The third stage of the innovation life cycle. Life cycle of an innovative product
Module 1. Innovation. State innovation policy
The essence and concept of innovation and innovation activities as a factor effective development economy
1.1 Subject, goals and objectives of the course "Economics and management of innovation"
1.2 The essence and concept of innovation and innovation as a factor in the effective development of organizations
1.3 Innovation life cycle
1.4 Classification of innovations
Subject, goals and objectives of the course "Economics and management of innovations"
aim the course being studied is to master the basics of managing innovative processes as a modern approach to managing scientific and technological progress in the areas of industrial, economic and administrative activities.
Innovation management is a purposeful system for managing innovation activity and relations that arise in the process of innovation movement in an organization, in order to achieve the maximum efficiency of innovation, as the most important factor in socio-economic development.
The purpose of innovation management is to determine the main directions of scientific, technical and production activities organizations in the areas of development and implementation new products and technologies, modernization and improvement of products, further development of production and management.
Main tasks courses in economics and innovation management are:
1. Formation of a clear idea of scientific and technological progress and its main directions.
2. Formation of knowledge about the features of innovative and scientific activities, its economic mechanism and management.
3. Obtaining practical skills in using the acquired knowledge in the field of innovation and scientific activity management.
The essence and concept of innovation and innovation as a factor in the effective development of organizations
For the first time, the definition of "innovation" (from the Latin word innovation - renewal, improvement) appeared in the scientific research of culturologists in the 19th century. and then meant the introduction of some elements of one system into another.
They started talking about innovations in relation to the economy more than a hundred years ago: in 1911, the Austrian economist J. Schumpeter in his work “The Theory of Economic Development”
Innovation- created and practically used (brought to the consumer) new or improved types of products, technologies or services, as well as organizational decisions of an administrative, industrial, commercial or other nature, providing economic effect(social, environmental or other effect).
The main features inherent in innovation:
· must have a market structure to meet the needs of consumers.
Any innovation is always considered as difficult process, involving a change of both scientific and technical, and economic, social and structural nature.
In innovation, the emphasis is on the rapid introduction of innovation into practical use.
· Innovations must provide economic, social, technical or environmental benefits.
Innovation process- is the process of transformation of scientific knowledge into innovation, which can be represented as a sequential chain of events during which innovation matures from an idea to a specific product, technology or service and spreads through practical use.
Modern innovative activity is based on the following methodological principles:
Prioritize innovation over traditional production
Cost-effectiveness of innovative production (achieving commercial success)
Flexibility (under new idea an independent innovation structure is created, which may be completely unsuitable for solving other problems)
Complexity (a cardinal innovation, as a rule, causes the appearance of a whole set of smaller innovations accompanying it).
The subjects of innovative activity are innovative organizations, i.e. such organizations that are directly involved in innovative activities or contribute to this activity. In the case of the creation of innovative products, the main subjects of innovative activity are production organizations- firms that produce these products.
Life cycle innovation
Life cycle of innovation is a set of interrelated processes and stages of innovation creation. The life cycle of an innovation is defined as the period of time from the birth of an idea to the removal from production of an innovative product implemented on its basis.
Innovation in its life cycle goes through a number of stages, including:
Origin, accompanied by the implementation of the required amount of research and development work, the development and creation of an experimental batch of innovation;
Growth (industrial development with simultaneous entry of the product to the market);
Maturity (stage of serial or mass production and increase in sales volume);
Market saturation (maximum production and maximum sales);
Decline (curtailment of production and withdrawal of the product from the market).
From the standpoint of innovation, it is advisable to distinguish both the life cycles of production and the life cycles of circulation of innovation.
The first stage - the introduction of innovation - is the most time-consuming and complex. It is here that the volume of expenses for the development of production and the release of an experimental batch of a new product is large.
The second stage - the stage of industrial development of production - is characterized by a slow and extended in time increase in output.
The third stage - the stage of recovery - is characterized by a rapid increase in production, a significant increase in load production capacity, streamlined technological process and organization of production.
The fourth stage - the stage of maturity and stabilization - is characterized by a steady pace of the largest volumes of output and the maximum possible utilization of production capacities.
The fifth stage - the stage of wilting or decline - is associated with a drop in capacity utilization, curtailment of production this product and a sharp decrease inventory down to zero.
The life-cycle concept of innovation plays a very important role in determining both the maximum output, sales and profits, and the life cycle of a particular innovation.
new combinations of factors of production
2. Economist S. Yu. Glazyev singles outfivetechnological structures:
new textile technologies
steam power technologies
power industry technologies
petrochemical technologies and energy of internal combustion engines
informatics and microelectronics technologies
3. In the basis of average industrial cycles, in accordance with the theory of N.D. Kondratiev lies:
change of the active part of capital (machine equipment, vehicles and etc.)
4. At the heart of long industrial cycles, in accordance with the theory of N.D. Kondratiev lies:
change of the passive part of capital (buildings, structures, communications, transmission devices, etc.)
5. Based on short industrial cycles, in accordance with the theory of N.D. Kondratiev lies:
market changes in relation to certain types of products
6. Scientific theory developed by N.D. Kondratiev, which has found its direct application in innovation theory:
theory of long waves, or large cycles of conjuncture
7. Scientific theory developed by J. Schumpeter, which has found its direct application in innovation theory
theory of long, medium and short business cycles
8. The duration of short industrial cycles, in accordance with the theory of N.D. Kondratiev:
3 - 3.5 years
9. The duration of long industrial cycles, in accordance with the theory of N.D. Kondratiev:
40 - 60 years old
10. The duration of average industrial cycles, in accordance with the theory of N.D. Kondratiev:
11. The development of railway transport has become the core ### of the technological order:
12. Alternative directions of innovation activities carried out in a holistic innovation management system:
innovations-products
innovation-processes
product modification (including services)
13. An application for an idea that has arisen for something new, requiring the attention of participants in the innovation process to organize work at all stages and stages of the innovation cycle is ...
innovative idea
14. Result practical implementation innovative idea is manifested in finished product changes
15. Legal regulation of innovative activity of the innovative macro-environment is a component in the organization ...
innovative macro environment
16. The main practical goal of innovation management:
increasing the innovative activity of the organization
17. A comprehensive characteristic of innovative activity, including the degree of intensity of the actions taken and their timeliness, as well as the ability to mobilize the potential of the organization:
Innovative activity
18. NOT elements of the innovation system
basic innovation strategies
19. NOT a component of the innovative macro environment (far environment):
resource support of the innovation process
20. NOT a component of the innovative microenvironment (inner environment):
organizational innovation culture
21. NOT a component of the innovative internal environment:
innovation infrastructure
22. Strategies that ensure the gradual increase or stabilization of the innovative capacity of the organization:
extensive development
staff development
23. Strategies that enable a sharp increase in the innovative capacity of the organization:
diversification
integration development
intensive development
24. Strategies to bridge the organization's growing technology gap:
innovative development
R&D development
25. Strategies that provide an opportunity to acquire a new quality of the innovative potential of the organization:
staff development
integration development
26. The system of interaction between innovators, investors, producers of competitive products (services) and developed infrastructure is called innovative.
27. The desired result of the organization's activity, achieved on the basis of the implemented innovation in a limited time frame and with limited resources, is called innovative.
purpose of the organization
28. Quantitative and qualitative determination of the results of the development of an organization in the form of acquiring new qualities of its activities, products of labor and its state, as a rule, is expressed in the form of innovative
activities (m.b. programs) of the organization
29. The resources and organizational mechanism that are supposed or already mobilized to achieve an innovative goal or strategy form
innovative potential of the organization
30. Types of innovation potential are NOT highlighted in innovation management
functional
31. Project innovation potential is...
opportunities that can be realized within innovative project
32. The instrument by which the organization's innovative goal is structured is called
decomposition
33. The first stage of the innovation life cycle:
creation of innovation
34. The second stage of the innovation life cycle:
development (implementation) of innovation
35. The third stage of the life cycle:
commercialization of innovation (bringing to market)
36. The fourth stage of the innovation life cycle:
consumption of innovation (including updating other products or technologies)
37. The fifth stage of the innovation life cycle:
acquisition of an innovation by the consumer
38. The first stage of the product innovation life cycle:
R&D to create a product
39. The second stage of the product innovation life cycle:
technological preparation and organization of serial production of the product
40. The third stage of the product innovation life cycle:
large scale product launch
41. The fourth stage of the product innovation life cycle:
decrease in production volumes and cessation of production of the product
42. The first stage of the life cycle of technological innovation:
R&D to create technology
43. Educational function assigned to engineering centers as organizational forms of innovation:
preparation of a new generation of engineers with the necessary level of qualification and a broad scientific and technical outlook
44. Strategic business zones in an organization are components of:
external microenvironment
45. The second stage of the technological innovation life cycle:
industrial development of technology (2)
46. The third stage of the technological innovation life cycle:
dissemination and replication of technology
47. The fourth stage of the life cycle of technological innovation:
acquisition of innovation by the consumer (4)
48. Commercialization of innovations: bringing innovation to market
Commercialization of innovations- this is the attraction of investors to finance activities for the implementation of innovation (part of the innovation process) based on participation in future profits in case of success
Commercialization of innovations:
The process of ensuring the commercialization of innovations in the market
49. The technology routinization process includes:
Routinization- development of innovations-processes in stable, constantly functioning elements of objects.
50. Organizations created on the basis of large US universities with financial support governments to stimulate the development of new technologies:
Engineering centers
51. Research function assigned to engineering centers as organizational forms of innovation:
study of the fundamental patterns underlying the engineering design of fundamentally new engineering systems
52. The main purpose of the functioning of the business incubator:
creation of conditions that ensure an easy start, rapid development of SMEs, and high survival of enterprises.
53. Types of business incubators that are NOT organized in practice:
non-profit (non-profit) organizations
54. The management and implementation of a complex of innovative projects are organized in the form ...
Innovative programs
55. Separate innovative projects in innovative programs are interconnected:
functional
56. Directions in which separate innovative projects in innovative programs should be coordinated with each other
By deadlines, performers and resources
57. An organization that cannot become the subject of an innovation program: organization of infrastructure
58. Leverage in innovation: the use of borrowed funds with a fixed percentage to increase profits is one of the principles of the manifestation of the "leverage effect"
59. Venture is...
an investment company that works exclusively with innovative enterprises and projects (startups).
Small company to solve innovative projects
60. "Venture company" is ...
a form of organization of risk enterprises that test or implement an innovative idea
61. The discounting operation in determining the profitability of innovative projects consists in bringing future costs to current . To calculate the discount factor, the following data are used: 1) on the profitability of alternative projects; 2) the level of the risk premium; 3) the level of inflation.
62. Risks related to the risks of legal support for an innovative project to create a joint venture for the extraction of rare earth metals from waste and scrap: underestimation of the specifics of the procedure for exporting rare earth metals abroad.
63. Risks related to the risks of a commercial proposal for an innovative project for the construction of toll highways:
1) errors in assessing the potential capacity of roads
2) a significant excess of the estimated cost of work
3) non-fulfillment by suppliers of obligations to supply pavement of proper quality
64. Ranking is...
ranking is a kind of ranking. Rankings are held in the investment sector of the economy, the insurance sector, the real estate sector, etc. The rating method is based on the ranking of risk factors according to the degree of their influence on the results of innovation.
1) survey
2) interview
3)Test test
66. Expert methods of risk analysis are predominantly used when
the information available for analysis is not sufficiently relevant and representative.
67. Expert risk assessment methods:
1) brainstorming
2) questioning
5) interview
Method of expert assessments- here comparative characteristics of the risk level are compiled, ratings are determined, analytical expert reviews are prepared.
68. Risk-free innovative projects in terms of quantitative risk assessment
1) there is not a single factor that could negatively affect the course and results of innovation
2) in the implementation of which the probability of occurrence risk situations almost equal to 0
3) the only result of the implementation of innovation is possible
69. The most expected result of an innovative project, calculated taking into account its risks, is determined ...
by the formula of mathematical expectation as the sum of the products of possible results by the probability of obtaining these results
70. The greater the volatility index, the higher the risk level of the project
71. The risk index characterizes:
likelihood of a risk situation
72. The risk price indicator characterizes:
the most expected result of innovation, its usefulness
73. The "no-risk zone" is...
Risk Free Zone - the area in which zero losses or negative (exceeding profits) are expected.
74. Risks that can be attributed to the commercial risks of an innovative project:
Scientific and technical risks, Risks of the legal support of the project, Risks of the commercial offer
75. Net risks of an innovation project - risks, ...:
related to objective circumstances that do not depend on the decisions made
76. Speculative risks of an innovative project - risks, ...
related to the divergence of interests of the company and society
77. Static risks of an innovative project - risks,
the occurrence of which or the consequences are characterized by relatively constant values of indicators
78. Dynamic risks of an innovative project - risks, ...
the occurrence of which or the consequences are characterized by constantly changing values of indicators
79. The credit risk of an investor in the implementation of an innovative project consists in ...
80. The credit risk of an innovator in the implementation of an innovative project consists in ...
non-payment by the innovator of principal and interest for the loan, as well as late payments under the loan agreement
81. The method of analogies in the management of an innovative project is used to ...
development of scenarios for the implementation of an innovative project
82. Elements NOT included in the innovation doctrine:
the subject of innovation as a factor of production undergoing changes
83. Refers to venture capital:
investments raised in the form of issuance of shares of venture capital companies and having a potentially higher rate of growth in market value compared to the average market dynamics
84. Identification of the risks of innovative projects is comparing indicators of risk and usefulness of innovations.
85. The Monte Carlo method in the analysis of the risks of an innovative project is used for:
1) identifying the most significant risks of an innovative project (+)
2) determining the impact of risk situations on the final result of the project
86. The operation of risk cumulation in the implementation of innovative projects consists in
concentration of the risk of the simultaneous occurrence of events that entail large payments of insurance compensation.
87. The risk measure indicator in innovative activity characterizes ...
1) a pessimistic assessment of the possible result of the implementation of innovation
2) the mathematical expectation of losses as a result of a risky situation
88. The Lorenz curve is used to estimate the indicator ...
income in different periods of time or between different population groups
Used to assess the indicator - the level of risk.
89. The coefficient of concordance during the examination of the risks of an innovative project shows:
the extent to which the opinions of experts agree with each other, that is, they belong to the same general set of assessments.
90. The standard deviation (Z coefficient) in assessing the risks of an innovative project is calculated based on ...
statistics necessary for a qualified judgment on the sufficiency of the return index
91. Factor that determines the accuracy and reliability of the results when conducting an examination of the risks of an innovative project
qualification of experts, independence of their judgments, as well as methodological support for the manifestation of expertise
92. The effect of financial leverage is ... change in return on equity resulting from the use of borrowed money
93. The organization's freedom of maneuver when raising borrowed funds depends on ... differential and financial lever arm
94. The effect of financial leverage is formed due to ...
1) excess of return on assets over the price of raising borrowed funds increase the return on equity
2) increase the return on equity
95. Mortgage debt is included in...
long-term obligations
96. Own working capital- this... the difference between current assets and current liabilities of the enterprise.
97. uses the Miller-Orr Model to control...
company's cash
funds in the current account
98. Type of fund, the operational structure of which corresponds to the right of the investor to submit a daily demand to the management company for the redemption of the investment unit:
Closed corporate fund
99. Permissible delay in the submission of documents confirming the payment of shares from the moment the registrar makes a credit entry on the personal account of the holder of investment shares:
no delay
100. Investment share:
is a registered security and certifies the right of the owner to submit a claim to the management company for the redemption of the share
101. When Altman's Z-score is less than 1.8...
the perceived probability of bankruptcy is very high
102. Costs do NOT affect flow Money:
cash flow- the difference between the amounts of receipts and payments of funds for a certain period of time. For example, Do not affect: disposal of fixed assets
103. Additional issue of shares:
increase in the authorized capital due to the issue (issue) of an additional number of shares.
104. To assess the market value of the organization, indicators are used:
Financial and economic, Actual, Normalized indicators
105. Efficiency of own capital use characterizes the indicator:
return on equity
106. Correct definition of a full license to use industrial property:
the patentee may assign, i.e. transfer the received patent under the contract to any person, while losing the right to use it
107. Payment under an exclusive license agreement, received at a time, after transfer by the licensor to the licensee technical documentation for the object of the license:
lump sum payment
108. Payment under a non-exclusive license agreement, received at a time, after the license object reaches its design capacity:
lump sum payment
109. Payments under a license agreement, received monthly as a percentage of the sale of products manufactured under a license:
110. Payments under a license agreement received monthly in the form of fixed deductions from a unit of sales of products released under an exclusive license:
fixed royalties
111. The maximum period of validity of a patent for an invention, counting from the date of receipt of the application by the Patent Office, is ...
112. The maximum period of validity of a patent for an industrial design, counting from the date of receipt of the application to the Patent Office and a possible extension, is ...
Fifteen years
113. The maximum term of a patent for an industrial design, counting from the date of receipt of the application by the Patent Office (excluding the possibility of extension):
114. The maximum period of validity of the registration of the appellation of origin of goods, counting from the date of receipt of the application by the Patent Office (excluding the possibility of extension:
115. The maximum period of validity of the registration of the appellation of origin of goods, counting from the date of receipt of the application by the Patent Office and possible extension:
116. The maximum period of validity of a registration certificate for a utility model, counting from the date of receipt of the application by the Patent Office (excluding the possibility of extension):
the publisher, whose name or designation is indicated on the work, in the absence of evidence otherwise, is considered the representative of the author and, in this capacity, has the right to protect the rights of the author and ensure their implementation.
118. In the absence of evidence to the contrary, the author of the work is considered to be a person ...
119. The subjects of related rights are:
performers, phonogram producers, broadcasters or cablecasters
120. A trademark is protected by the following rules:
Law of the Russian Federation "On Trademarks, Service Marks and Appellations of Origin"
121. Invention is...
a technical solution that is relatively new for a particular organization
Invention is a new technical solution to the problem, raising the existing level of technology. In a narrow sense, an invention is a technical solution recognized as an invention.
122. The utility model is...
a new, industrially applicable technical solution in its external features resembling an invention, but being less significant from the point of view of the state of the art
- constructive implementation of the means of production and consumer goods, as well as their components.
123. An industrial design is...
this is an artistic and constructive solution of the product, which determines its appearance, which, along with the technical level, determines the level of competitiveness of products.
124. "Innovation Doctrine" - ...
a system of basic provisions developed by the leadership of the state (region, industry, large corporation) and determining the policy of the state in this direction.
125. Classification of risks of innovative projects is...
distribution of risk by categories, subspecies, groups and subgroups and other levels. It is precisely because of the variety of risks of innovative projects that the classification of risks is carried out not according to the end-to-end, but according to the block principle. Risks can be external, internal and mixed.
126. The essence of the analogy method in managing the risks of an innovative project:
is the development of a risk management strategy for a specific innovative project based on the analysis of a database on the implementation of similar projects and similar conditions for their implementation (the state of the external environment).
127. The decision tree method in risk analysis of an innovative project is based on the risk model:
A spatially oriented graph reflecting the sequence of decision-making and the conditions for their implementation, evaluation of intermediate results, taking into account their conditional probability
128. The Dupont formula is a factorial model that expresses the dependence of profitability ...
From turnover, liquidity and capital structure
129. The functions of the state, which are implemented in the implementation of the state innovation policy:
Creation of favorable economic conditions for innovative activity, financing of fundamental research and search for R&D, organization of support for priority areas of development of science, engineering and technology
130 . When assessing the risk of an innovative project, the Z coefficient is the standard deviation ...
will show that swing range, which was inherent in the return I in the past studied and which will need to be compared with the "margin of safety" in a reliable assessment of the effectiveness of the project, i.e. with project profitability index
131. The financial and operational needs of an organization are ...
the difference between the funds immobilized in stocks and customer debt and the company's debt to suppliers; is the difference between the company's current assets and current liabilities
132. The external growth rate of the organization is the growth rate ...
world economy, dynamics of world oil prices, world demand and export volumes of Russian hydrocarbons, integration processes and Russia's accession to the World trade organization, the scale of payments on external debt
133. Organization's internal growth rate - growth rate
intensity of economic reforms, rates of liberalization and increase in prices of natural monopolies, dynamics of inflation, rates of real appreciation of the ruble, dynamics of gross domestic product, scale of capital outflow, government spending
134. The correct definition of a simple (non-exclusive) license to use industrial property:
A simple license (non-exclusive) provides for the transfer to the licensee of the rights to use an intellectual property object while retaining the right of the licensor to independently use the license and issue similar licenses to other interested parties
135. The correct definition of a formal (preliminary) examination of an application for a patent for an invention:
Formal (preliminary) examination consists in checking the availability of the necessary documents , compliance with the requirements of the law to them, the relationship of the declared proposal to the objects that are granted legal protection.
136. The correct definition of substantive examination of an application for a patent for an invention (patent examination):
Patent examination - (English patent examination) - an examination conducted by the national patent office in order to verify compliance with the patentability requirements of the proposal contained in the patent application, to establish compliance with the requirements of unity of invention , utility model or industrial design, as well as to solve a number of other issues related to patenting.
ideas, concepts, principles, methods, processes, systems, methods, solutions to technical, organizational or other problems, discoveries, facts, programming languages.
138. An intellectual property license is...
a special permit to carry out a specific type of activity subject to the obligatory observance of licensing requirements and conditions, issued by the licensing authority legal entity or individual entrepreneur
139. A patent is...
a document certifying the state recognition of a technical solution as an invention and securing the exclusive right to this invention to the person to whom it was issued (the patent holder).
The life cycle of an innovation consists of the R&D phase, the technological development phase, the phase of stabilization of production volumes, and the phase of declining sales volumes.
In the initial phase, fundamental theoretical research, applied research and design development are carried out. The result of their implementation is new knowledge and scientific ideas. It is they who form the potential of knowledge for innovation, which is an intellectual product, market value which is very difficult to assess. At this stage, the first sample is often made. new technology or other innovation, which is a form of expression of the received information, its illustration.
The main objectives of the phase of technological development of production are its preparation for the implementation of the results of development and the provision of the necessary conditions for this.
In the next phase, stable production of specific types of products is carried out.
The final phase of the innovation life cycle includes a decrease in sales volumes and further supply of demand for products through the use of new technological solutions.
Thus, the innovation process, being part of the innovation life cycle, includes various stages - from research and development new technology and ending with bringing it to industrial implementation.
The final stage of the innovation process, associated with the development of large-scale production of new products, requires the reconstruction of production facilities, the improvement of technology, the training of personnel, promotional activities etc., for which it is necessary to attract investments. However, investments continue to be risky, as the reaction of the market at this stage is still unknown. Therefore, the stage of marketing is very important, which forms the demand for new products, carries out feedback with consumers of the product.
The higher the level of innovative potential of the enterprise, the more successfully it avoids possible crisis situations. The innovative potential of an enterprise is determined by both technical and managerial factors, which include:
- - the previously established level of development of production;
- - state of the mechanism and control system;
- - type and orientation of the organizational structure;
- - trends in economic and innovation policy;
- - understanding the need for various kinds of changes and the readiness of personnel for them, etc.
Of particular difficulty for an entrepreneur is the stage of selling new products, i.e., transferring it from a "donor" (supplier) to a "recipient" (consumer). Entrepreneur-
The manufacturer usually proceeds from two strategies for "invading" the market of innovation: "programmed introduction", suggesting that the consumer adapts to a new product, and "adapted introduction", associated with changing the product in accordance with the requirements of the consumer.
The transfer of innovation to the consumer often involves training him to handle the product. Therefore, manufacturers often assume not only the training itself, but also the associated costs. At the same time, entrepreneurs organize training for their own traveling salesmen, which develops their ability to convince the consumer, and various situational psychodramatic techniques are worked out in advance. Profitability of innovations depends on the degree of diffusion of innovation (diffusion). Therefore, an entrepreneur must take into account not only economic and working conditions, but also cultural and psychological differences of consumers from different countries and regions, as well as their gender and age characteristics. The commercial success of one innovation becomes the basis for subsequent innovations, while "innovation fear" is a consequence of previous unsuccessful innovations, leading to " psychological barrier associated with the fear of losing status, bankruptcy, etc. It is often caused by insufficient qualifications of the entrepreneur, the inability to involve employees of various job groups in innovative activities, and to effectively use the specifics of the human factor of production.
There are two main types of innovation strategy:
- - adaptive, when an enterprise uses innovation as a response to change market conditions in order to maintain their position in the market, i.e. in order to survive;
- - competitive, when innovation is used as a starting point for success, a means of obtaining competitive advantages.
The decision to implement an innovative project is preceded by a careful comparison of the estimated costs of its implementation (taking into account the assessment of technical and commercial risk) and the financial capabilities of the company, which is reflected in the business plan. Financial position company determines the possibility and effectiveness of the use of borrowed funds for innovation.
IN modern conditions an effective form of implementation of innovation activity is the management of capital invested in innovation, taking into account the peculiarities of the innovation process.
Features of the innovation process create conditions for the mutual influence of innovation and investment cycles in the process of creating innovations, reducing their duration and the possibility of their interaction in order to minimize the volume of investment resources and the optimal use of advanced funds and achieve a commercial effect from the implementation of an innovative product.
Innovative activity traditionally involves a sequence of investments, rather than parallel investment of all or several stages of the innovation life cycle.
At the same time, the loss of the commercial effect of innovation is due to the fact that interruptions in financing are sometimes long-term, both customers and the specialization of future productions change.
The theory of combining innovation and investment cycles is based on the position: innovation is
activity result. At each relatively independent stage of the innovation cycle, a certain result can arise, which can become an independent product. However, the result of a particular stage of the innovation cycle acts in relation to the final innovative product only as its intermediate form, i.e., an intermediate product.
Therefore, the investment policy for the development of innovation can be focused on the final product and on the effective reproduction of innovation on any of the relatively
independent stages of the innovation process. Myself
the innovation cycle can be terminated if the investor sees the feasibility of commodifying an intermediate result (research methodology, know-how of technology, etc.).
The above considerations admit the following formalization. If the cash flow at stage m is denoted as S(m), then in comparable prices by the base point in time, it will be equal to:
S(t m , ti)=S(m) KjXK 2 x to 3
and the integral assessment for the entire innovation cycle
XS(t m, t,)= X S(m) k, x k 2 x k 3
where is K! - coefficient taking into account the amount of inflation at the time t in corresponding to the end of stage w; k 2 - coefficient taking into account the impact of risk at stage w; to 3 - coefficient taking into account the distribution cash flows at stage sh.
These coefficients are a function not only of the stage number, but also of the period during which inflation, risk and depreciation of money "accumulate". Comparison of cash flows for different stages and at the end of the innovation cycle, it allows the manufacturer of the innovative product to decide whether it is expedient to carry out all the stages or limit itself to work at specific stages.
An effective enterprise management strategy is to increase the competitiveness of products, in particular, "stuffing" an innovation product into the market. In this regard, within the marketing research the problem arises of comparing the evaluation of the product-innovation with the products-prototypes in terms of price, functionality and satisfaction of the corresponding needs of potential buyers.
Financial security is the activity of attracting, distributing and using capital, as well as managing it in the risk capital market. Being integral part innovation sphere, innovation capital mediates each stage of innovation activity. The most significant parts of the total national capital serving innovation activities are state capital, loan capital, investment in securities, venture capital, foreign capital, as well as equity business entities.
The scale of investment in the innovation sector is different in different phases of the cycle. The development of basic investments, requiring large and recouped in long term investment, occurs during periods of recovery from the crisis and recovery. Since the propensity to save and innovate during a crisis weakens, the state directly (through budget investments) and indirectly (by providing economic incentives) supports innovation activity, contributing to the revival of the economy and enhancing its competitiveness. Scales state support in the phases of recovery and stable development are reduced, and the innovation process itself is carried out on a competitive basis. This period is dominated by improving innovations that require less investment and are not associated with such significant risk, as in the case of basic innovations. This makes it possible to reduce the scale of state support for innovation. The level of innovation and investment activity is minimal in the crisis phase, when pseudo-innovations are developed that do not require significant improvements.
Innovation process. Stages
The first step is the emergence of innovation. as a result certain activities: innovative idea (concept), discovery, invention, etc. turn into innovation, its "independent" existence and functioning begins. Then the innovation process enters a new phase, and only in the case of a wide interest of potential consumers of innovation in its use, which predetermines the transition to a new stage.
^ The second stage can be called the stage of formation of innovation(wide introduction of innovation, gradually increasing application in various areas human activity, conquering a potential area effective use). ending this stage stopping the penetration of innovation in the field of its application, its relative stabilization.
^ The third stage of the innovation process is the process of its maturity. This is the stage of "dominance" of a certain innovation as a way to meet a specific need. This stage of an effective alternative ends with the beginning of the replacement of a given product, technique, technology, relationship with a new, more progressive one.
^ The fourth stage of the innovation press is characterized by a reduction in the application of innovation, associated with replacement by new innovations that are at the stage of growth (formation).
Innovation infrastructure: technology parks, technopolises, business incubators, innovation and technology centers, special economic zones, development commercialization offices, state innovation corporations. Their characteristic.
incubators designed to "hatch" new innovative enterprises, assisting them at the earliest stages of their development by providing information, consulting services, renting premises and equipment, and other services.
TECHNOPARKS. A technopark is a research and production territorial complex, the main task of which is to create the most favorable environment for the development of small and medium-sized knowledge-intensive innovative client firms.
Thus, the concept of a technology park is quite close to the concept of an incubator in the field of innovation. Both of these elements innovation infrastructure are complexes designed to promote the development of small innovative companies, create a favorable, supportive environment for their functioning. What is the difference between them?
The range of technopark client firms, unlike incubators, is not limited to newly created and innovative companies at the earliest stage of development. The services of technoparks are used by small and medium-sized innovative enterprises that are at various stages of commercial development scientific knowledge, know-how and high technologies. In other words, technoparks are not characterized by a strict policy of constant renewal, customer rotation, which is typical for incubators in the field of innovation. It should also be noted here that if technoparks are designed to support only innovative activities, then incubators can also be created for the so-called non-technological, i.e. traditional, industries and activities (e.g. arts, agriculture economic activity).
TECHNOPOLIS. The development of the idea of technoparks, the complication and enrichment of the environment that favorably affects the effectiveness of innovation, have led to the emergence in many countries of the most integrated and complex element of the innovation infrastructure - technopolises. It is not always easy to draw a clear line between a technopark and a technopolis, since these elements have much in common (for example, some experts believe that the development of the Sophia Antipolis park in France turned it into a technopolis). Therefore, it is important to single out those characteristics of the technopolis that allow us to speak of it as a separate independent group of technopark structures.
Technopolis, which is often also called a science city or a science city, a “city of brains”, is a large modern scientific and industrial complex that includes a university or other universities, research institutes, as well as residential areas equipped with cultural and recreational infrastructure.
The purpose of building technopolises is to concentrate scientific research in advanced and pioneer industries, to create a favorable environment for the development of new high-tech industries in these industries. As a rule, one of the criteria that a technopolis must meet is its location in picturesque areas, harmony with natural conditions and local traditions.
main feature ITC is that it is essentially a support structure for small innovative enterprises that have already passed the most difficult stage of creation, formation and survival in the initial period of their activity, when up to 90% of small innovative firms die. This is the conceptual difference between the ITC and the technology park. Therefore, ideally, technology parks should have been created at universities and performed the task of incubating small firms, while ITCs were designed to provide more stable links between small businesses and industry, and therefore be created at enterprises or research and production complexes.
· Special, free or special economic zone(abbreviated SEZ or SEZ) - a limited territory with a special legal status in relation to the rest of the territory and preferential economic conditions for national and/or foreign entrepreneurs. The main purpose of creating such zones is to solve strategic objectives development of the state as a whole or a separate territory: foreign trade, general economic, social, regional and scientific and technical tasks. Free trade Area (FTA) - the territory withdrawn from the national customs territory. Inside, operations are carried out for the warehousing of goods and their pre-sales preparation(packaging, labeling, quality control, etc.).
· Industrial production zone (PPP) - part of the national customs territory within which the production of specific industrial products is established; at the same time, various benefits are provided to investors.
· Techno-innovative zone (TVZ) - the territory withdrawn from the national customs territory, within which research, design, design bureaus and organizations are located. TVZ examples: technoparks, technopolises.
· Tourist and recreational zone (TRZ) - the territory in which tourist and recreational activities are carried out - the creation, reconstruction, development of infrastructure facilities for tourism and recreation, the development and provision of services in the field of tourism.
Service zone - a territory with preferential treatment for firms engaged in the provision of financial and non-financial services (export-import transactions, real estate transactions, transportation)
Complex zones. They are zones with a preferential regime of economic activity on the territory of a separate administrative region. These are free enterprise zones in Western Europe, Canada, formed in depressed areas, special economic zones in China, special regime territories in Argentina, Brazil.
Bootstrapping
Bootstrapping (literally - tightening straps on shoes, tightening belts) is a means of financing small firms through the highly efficient acquisition and use of resources without increasing equity capital from traditional sources or borrowing from banks. In short, “bootstrapping” means starting a new business with no start-up capital.
Innovation costs
Total costs (current and capital) for technological innovations include the costs of developing and implementing technologically new or significantly improved products, services or methods of their production (transfer), technologically new or significantly improved production methods), both performed by the organization’s own resources, and the costs of paying for works, services third parties. (Instructions for filling out the form of the federal state statistical observation No. 4-innovation "Information on the innovative activities of the organization", approved by resolution Goskomstat of Russia.)
Current expenses, carried out mainly at the expense of the cost of products (works, services), include the costs of remuneration of employees involved in the development and implementation of technological innovations, deductions for social needs, as well as other expenses not related to capital expenditure, such as the cost of purchasing raw materials, materials, equipment, etc., necessary to ensure the innovative activities carried out by the organization during the year. (Instructions for filling out the form of federal state statistical observation No. 4-innovation "Information on the organization's innovative activities", approved by the Decree of the State Statistics Committee of Russia dated July 22, 2002 No. 156.)
Capital investments (long-term investments) represent the annual costs of creating, increasing the size, as well as the acquisition of non-current non-current assets of long-term use (over one year), not intended for sale, carried out in connection with the development and implementation of technological innovations. They consist of the cost of acquiring facilities, land plots, objects of nature management, machinery, equipment, other fixed assets necessary for carrying out innovative activities. (Instructions for filling out the form of federal state statistical observation No. 4-innovation "Information on the organization's innovative activities", approved by the resolution of the State Statistics Committee of Russia)
Patent and license.
Patent(from lat. patents- open, clear, obvious) - security document certifying exclusive right, authorship and priority of an invention, utility model or industrial design. The term of a patent depends on the country of patenting, the object of patenting and ranges from 5 to 25 years. [ where? ]
License(from lat. licentia- right, permission) - permission for the right or the right to perform certain actions, which can be certified (confirmed) by a document of the same name. In practice, licenses are also abbreviated as license agreements (agreements) providing for the issuance of private law licenses.
Licensing- the process of issuing a special permit (license).
Licensor- one of the parties to the license agreement, granting the other party - the licensee - the right to use the object of the license (invention, technology, technical experience and other forms of industrial property).
Licensee- a legal entity or individual entrepreneur licensed to carry out specific type activities.
License Terms- the conditions under which the license is valid.
Functions of Rospatent
· preparation of proposals for interaction with ministries and departments of the Russian Federation on the formation of state policy in this area of legislation;
- implementation of international cooperation;
- implementation financial support said system;
· - registration of rights to objects of intellectual property, as well as registration of contracts for the assignment of rights and license agreements in the field of intellectual property, publication of all kinds of information about previously registered objects of intellectual property;
- registration of licenses and contracts;
- implementation of control and supervision over the examination of applications for objects of intellectual property and the issuance of titles of protection in the manner prescribed by applicable law Russian Federation;
· - certification of patent attorneys;
- coordination of activities of all structural divisions the patent office;
- ensuring the established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal constitutional laws, federal laws and other regulatory legal acts the procedure for granting legal protection to objects of intellectual property in the Russian Federation, as well as the procedure for their use;
· - exercising control and supervision over compliance with the procedure for paying patent fees and registration fees;
Life cycle of innovations. Stages of the life cycle of innovations.
The innovation life cycle is a set of interrelated processes and stages of innovation creation. The life cycle of an innovation is defined as the period of time from the inception of an idea to the removal from production of the implemented product. its basis is product innovation.
Innovation in its life cycle goes through a number of stages, including:
* the origin, accompanied by the implementation of the required amount of research and development work, the development and creation of an experimental batch of innovation;
* growth (industrial development with the simultaneous entry of the product to the market);
* maturity (stage of serial or mass production and increase in sales volume);
* market saturation (maximum production and maximum sales);
* Decline (curtailment of production and withdrawal of the product from the market). From the standpoint of innovation, it is advisable to distinguish both the life cycles of production and the life cycles of circulation of innovation.
The structure of the innovation process. Features and content of the stages of the innovation process. Life cycle of innovations. Functions of fundamental and applied research, design, production and use of innovations.
The innovation process is a systemic organized set of sequentially carried out types of productive activities. From the point of view of the subject-productive content of activities, the innovation process is divided into the following typical stages, each of which is characterized by a specific set of organizational, technical and economic operations.
- o the emergence of an idea - the realization of the need and possibility of creating a scientific, technical or other type (organizational, economic) innovation;
- o generation of alternative ideas about how to create it (the formation of a "portfolio of ideas");
- o organizing the selection of priority ideas;
- o conducting research and development aimed at approbation (testing) of ideas;
- o formation of a "portfolio" of research and development, work on the selection and distribution of resources between areas;
- o research and development in selected areas;
- o the formation of a "portfolio" of development work and the selection and allocation of resources between innovation projects;
- o selection of innovation projects for its development in production;
- o creation of an industrial design of innovation and its development in production;
- o mass production innovation and its distribution in the market;
- o modernization of production and innovation itself through local innovations focused on improvement consumer properties and reducing the cost of its production (reducing the cost of a unit of consumer properties);
- o the exhaustion of the technological capabilities of the innovation and the reduction in the scale of its application.
The entire course of the innovation process should be monitored and adjusted based on information about the state of the innovation market: the achievements of competitors, the needs of potential consumers, and so on. Based on this, a decision is made on the further development of the innovation process or on its termination (in the event, for example, if a competitor is ahead of the development of a similar product with better consumer characteristics).
It is especially important at the first stages of innovation development to forecast the demand of the future product on the market and the likelihood of its commercial success. Therefore, it is no coincidence, as the practice of investing in innovation shows, that the costs of these works are commensurate with the costs of carrying out the actual research and development, development work.
In innovation management, the concept of "life cycle" of innovations is used, expressing the forms and phases of their movement in the system of market conditions of competition.
As a rule, there are five main phases of the innovation life cycle - the process of creating, commercializing and using an innovation (Fig. 1):
Picture 1 -
Basic research.
This is the identification, study and systematization of objective phenomena and patterns of development of nature and society. The peculiarity of fundamental research as a creative process is the impossibility to determine in advance the final result, the time and money spent on achieving it, the individual, unique nature of the study.
The end result of fundamental research is the discovery of laws and patterns, categories and phenomena (effects), substantiation of theories, principles, etc., as well as ways to use them in practice. These results are embodied in publications, scientific reports and reports containing theories, hypotheses, formulas, models, systematized descriptions, as well as in prototypes. At the first stage, these works can be carried out irrespective of their tasks. practical application(exploratory research). At the second stage (scientific and technical research), results suitable for practical implementation are selected. This reveals the technical feasibility and economic expediency, as well as areas of their primary use.
Basic research is not aimed directly at creating specific innovations. Their results can be used for various purposes, not always foreseen in advance, in different branches of production, for a long time (30-40 years). In relation to the process of creating, developing and mastering specific innovations, they act as an external structure (conditions) that determines long-term trends in scientific and technological development.
Applied research.
They are based on the results of fundamental research and include the study of technical feasibility, socio-economic efficiency and ways of practical use of the results of fundamental research in a particular area (industry). Their products are industry information: the creation of technological regulations, draft designs and preliminary designs, technical specifications and requirements, methods and standards, projects of enterprises and technology of the future, standard standards, as well as other scientific recommendations. At this stage, experimental work related to laboratory and semi-production tests is also carried out.
The organization of applied research, based on the results of fundamental research, is much more more than basic research, is based on regulated procedures, which include four main stages:
- o theoretical substantiation of the way and methods for developing applied problems, drawing up schemes and options for solving applied scientific problems, mathematical and material models;
- o development and approval of terms of reference (TOR), which include information preparation, predictive assessment of the significance, costs, results and effectiveness, development of a program, methods and research scheme, including stages and assessment of the reliability of the research methodology. The scope of work, the composition of the performers, the cost estimate and the draft contract are determined;
- o experimental stage (experimental verification);
- o generalization and evaluation of research results.
The technical and economic development of innovations at the stage of applied research involves obtaining the following results:
- o development and justification of TOR;
- o draft design;
- o production of laboratory and prototypes (batches);
- o creation working documentation for a prototype;
- o design development (parts, Assembly units, kits), design documents (drawings, specifications);
- o conducting patent research and the formation of a patent formulary;
- o organizational project for the introduction of innovation.
Applied research often begins after receiving the terms of reference for the development of innovation, based on the results of marketing and basic exploratory research. This stage usually includes the collection and processing of information about the results fundamental research and study of customer requests, forecasting the prospects for solving the task, selection and comparison options this decision, conducting experiments and analyzing their results, formulating tasks and recommendations for the development of innovation.
The result of fundamental research often does not take a material-objective form, but is personified, embodied in the knowledge of specialists. As experience has shown, they cannot be classified and appropriated. At the same time, the product of applied research and development takes an independent subject form of an invention, technical documentation, methods, has authorship, belongs to a certain individual or legal entity, and is alienated from the labor process after its completion.
Development (design).
This is a production based on the results of applied research and experimental verification of scientific and technical documentation for the creation of new or improved products, structures, processes and control systems. Developments differ by type: design (creation of new products), technological, design and survey (for the construction or reconstruction of facilities), organizational (creation of new systems for organizing production, labor and management).
This phase includes pilot production - the manufacture of the first samples of products or their original assemblies in order to test their quality and compliance. terms of reference. Verification of the results of design and technological developments in one form or another is necessary for the subsequent reproduction of innovation on a larger scale. For organizational innovations, the same role is played by experimental testing of innovations on a limited scale. Although the development and its experimental verification differ significantly in functional content, in time they proceed mostly in parallel.
The phases of applied research and development are often combined into one phase - research and development pre-production (R&D). R&D is carried out both in specialized laboratories, design bureaus, pilot plants, and in research and production divisions of large firms. At this phase of the life cycle, innovation exists in the form of a project, a prototype, a utility model.
Production.
The primary (pioneer) development of innovations is the implementation of the development results into production, which involves the following procedure:
- o individual production of new products required in single copies, development of serial production of new products, commissioning of new facilities, technological processes and control systems, practical use of new methods;
- o achievement of design capacity and design volume of innovation use;
- o achievement of the design socio-economic efficiency of innovation.
In the first case, we are talking about technical development, in the second - about production and in the third - about economic development, in the process of which the final results of scientific and technological development are achieved.
The development of innovation begins with the decision to prepare production for innovation on the basis of previous tests of prototypes or mathematical models, analysis of market conditions.
Production and technical development includes the following set of actions:
- o development of a technological and organizational project;
- o development and approval (harmonization) of prices, specifications, standards, normals, resource consumption rates, etc.;
- o design and manufacture of tooling;
- o order, manufacture and installation of new equipment;
- o construction preparation;
- o construction and installation works;
- o training, retraining and advanced training of personnel for the operation of innovation;
- o restructuring of the organization and remuneration. Organizational and technical preparation of production is the most time-consuming stage of implementation, because, in addition to organizational and technical measures, it includes training and retraining of personnel, providing consulting and implementation services. This stage ends with the manufacture and testing of the first industrial series (industrial design) or the commissioning (commissioning) of an object accepted by the relevant commission (customer).
Economic development ends with the achievement of design capacity and economic indicators: material and energy intensity, labor productivity, cost, profitability, return on assets. At this stage of development, additional work to eliminate the shortcomings identified in the process of production and technical development.
The economic development of innovations is largely determined by the level of organization of this process at the enterprise, the quality of human capital, the social climate - the creative atmosphere characteristic of a team of innovators. There is an activation of the human factor, the formation of the necessary (appropriate) climate for innovation. The goal is to reduce the implementation time and increase the scale of development. This is a labor intensive process.
The spread of innovation, or diffusion, is its economic development on a large scale in enterprises where it is effective. At the same time, information about the innovation is distributed (through advertising), the relevant documentation, new equipment, equipment, etc. are replicated.
Personnel training is carried out, business development plans are drawn up and implemented, taking into account the specifics of specific enterprises and the experience of using the innovation.
At this stage, additional developments take place, especially technological and organizational ones. And most importantly, at this stage, the economic potential of innovation turns into a real effect.
Consumption.
This phase of the innovation life cycle is characterized by a gradual stabilization of costs and an increase in the effect, mainly due to an increase in the volume of use of the innovation. It is here that the main part of the actual effect of the innovation is realized.
Obsolescence - completes the entire life cycle of an innovation. It begins from the moment the development of the next innovation is completed, the economic, environmental or social efficiency of which makes its development rational.