. Serious capital investments and a long payback period require changes in the technical and technological conditions of the enterprise. The most mobile and amenable to effective regulation without significant capital investments are the factors of organizing the management of production and marketing activities, and it is in this area that there are real ways to increase the competitiveness of an enterprise. The decisive lever in this is the product quality management system implemented by the company.

The competitiveness of an enterprise can be assessed by comparing the specific positions of several enterprises in the same market in terms of such parameters as: ability to adapt to changing competitive conditions, technology, resolution of equipment, knowledge and practical experience of personnel, management system, marketing policy, image and communications. We are talking about a complex of intellectual, technical, technological, organizational and economic characteristics that determine the success of an enterprise in the market.

The problem of quality and competitiveness is becoming a key issue for Russian enterprises, contributing to the obvious growth of interest in strategic business issues and in the problem of quality, as well as in approaches and methods for solving them, expressed in various forms:

Concentration of efforts of a wide range of companies on establishing the production of products that are competitive in their characteristics;

Studying the experience of Western companies that supply the world market with products that are superior in their parameters to domestic ones, with a view to its possible use in their enterprise;

Stepping up activities to develop and implement a product quality management system that meets the requirements of international standards (in economically developed countries, these systems are not only a source of competitive advantage but also a mandatory infrastructural basis for the effective interaction of companies in the context of a rapidly deepening division of labor);

Gradual awareness by Russian managers of the need to master a new philosophy of quality and, on its basis, the formation in companies of a fundamentally new for domestic practice organizational culture.

Solving the quality problem is an integral element of the development strategy modern companies, therefore, the introduction of a product quality management system should begin with determining the place of this system in overall strategy companies.

Since the formation of a product quality management system through the implementation of international standards and principles of TQM (total quality management) is focused on improving the quality and competitiveness of the company's products (services), all processes associated with this activity should begin with an analysis of the needs and expectations of consumers of this products (services). Therefore, the company must first determine marketing strategy, which will reflect the interests and characteristics of consumers and the nature of the competitive advantages of its products (services), due to which it expects to succeed.

In accordance with marketing strategy the assets of the company and its technological potential must develop, therefore it is necessary technical development strategy.

The quality of products and their competitiveness significantly depend on the quality and mode of supply of materials and components, therefore, it is necessary strategy of interaction of the company with their suppliers.

The creation and practical use of a product quality management system depends on people, their qualifications and ability to constantly learn and improve their knowledge and skills, on their real involvement in activities to solve a quality problem. This causes the need for an effective personnel management strategy.

To plan measures to improve the quality and eliminate the causes of the production of low-quality products (services), the allocation of funds and people for the implementation of improvements, it is necessary to analyze and evaluate the costs associated with quality and the effect of improvements, therefore, an integral part of the company's strategy is a system of transparent accounting and management accounting within the framework of the product quality management system.

When formulating a company strategy, special attention should be paid to definition and development of core competence, those. that complex of interrelated resources and internal capabilities of the company that ensure its strategic competitiveness, the achievement of sustainable competitive advantages over rivals in the market.

The formation of a general strategy and a set of functional strategies of the company involves not only the development of a system of strategic plans, but also the formation of a common strategic thinking– a coordinated approach to the long-term prospects of the company and the adoption of operational decisions with a focus on them. This can be achieved by involving a wider range of people in the formation of the strategy, i.e. creating an appropriate organizational culture.

Quality Strategy (QS) should be considered as one of the most important functional strategies and developed as an integral part of the company's overall strategy, so the company's management, when deciding on the development and implementation of the SC, should think about the formation of the entire complex of strategic components.

The situation faced by domestic enterprises that have taken the path of a systematic solution to the problem of quality is radically different from that which is typical for American and Western European companies when they began to master the ISO 9000 series standards and TQM principles. Regular management for foreign companies is a natural element of their organizational culture, and transparency of activities is a component necessary for successful operations in the capital market and trusting relationships with business partners. As for the orientation towards meeting the needs of consumers, this is the usual course for foreign companies, which is mandatory for successful operations in competitive markets. Thus, the formation and implementation of a quality strategy in the activities of foreign companies only affects the remaining elements of regular management, without assuming the need for their significant restructuring. . Home same problem, faced by domestic companies developing a product quality management system is the need to restructure various aspects of the company's activities and the associated change in the organizational culture of the company, the psychology of managers and performers.

If in domestic companies the goal of creating a product quality management system is to reduce it only to its certification according to ISO 9000 series standards, then the result will be very limited, if not a failure. Formal application of the ISO 9000 series of standards, without appreciable gain, can undermine the possibility of real improvements in quality management and its results. The main content of the certification process is to check the documentation of the most important procedures and their actual use. However, the compliance of the company's activities with the requirements of the quality system documents does not in itself ensure high product quality, but only confirms its ability to produce products or provide services that meet a certain standard or contract.

Certification in a certain sense is similar to the matriculation exam, which can be passed only after having studied (and considerable time) in primary and secondary schools, not to mention higher.

The product quality management system should ensure both that the product meets the demand for it, and the guaranteed identification and elimination of deficiencies in the processes that affect its quality, i.e., ensure the highest probability of product quality

4. Product quality management at the enterprise.

Product quality management should be carried out systematically, i.e. the enterprise should have a product quality management system, which is an organizational structure that distributes responsibilities, procedures and resources necessary for quality management. The quality policy is the main directions and objectives of the organization in the field of quality, formally formulated by top management. It is formed in such a way as to cover the activities of each employee and orient the staff of the enterprise to achieve the set goals.

A quality system is a set of organizational structure, methods, processes and resources necessary for the implementation of overall quality management. A quality assurance model is a standardized or selected set of quality system requirements combined to meet the quality assurance needs of a given situation. Quality manual - a document that reflects the quality policy and describes the organization's quality system. It may cover all the activities of the organization or only part of it.

Under product quality management understand the systematic and purposeful process of influencing at all levels the factors and conditions for creating products, ensuring its optimal quality and full use.

The domestic quality management system has made a significant contribution to the development of approaches to product quality management throughout the world. When developing international standards for quality systems, domestic experience was taken into account.

The quality system, regulated by the international standard ISO 9004, covers the entire life cycle of a product from design to disposal and applies to such elements of the system as marketing, logistics, sales, service.

A systematic approach to product quality management implies a clear interaction of all departments and management bodies of the enterprise.

Product Quality Management System is a set of management bodies and management objects, activities, methods and means aimed at establishing, ensuring and maintaining a high level of product quality. It (the system) includes the following functions.

1. Functions of strategic, tactical and operational management.

2. Functions of decision-making, control actions, analysis and accounting, information and control.

3. Functions specialized and common for all stages of the product life cycle.

4. Management functions according to scientific, technical, industrial, economic and social factors and conditions.

In accordance with the international standards ISO 9000 series, a quality policy and a quality system itself are distinguished, including the provision, improvement and management of product quality.

Quality Policy may be formulated as a line of action or a long-term goal and may include:

Improvement economic situation enterprises;

Expansion or conquest of new sales markets;

Achieving a technical level of products that exceeds the level of leading firms;

Orientation to meet the requirements of consumers of certain industries or regions;

Development of products, the functionality of which is implemented on new principles;

Improving the most important indicators of product quality;

Reducing the level of defectiveness of manufactured products;

Extended product warranties;

Service development.

At present, the growing demands to improve the quality of products is one of the characteristic features of the development of the world market. Thus, in a competitive environment, only those enterprises will be able to successfully develop, which carry out systematic management of product quality.

At present, to solve the main problem of increasing the efficiency and quality of production on the basis of its intensification, scientific and technological progress, acceleration. All the efforts of economic and Party leaders must be directed towards the solution of these problems, and they must ensure the correct combination of current economic activity with political work among the masses.

Before choosing, all the options under consideration are brought into a comparable form, i.e., they are equalized in terms of characteristics so that they provide the same quality in the production of electrical products.

The management of a type or a set of works at one object is carried out by a construction foreman. The foremen are entrusted with the direct management of the teams, as well as the placement of workers along the work front. The most important duty of the master is constant control over the quality of the work.

This policy is most fully and concentratedly reflected in the state plans for the development of the national economy. In solving the main task of the Eleventh Five-Year Plan, priority is given to improving the efficiency and quality of production on the basis of high rates of development of socialist production, scientific and technological progress, accelerating the growth of labor productivity, and strengthening economic methods of management. Strict implementation of state plans is mandatory for industries, individual enterprises and every employee.

At present, the main directions for improving the quality of repair work have been outlined; mechanization of repair work; organization of equipment repair workshops; introduction of progressive methods of conducting repair work centralization of manufacturing units, parts and pipe billets scientific organization labor.

What should be the range and quality Production

An interesting analysis, also based on a large amount of factual material, is given in the analysis of two groups of damage to gas pipelines that are of an emergency nature, namely, gaps in the joints of gas pipelines and corrosion damage. The dependence of the amount of damage on the quality of the work is convincingly shown, and therefore the number of failures in gas pipelines laid after 1951 is significantly lower than in gas pipelines of earlier laying years. However, some of the article's conclusions seem overly categorical. Thus, the exclusion from consideration, i.e., equating to zero, the probability of mechanical damage to gas pipelines, ... since they occur during improper or careless work and can be prevented, as well as a complete refusal to take into account corrosion damage when determining the rate of failures of gas pipelines seem to be an unreasonable overestimation of the reliability of gas pipelines. The probability of these events is reduced as a result of improved quality of anti-corrosion protection, improved supervision of earthworks in the gas pipeline area, etc., but still not excluded. The assertion that only a complete rupture of the gas pipeline junction can lead to failure also seems disputable. With a partial rupture, the failure will be characterized only by a shallower depth. Considering the foregoing, as well as the experience of Leningrad organizations, it is possible to take into account the value of ay by 15-20% less than what was recommended in 1966. Of course, it is desirable that the study of this issue be continued.

The presence of landslides, dips, karst funnels on the route, the possibility of subsidence or ascent of the pipeline in swamps, seismicity, and increased soil corrosion are highly undesirable. The influence of these natural factors can be limited or eliminated by bypassing or minimizing the sections of the route with such phenomena, taking the necessary technical measures to neutralize them, as well as achieving a high quality of construction and installation works.

Production quality. Assessed by

The second stage (1950s) reflects the consumer's change in the quality of the goods. The buyer pays more and more attention to the quality characteristics of the products of a particular manufacturer. This was reflected in the fact that the manufacturer began to direct his efforts not only to ensure the quality of production of products with certain characteristics (requirements), but also to the quality of designing both the product itself in order to satisfy the wishes and requirements of the buyer, and the process of its manufacture. At this stage, the manufacturer paid the main attention to improving the reliability and maintainability of products, as well as the productivity (efficiency) of its production, which ensured its competitiveness in the market.

There are three areas where design can make a significant contribution to manufacturing quality.

Production quality. The degree of error-freeness in the manufacture of goods or services. This definition includes inherently correct production and is clearly distinct from conformity quality. The quality of conformity can be maintained by technical control even when the quality of production is low.

The easiest way to identify costs is due to low quality production. These are the costs of control, the cost of waste, the cost of rework and the cost of storage due to the need to supply products during these inspections and reworks. There are also non-material motivational factors, it is believed that production is going nowhere.

Quality is increasingly becoming a criterion for obtaining an order, and in many areas already qualifying criterion. At the same time, the pressure to improve quality is constantly growing. In such markets, higher quality of development and quality of compliance create and enhance the firm's competitiveness. Improving the quality of production reduces costs.

Among the factors that ensured the success of the company, there are such as the release of new products, technological innovations, high quality production and aggressive marketing.

In their relations with state bodies, state companies do not differ significantly from private companies. Owning property, defining general tasks, the sphere of activity of state corporations, the government completely delegates to their management all the main administrative and economic functions, endows them with complete independence, autonomy in decision-making and management. At the same time, it should be noted that one of the distinguishing trends of recent years - the privatization of state-owned companies, their transfer to the private sector - is caused by the desire to increase the efficiency and quality of the production of relevant goods and services (for example, communications, rail transportation etc.).

Quality of production - the ability to produce the quality corresponding to the project at a given amount of costs and taking into account cost goals. The main difficulty here is to find the optimal balance between technology, automation and the human factor.

Now you need to buy, and buy what your production needs, you need to be able to draw up a contract, set out in it the requirements for the quality of supplies, for acceptance and incoming types of control, the rules for considering quality claims, in some cases the requirement to obtain a certificate for a quality system, production or their assessment on their own, etc.

According to this document, in the GOST R System, goods for personal (household) needs of citizens are certified products for industrial and technical purposes, including means of production construction products the work performed and the services rendered to the population of the production quality system.,

The objects of voluntary certification in the GOST R System are quality systems, production systems, as well as products, works, services that are not subject to mandatory certification in accordance with the legislative acts of the Russian Federation, according to requirements for compliance with which legislative acts do not provide for mandatory certification.

Forms of applications for certification of products, works, services, quality systems, production facilities are given in the rules for certification of the GOST R Certification System. Forms of the main documents used in the System, approved by resolution Gosstandart of Russia dated March 17, 1998 No. 12.

The Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR On Improving Planning and Strengthening the Impact of the Economic Mechanism on Increasing the Efficiency and Quality of Work defined a system of measures to improve the economic mechanism, priority in KOTqpofi is given to improving planned work. The impact of the plan on the efficiency and quality of production depends largely on its performance. Significantly changes the system of planned indicators, which in more than before, they focus on efficiency and quality - the final national economic results.

The German company Siemens AG uses computer-aided design and pre-production simulation systems to speed up market entry and improve the quality of production of programmable logic controllers - miniature control devices for industrial mechanisms. Continuous feedback between production results and design systems ensures continuous improvement in production. For 10 years from 1988 to 1998, Siemens reduced the pre-production cycle by more than 2.5 times, while reducing the defect rate by 10 times. Similar application electronic means to reduce time to market and improve quality should have an impact on all industries.

The quality is ensured by a high level of seamstresses and cutters; similarly, it depends on the level and abilities of se ondhand medium and low quality, made in Turkey, China

The minimum information about the socio-professional structure of the personnel of the enterprise is necessary in order to be able to understand the behavior of people. It is especially necessary to correlate

Quality control is an important function in quality management in an enterprise.
GOST 15467-79 “Product quality management. Basic concepts" regulates product quality as a set of properties that determine the suitability of products to meet specific needs in accordance with the purpose. Each product has certain properties that characterize the quality. General criteria for assessing quality are established in the regulatory documentation: technical regulations, standards, specifications for specific types products. Thus, cosmetic products must be manufactured in accordance with the requirements of TR CU 009/2011 and standards for a certain type of product, for example, GOST 31460-2012 “Cosmetic creams”. In addition, each product has its own consumer properties.

Thus, the concept of "quality" is associated with the satisfaction of consumer expectations in relation to a particular product, and therefore is an important component of the product's competitiveness and a guarantee that the product will be sold in any economic situation will win a large audience.

What is quality control?

A number of sources give the following definitions of the term "control". In the ISO 9000:2015 standard, control refers to the determination of compliance with specified requirements. According to GOST 15467-79, quality control means checking the compliance of product quality indicators with established requirements. This activity is carried out in order to confirm that the manufactured finished products meet or do not meet the requirements established in the regulatory documentation.

Quality control, regardless of the methods used, involves, first of all, the separation of relevant products from defective ones. Of course, product quality will not improve due to rejection, but, as a rule, an effective quality control system in most cases contributes to the timely prevention or reduction of failures and errors in operation, followed by their correction with minimal material costs and losses. Therefore, in the control process, special attention is paid to careful control production processes and prevention of marriage.

As a rule, production control confirms the fulfillment of established (specified) requirements for processes and products and includes:

Input control of purchased resources (raw materials, packaging materials);

Quality control in the production process;

Quality control finished products.

Quality control is subject to:

Purchased raw materials, materials and other resources;

Produced semi-finished products and finished products;

Availability of regulatory documents for testing, including sampling;

Availability of necessary premises, equipment, consumables.

The control procedure, as a rule, is regulated by the documents of the management system and is carried out at regular intervals and is reduced to measuring certain indicators and comparing them with the reference ones. Mandatory requirement is the separation and isolation of nonconforming products (defective products) from the rest. When nonconformities are identified, further production should be suspended, and resumption is possible only after the causes of the nonconformity have been eliminated. Therefore, control is not always carried out according to plan. It is also possible to carry out unscheduled (emergency) control in conditions when at any stage of production a threat to quality is identified and recorded or there is a danger of violations. For example, in case of problems with water supply, it is possible to increase the number of laboratory tests of water or to control some additional parameter of water quality.

The main role in the organization of the control process is played by the distribution of responsibility and authority. It is necessary that each employee meets the requirements for skills and experience, and strictly fulfill their official duties. Here, an important point is the formation of the ideology of unacceptability and inadmissibility of marriage, the ideology of personal responsibility of the employee responsible for the performance of work and the quality of products. The level of control, first of all, depends on the qualifications of the personnel, their attention to the process of control and production. The most reliable way to minimize discrepancies is to organize training and certification of personnel.

Thus, quality control is based on the responsibility of each employee for the work performed, which makes it possible to monitor the quality of products in a timely manner: to suspend the production of defects in a timely manner without passing it on to subsequent stages of production, to take timely measures to normalize the process of production of products that meet the established (specified) requirements . But, nevertheless, priority must be given to the prevention of deviations, and not to the identification and elimination of defects.

As a rule, the quality control process includes taking samples (samples) at certain stages of the product life cycle, conducting established tests, and recording test results. All logged data is analyzed for possible failures that could lead to quality degradation and stored for a set amount of time.

Based on the results of the control, one of the following decisions can be made:

Recognition of products that meet the established (specified) requirements;

Identification of marriage (non-conforming products) and implementation of actions to manage such products;

Processing of products with subsequent re-control;

Making changes to processes.

In addition to recording, the result of the control can be confirmed visually, where appropriate, for example, by marking with labels or tags.

Important in the process of quality control is the constant desire to improve quality by attracting the latest technologies. Science is moving forward, higher quality standards are emerging. It is important to monitor the emergence of modern equipment and new test methods.

Input control

Most often, the company does not produce all the necessary materials from which it manufactures its products. A significant part of them is purchased from other enterprises. In order to confirm the conformity of the products purchased from the supplier, an incoming control is carried out. Such a check makes it possible to identify inconsistencies and deviations from the norm even at the stage of acceptance and prevent inappropriate raw materials from being put into production, on which the quality of the finished product directly depends.

Input control, as a rule, involves an external inspection (packaging integrity, labeling, quantity) and testing for certain quality and safety indicators.

Each batch of incoming materials must be subjected to incoming control, so the process is very laborious. But by building mutually beneficial relationships with suppliers, when criteria for evaluating and selecting suppliers are established, when the supplier is verified and “approved”, it is possible to reduce the amount of input control. Therefore, incoming control is often considered as one of the elements of the relationship with the supplier.

The effectiveness of input control is evidenced by the absence or decrease in cases of transfer of non-conforming raw materials and materials to production. The imperfection of the input control process can cause losses to the manufacturer, because the lack of an adequate level of quality of incoming raw materials can lead not only to defects in manufactured products, but also to delays in fulfilling obligations to the customer (consumer), to an increase in the cost of production due to the elimination of defects.

Control in the production process

Control in the production process is associated with tracking quality directly during production at certain stages. At the same time, samples (samples) are taken and their quality is controlled. It is important not to pass rejects to subsequent stages of production in order to avoid unplanned and unnecessary costs associated with the processing or disposal of such products.

Control involves checking products for compliance with reference samples, including parameters appearance, the correctness of labeling, as well as laboratory testing for certain quality indicators. The main goal is the timely detection of deviations and, if necessary, the adjustment of technological processes to ensure that the quality of the products produced is consistent. Therefore, it is necessary to manage not only the quality of the products themselves, but also the processes. It is necessary to control compliance with the requirements of technological instructions and standard operating procedures (SOP) at all stages of the production cycle, including the stages of storage and transportation, at which product damage is also possible.

In addition, in production, it is important to conduct microbiological monitoring of production equipment, premises entering the industrial premises air, control of microbial contamination of hands and overalls of personnel, control of the technical condition of equipment, control of compliance with safety regulations and compliance with order. It should be noted that the order in the workplace contributes to the improvement of the quality of products, increases productivity. While disorder leads to sloppiness and errors in work, increasing deviations from established requirements.

Finished product control

The purpose of quality control of finished products– establishing the conformity of finished products with regulatory requirements and protecting consumers from unintentionally receiving non-conforming products. This type of control is the resulting stage. Finished products can be sold only when their quality meets the established requirements of regulatory documentation.

Production control

Quality control- an integral part of production processes, playing an important role as one of the functions of enterprise management. It is known that the leading position in the market is achieved by enterprises that are able to ensure the quality of their products. At KorolevPharm LLC, one of the principles is consumer orientation. Each employee understands that the enterprise functions at the expense of its consumers, and therefore it is necessary to produce products that meet all the specified requirements, characterized by stable quality. Control is carried out at all stages of the production cycle within the framework of the management system. A full range of testing of raw materials, packaging materials, semi-finished products, finished products in terms of physical, chemical and microbiological parameters, as well as microbiological monitoring of production is carried out by specialists of the Analytical Laboratory. To ensure quality, KorolevPharm LLC annually spends funds that it invests in modern equipment to control the quality of purchased raw materials and manufactured finished products, mastering modern techniques control, as well as staff development.

The main task of the quality control system– identify the stages at which problems may arise, and thus optimize the work of quality control personnel: pay attention where it is needed and not perform extra work where it is not required. The company considers the quality of its products to be one of the most important indicators of its activity.

5. Results and efficiency of the enterprise

5.1. The company's products, their quality

5.1.1. general characteristics products

The result of labor often appears in material form - in the form of products. Products manufactured at the plant different stages technological process is in the form of work in progress, semi-finished product or finished product (product).

Finished products are products industrial enterprise which are completed by production, comply with state standards or technical specifications, are accepted by the technical control department, are provided with documents certifying quality and are intended for sale to the outside.

Semi-finished products are semi-finished products, the technical processing of which is completed in one of the productions (shops) of the enterprise, but requires completion or processing in an adjacent production (another shop) of the same enterprise, or which can be transferred for further processing to other enterprises.

Work in progress is a product that has not received a finished look within the production, as well as products that have not been checked by the Quality Control Department and not handed over to the finished product warehouse.

The products of labor are divided into means of production (means of labor and objects of labor) and commodities (food and non-food products).

Planning and accounting for the manufacture of products is carried out in natural (physical) and cost (monetary) meters. Measures of the volume of production in physical terms are physical units (tons, pieces, m), conditionally natural (thousands of conditional cans, conditional sheets of slate and pieces of brick) and double natural indicators (production of pipes - in tons and m, fabrics - m and sq. .m).

The degree of satisfaction of market needs characterizes the volume of goods of a certain nomenclature and assortment.

The nomenclature is an enlarged list of products manufactured by an enterprise, and the assortment characterizes its composition by types, types, varieties, and other features.

The volume of production in value terms determined by indicators:
- marketable products - this is the cost of products intended for sale (finished products, semi-finished products, works and services of an industrial nature);
- gross output - this is the sum of the cost of all types of products produced by the enterprise and, in addition to the elements that make up the composition of marketable products, includes changes in the balance of work in progress over billing period, the cost of raw materials and materials of the customer and some other elements;
- net production characterizes the newly created value as a result of the industrial and production activities of the enterprise for a certain period. It is determined by subtracting from the volume of gross output material costs and the amount of depreciation deductions;
- sold products - this is the cost of products released to the side and paid by the buyer in the reporting period.

5.1.2. Production program of the enterprise

The production program is a task for the production and sale of products in an assortment of appropriate quality in kind and value terms for a certain period (year, quarter, month).

The production program predetermines the tasks for putting new production capacities into operation, the need for material and raw materials, the number of workers, etc. It is closely related to financial plan, plan for production costs, profit and profitability.

Industrial enterprises form their production program independently on the basis of consumer demand identified in the process of studying the market; a portfolio of orders (contracts) for products and services; government orders and own needs.

The production program consists of three sections:
- production plan in physical terms - establishes the volume of output of products of the appropriate quality according to the nomenclature and assortment in physical units of measurement (t, m, pcs). It is determined based on the full and best satisfaction of consumer demand and the achievement of maximum utilization of production capacity;
- production plan in value terms in terms of gross, marketable and net output;
- a plan for the sale of products in physical and value terms. It is compiled on the basis of concluded contracts for the supply of products, as well as semi-finished products, components and parts under cooperation agreements with other enterprises, as well as our own assessment of the market capacity. The calculation of the volume of products sold is made on the basis of the value of marketable products, taking into account changes in the balance of products in the warehouse and shipped, but not paid for by customers, at the beginning and end of the planned year. But the volume of sales of products is also affected by changes in the quality of products and the prices for products and services in the enterprise.

The initial data for determining the maximum possible output for the year is the average annual production capacity of the enterprise and the coefficient of its use. Often, meeting the needs of the market requires the introduction of new additional capacities through technical re-equipment, reconstruction or expansion of the enterprise.

5.1.3. Product quality and its evaluation

Product quality is a set of product properties that determine its suitability to satisfy certain needs in accordance with its purpose.

A product quality indicator is a quantitative characteristic of one or more product properties that make up its quality and is considered in relation to certain conditions of its creation, operation or consumption.

Different industries use different indicators to characterize quality. For example, in Food Industry:
- physico-chemical indicators - characterize the composition of food products;
- organoleptic indicators - this is the appearance, color, taste, smell;
- aesthetic indicators - characterize the artistic design of food products (packaging);
- technological indicators - the share of raw materials for the production of a unit of production; coefficient of use of raw materials, materials, energy resources, etc.;
- patent and legal indicators characterize the degree of renewal of technical solutions used in the manufacture of products, their patent protection, as well as the possibility of unhindered sales of products in the country and abroad. These include indicators of patent purity, patent protection, territorial distribution;
- persistence indicators - determine the ability various kinds food products to maintain consumer properties within the time limits stipulated by the relevant regulatory and technical documentation;
- safety indicators characterize the features of the product that determine its safety for human health during its use, storage or transportation.

In mechanical engineering, the following indicators are used to assess product quality:
1) indicators of the destination of products, which are divided into:
a) classification(carrying capacity, speed, productivity, power);
b) constructive(ease of management, placement, review);
in) operational(simplicity and availability of maintenance, work efficiency);

2) reliability indicators (non-failure operation, maintainability, storability and durability);

3) manufacturability of structures (ease of assembly, rationality of the circuit, their connections, material consumption of the product, etc.);

4) indicators of standardization and unification (coefficient of new unique design, repeatability coefficient, applicability coefficient, serialization coefficient and economic efficiency coefficient of standardization);

5) ergonomic indicators, which can be divided into:
a) hygienic(temperature, humidity, pressure, illumination);
b) anthropometric(compliance of the design of the product with the dimensions of the human body and its individual parts, etc.);
in) physiological and psychophysiological(compliance of the product design with power, speed, auditory, visual, psychophysical characteristics of a person);

6) aesthetic indicators include harmony, expressiveness, integrity, originality of appearance, conformity environment, matching style, etc.;

7) patent and legal indicators characterize the patent purity of products, their competitiveness in the world market;

8) product efficiency indicators determine the amount of costs required to carry out measures that improve its quality.

To determine the quality of products manufactured at the enterprise, a system of general indicators is used, which includes:
- the share of fundamentally new (progressive) products in their total volume;
- the coefficient of renewal of the product range;
- the share of manufactured products for which certificates have been received;
- the share of manufacturing defects;
- the relative volume of seasonal goods sold at reduced prices, etc.

5.1.4. Quality assurance methods

The main elements of the product quality management mechanism at the enterprise are: standardization and certification of products; internal quality systems; state supervision over compliance with standards, norms and rules; internal production and technical quality control.

Standardization is the establishment and application of rules for the purpose of streamlining activities in a particular industry.

Standardization covers the establishment of:
- units of measurements, terms and designations;
- requirements for the quality of products, raw materials, materials and production processes;
- a unified system of indicators of product quality, methods of its testing and control;
- requirements that ensure the safety of work and life of people, as well as the safety material assets;
- unified systems classification and coding of products, information carriers, forms and methods of organizing production, etc.

The basis of standardization are standards and specifications.

A standard is a regulatory and technical document that establishes requirements for groups homogeneous products, and, where necessary, to specific products, the rules that ensure its development, production and use.

Depending on the scope, content and level of approval, regulatory and technical documents are divided into: state standards (GOST), industry standards (OST), standards of scientific, technical and engineering partnerships, enterprise standards (SP), as well as international standards.

Specifications - a regulatory and technical document that establishes requirements for specific products (models, brands).

Certification is the establishment of compliance of products with specific standards (mainly international - ISO 9000 series) or technical conditions and the issuance of an appropriate document (certificate).

Certification is the most important factor in improving products, an effective mechanism for managing its quality, which makes it possible to objectively assess its competitiveness, suitability, and compliance with environmental cleanliness requirements.

State quality control is carried out State Committee Ukraine on standardization, metrology and certification and its territorial bodies- centers of standardization, metrology and certification.

Internal production technical control at the enterprise is carried out by the technical control department (QCD), the main task of which is to ensure the required level of quality, fixed in the regulatory and technical documents, by directly checking each product and purposefully influencing the conditions and factors that form it.

The main tasks of product quality management at the enterprise at the present stage are:
- systematic adjustment of the level of product quality to existing, emerging or predicted market needs, as well as a targeted impact on the development of needs;
- ensuring the competitiveness of products in the domestic and foreign markets;
- definition of tasks for the modernization of products and the creation of new types of products;
- determination of the composition targeted programs quality, etc.