Entrepreneurship in the context of globalization. Basic Research
Description
The purpose of the course work is to consider the sphere of entrepreneurship in the process of globalization of the economy. To reveal the topic, it is necessary to consider the functioning of firms and their goals in an open economy, to characterize the process of economic globalization, to consider the essence and activities of modern TNCs. In this regard, the following tasks are formed: explanation of the process of economic globalization, consideration of the activities of TNCs on the example of Russian and foreign companies.
Introduction 3
1 Entrepreneurship in an open economy 5
1.1 Theoretical ideas about entrepreneurial activity and its goals 5
1.3 Key features of economic globalization 11
2 The impact of globalization processes on entrepreneurial activity 15
2.1 Multinational companies: definition and nature 15
2.2 The impact of TNCs on entrepreneurial activity 20
2.3 Problems of Entrepreneurship in a Globalized Economy 24
2.4 Globalization processes and state regulation 28
3 Integration of Russia into the world market system on the example of Russian 30
TNK 30
3.1 Formation of Russian TNCs 30
3.2 Activities and development prospects of Russian TNCs 33
Conclusion 37
References 38
The work consists of 1 file
In the modern world economy, international entrepreneurship as a set of subjects performs the following functions:
- General economic function - due to the role of business organizations as subjects of the world market. Entrepreneurial activity is aimed at the production of goods and their delivery to specific consumers, which predetermines this function. International business activity is carried out under the influence of the entire system of economic laws of the world economy. The development of international entrepreneurship is a certain condition for economic growth, an increase in GDP and GNP, which is also a manifestation of the general economic nature of the function;
- resource function. Entrepreneurship development involves effective use resources, which are understood as all material and non-material conditions and factors of production (primarily labor, natural resources, land, means of production and scientific achievements). Greatest success in modern conditions an entrepreneur who generates scientific and technical ideas, uses a highly skilled workforce and efficiently consumes resources;
- Innovative Feature - entrepreneurial activity involves not only the use of new ideas, but also the development of new means and factors to achieve the goals;
- Organizing function - is manifested in the decision to organize one's own business, to diversify it, that is, to create a new business entity in the world market;
- Social function - is manifested in the provision of every capable member of society with the right to be an owner, to show their talents and capabilities in this area. At the same time, new strata of society are being formed, the number of economically and socially dependent employees is increasing;
- Political function - the implementation of political influence on international processes through associations and unions of entrepreneurs. 6
1.3 Key features of economic globalization
The last 30 years in the world economy there has been a rapid development of integration processes that have reached the highest degree of their development. Thus, in the modern world, countries, in the process of their development, must take into account the priorities and norms of behavior of other participants in world economic relations. This phenomenon in the modern economy is called globalization. The term globalization was introduced by the American sociologist R. Robertson, who in 1985 gave an interpretation of the concept of “globalization”, and in 1992 outlined the foundations of his concept in a book. Some scholars consider this process one of the stages in the development of capitalism. Globalization is a natural process of strengthening world economic relations, it was preceded by the processes of internationalization and integration of the world economy.
So, economic globalization is the process of transforming the world economy into a single market for goods, services, capital, labor and knowledge. Thus, the phenomenon of globalization implies the existence of an open, integrated world economy. The process of globalization of the economy has many features, it can be partially characterized by the following features.
Firstly, modern economic conditions are distinguished by the deepening of the internationalization of production, which is manifested in the joint production of the final product by representatives of many countries of the world. The organizational form of internationalization of production are transnational companies (TNCs). According to the UN in 2009, there were about 82,000 parent TNCs in the world, which control about 810,000 of their subsidiaries and branches abroad. More than 65% of the assets of the 100 largest companies in the world are located outside the home country of the parent company. 7 Transnational corporations account for over a third of the world's gross domestic product.
Another characteristic feature of the global economy is the internationalization of capital, which is manifested in the increase in foreign direct investment and the internationalization of the stock market. At the same time, the amounts with which transactions are made in the securities markets are many times higher than the capital actually used in commercial activities.
The third feature characteristic of the global economy is the increase in the scale of international labor migration, both real and virtual. Third World countries serve as a source of unskilled and low-skilled labor for developed countries. In the 1980s, 83% of legal immigrants arriving in the US were of Asian or Hispanic descent and generally had little education. In the 1990s, significant
the number of citizens of European countries lived outside national borders, including in Germany - 1.7 million people, in France - 1.3 million people. At the same time, the total number of foreign workers who arrived from outside the European Community exceeded 10 million people. At the same time, modern telecommunication technologies make it possible to overcome government restrictions on immigration processes. Any company in a developed country can entrust the execution of work to a contractor located in another country and quickly get the result via the Internet.
Another characteristic feature of the global economy at the present time is the strengthening of the internationalization of the exchange of goods and services based on the deepening of the international division of labor. The volume of trade turnover of all countries of the world from 1950 to 1992 increased from 0.3 to 3.5 trillion. dollars. Moreover, the services sector, which is developing faster than the sphere of material production, is becoming an increasingly important area of international cooperation. If in 1970 less than 1/3 of foreign direct investment was associated with the export of services, now this share has increased to 60%, and intellectual capital has become the most important commodity in the world market. 8
And, finally, characterizing the process of economic globalization, one cannot but point to the formation of a worldwide material, organizational, socio-economic infrastructure that ensures the implementation of international cooperation.
2 The impact of globalization processes on entrepreneurial activity
2.1 Multinational companies: definition and nature
The process of formation of the modern world economy and the processes of economic globalization are closely related to the activities of transnational corporations (TNCs). It is TNCs that are able to unite financial resources, modern technology, trade, production process and management under a single authority, effectively using all these factors in order to achieve maximum efficiency in the production and marketing of their products. 9
The definition of TNCs refers to enterprises that own or control production or service complexes located outside the country in which these corporations are based. They have an extensive network of branches and branches in different countries ah and occupy a leading position in the production and sale of a particular product, as a rule, they have a joint-stock form of organization.
The term “transnational corporation” as a generally accepted one began to be used only from 1960. The first transnational companies in the world (the structure and role of which was similar to modern TNCs) were the British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company, founded at the beginning of the 17th century. At an early stage of monopolization of production and capital, there were predominantly multinational corporations (MNCs). They were formed as trusts, concerns and other production associations, which were international firms not only by the nature of their activities, but also by the structure of capital formation and control over it. MNCs unite national companies of two or more countries on an industrial and scientific and technical basis. The Anglo-Dutch chemical concern Unilever, which has existed since the beginning of the 20th century, the Anglo-Dutch concern Royal Dutch Shell, the Anglo-Italian rubber concern Dunlop Pirelli, and the Italian-French automobile concern Fiat can serve as an example of multinational corporations. Despite the fact that multinational corporations historically arose before TNCs, they have not received such a wide distribution and high influence as TNCs. This can be explained by the multinationality of the capital on which such companies are based, as a result of which no one country has a dominant position in production. Multinational companies act differently: by locating subsidiaries in other countries, they make available the acquisition of shares in the parent and subsidiary companies, which are the personification of the company's ownership. 10
TNCs have gone through a number of stages in their development.
Stage 1 - colonial raw materials TNCs (TNCs of the first generation) - operated within the boundaries of the colonial empires or spheres of influence that existed at that time.
Stage 2 - the period between the two world wars, when military transnational companies (TNCs of the second generation) come to the fore. Their activities were mainly related to the production of weapons, ammunition, and ammunition. The importance of these TNCs was not lost even after the Second World War
Stage 3 - begins in the 60s of the XX century. During this period, TNCs of the integration type (TNCs of the third generation) appear, widely using the achievements of the scientific and technological revolution to conquer sales markets, sources of raw materials, areas of capital investment by creating integration associations that focus mainly on foreign economic activity. At the same time, there is a limited combination of elements of national and foreign production, sales of goods, management and organization of personnel work, research, marketing, after-sales service according to uniform standards.
Stage 4 - is associated with the emergence of a new trend in the development of TNCs - the emergence of fourth-generation TNCs, or global TNCs, which will be discussed below. 11
A transnational corporation is a complex that uses an international approach in its activities and involves the formation of a transnational production, trade and financial complex with a single decision-making center in the home country and with branches in other countries. As a rule, TNCs are oligopolies. They have monopoly power to a greater or lesser extent, but they do not have complete freedom in making economic decisions. They actively participate in the development and regulation of the international division of labor; they are characterized by the relative independence of the international movement of capital from the processes taking place in the home country of the parent company. 12 There is still controversy around the world about the definition of criteria to separate TNCs from other firms. Because it is difficult to determine with certainty whether a company is using an "international approach", narrower definitions of transnational corporations apply. Different studies use different criteria for defining transnational corporations. In general, similar qualitative criteria are used, but quantitative criteria are different:
- Number of countries in which the company is represented (at least 2 to 6 countries);
- The minimum number of countries in which the company's production facilities are located;
- Minimum amount of share capital of the parent company (from 100 million to 500 million US dollars);
- Minimum share of foreign operations in the income or sales of the company (usually 10-25%);
- Ownership of at least 25% voting shares in three or more countries;
- The multinational composition of the company's staff, the composition of its top management.
According to the UN classification, TNCs can be considered firms with an annual turnover of more than 100 million dollars, and branches in at least six countries. Later, this classification received several clarifications: the size of foreign assets and their share in the total assets of the company began to be taken into account, the share of foreign sales in the total volume of product sales and the share of foreign personnel in the total number of employees of the company are taken into account.
Given that the wording of the concept of "transnational corporation" affects the interests of many states, the UN has supplemented the definition of the concept of TNCs:
- The company, regardless legal form and fields of activity, including units in two or more countries;
- Within the decision-making system, pursues a coherent policy and implements a common strategy through one or more leading centers;
- Separate her structural units connected through ownership or otherwise in such a way that one or more of them can have significant influence over the activities of others, as well as share knowledge, resources and responsibilities with others.
Change in quantitative and quality indicators, when classifying companies as transnational, has an impact on the dynamics of the number of TNCs given in the annual reports of the UN. Initially, UN statistics considered as international corporations only large firms with an annual turnover of more than 100 million dollars, which at the same time had branches or subsidiaries in at least six countries of the world. At present, these indicators, which characterize the international status of the firm, are supplemented by the percentage of its sales carried out outside the home country, as well as the share of foreign assets in the total assets structure. So, taking into account all the high criteria, the number of TNCs has already exceeded 80 thousand companies.
Chapter I. Objective foundations for changing the forms, methods and goals of entrepreneurial activity in the context of globalization.
1.1. The evolution of ideas about the essence and role of entrepreneurship in a market economy.
1.2. Globalization of the economy and its impact on entrepreneurial activity.
Chapter II. Changing the motives and forms of entrepreneurial activity under the domination of TNCs.
2.1. The role of global companies in modern development.
2.2. Positive and negative impact of TNCs on national entrepreneurship.
2.3. Social Responsibility of Business in the Era of the Domination of "GNK.
Chapter III. The role of financial globalization and global financial markets in business activities.
3.1. Financial globalization: essence and contradictions.
3.2. Free movement of capital and its impact on entrepreneurial activity.
3.3. Shadow turnover and "flight" of capital in the context of globalization.
3.4. Objective bases for increasing the volume of speculative capital.
Chapter IV. Forms and Methods state regulation entrepreneurship in the context of globalization.
4.1. The objective need to strengthen the regulatory role of the state in the context of globalization.
4.2. Measures of state control over the movement of capital.
4.3. Main directions of amplification social responsibility business in the context of globalization.
4.4. The role of international and public organizations in business regulation.
Recommended list of dissertations
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Introduction to the thesis (part of the abstract) on the topic "Entrepreneurship in the context of globalization: main features and contradictions"
Relevance of the research topic. Currently, such a new phenomenon as globalization has a huge impact on the implementation of entrepreneurial activity. The globalization of the economy is a qualitative new stage in the development of the processes of internationalization of economic life, the main features of which are the new role of TNCs and the development of financial globalization processes. The removal of restrictions on the free movement of capital, the transformation of the world financial market into an independent and self-sufficient sphere cannot but influence the functioning of various forms of entrepreneurship and, above all, private entrepreneurship.
In the conditions of economic globalization, not only the forms of concentration and centralization of capital, methods of competition, ways of regulating social and labor relations, but also the motives of business are changing. In many ways, this process is natural and objective. However, the experience of most developed countries, including Russia, confirms that if you do not regulate the processes of globalization and do not influence the development of forms and methods of entrepreneurial activity, this can lead to a whole range of negative trends.
So, at present, in the conditions of the global economy, methods and types of entrepreneurial activities aimed at obtaining quick profits are becoming more widespread, mainly due to an increase in the volume of transactions in the global financial markets. The increase in the volume of transactions in the world financial markets as a result of the liberalization of foreign exchange markets, the development of the market for derivative financial instruments, in turn, leads to an increase in the volume of shadow and speculative capital, which is not interested in the development of the national economy and an increase in the production of goods and services. In the context of globalization, capital has new opportunities for self-growth through special and offshore zones, international tax planning, through the creation of international financial and industrial groups. All this negatively affects the functioning of national economic systems, which become more vulnerable to various kinds of economic shocks.
So that these phenomena do not become widespread and do not become the main distinguishing characteristic modern process globalization requires a deep theoretical understanding of the changes that are taking place today in the system of world economic relations and an analysis of the impact that these changes have on the development of the business sector.
First of all, it is necessary to clarify the essence of such a phenomenon as “globalization”, identify and analyze new factors that currently have a significant impact on the functioning of the business sector, and also determine the forms and methods of state regulation of entrepreneurial activity in the context of globalization.
The need for a deep and comprehensive study of all these issues predetermined the relevance of this topic.
The degree of development of the problem.
The issues of the essence of entrepreneurship, the transformation of specific types of entrepreneurial activity in Russia and other countries, as well as the issues of interaction between the state and entrepreneurship, are discussed in the works of such domestic economists as A.C. Avtonomov, A.I. Ageev, A.V. Busygin, Yu. Vinslav, G.V. Gorlanov, A.A. Dynkin, N.G. Finch, V.V. Karpov, V.I. Koshkin, D.V. Kuzin, P.D. Polovinkin, F.M. Rusinov, V.T. Ryazanov, Savchenko V.E., A.A. 6
Sobolevskaya, A.R. Sterlin, I.V. Tulin, F.I. Shamkhalov, V.M. Yakovlev and others.
Various aspects of market competition and entrepreneurship are analyzed in the works of representatives of classical and neoclassical political economy - P. Drucker, R. Cantillon, I. Kirzner, R. Coase, D. Cohen, J1. Mises, M. Mintz, E. Mansfield, J. S. Mill, A. Marshall, F. Knight, J. Robinson, J.-B. Say, A. Pigou, O. Williamson, F. Hayek, P. Harmon E. Chamberlin, J. Schumpeter, G. Shackle and others.
Forms of shadow business in modern conditions are considered in the works of A. Gurov, S. Glazyev, T. Dolgopyatov, JI. Kosals, G. Kleiner, I. Klyamkin, V. Kulikov, T. Koryagina, T. Kuznetsova, V. Makarov, V. Radaev, JI. Timofeev, D. Ushakov, K. Ulybin, A. Yakovlev.
Andrianov V.D., Belchuk A.I., Bogomolov O.T., Grinberg P.S., Delyagin M.G., Evstigneev R.N., Inozemtsev V.L., Kochetov E.G. are devoted to studying the problems of entrepreneurship in the context of globalization ., Maevsky V.I., Makarov B.C., Nekipelov A.D., Olsevich Yu.Ya., Pchelintsev O.S., Subbotina A.K., Stiglitz J., Schumann U., Utkin A.I., Faminsky I.P., Yakovenko I.G., Yakovtsa Yu.V., Yasina E.G. and others.
In the presented works, the most general issues of entrepreneurship, its forms in modern conditions and some problems associated with the shadow economy and the export of capital are considered. The problem of economic globalization, including financial globalization, is considered as an independent one. However, there are still no comprehensive research features of entrepreneurship in the context of globalization. There are also insufficient studies to determine the forms and methods of state control over entrepreneurial activity in the context of the globalization of the economy.
The relevance and insufficient degree of the study determined the purpose and objectives of the study. 7
The purpose of the dissertation is to identify the most significant factors affecting entrepreneurial activity in the context of globalization and to determine, on this basis, the forms and methods of state regulation of entrepreneurial activity aimed at protecting the national producer and limiting the development of negative phenomena associated with the "flight" of capital, the growth of the shadow sector of the economy , as well as speculative turnover of capital.
Achieving this goal involves solving the following tasks:
Clarify the essence of the globalization of the economy and reveal its impact on the goals, forms and social role entrepreneurship in modern conditions;
To identify the conditions and the most significant factors that determine specific directions, trends and specific features of entrepreneurial activity in the context of globalization;
To reveal the features of the behavior of transnational corporations, as well as the degree and forms of their influence on the functioning of national entrepreneurship;
Determine the impact of financial globalization on changing business objectives in the context of globalization;
To identify the causes and forms of the growth of shadow capital in the context of globalization;
Reveal the essence and identify the reasons for the increase in the volume of speculative capital in modern conditions;
To identify new forms of integration of large and small businesses, as well as factors for the adaptation of small businesses in the context of the globalization of the economy; to determine the features of regulation of social and labor relations in international companies and TNK; eight
Reveal the forms and methods of state regulation of entrepreneurial activity in the context of globalization.
The object of the study is modern forms and mechanisms of entrepreneurial activity.
The subject of the study is the socio-economic relations that determine the conditions for the formation and functioning of private entrepreneurship in the context of globalization.
The theoretical and methodological basis of the study was scientific works classics of economic theory, as well as the work of domestic and foreign scientists on entrepreneurship, small business, shadow economy and globalization. The author was guided by the dialectical method, used such techniques as a systematic approach, analysis, synthesis, generalization, including theoretical and empirical components, grouping, spatial and dynamic comparison methods were used, which contributed to the reliability of the results obtained.
Theoretical conclusions and generalizations are made on the basis of studying, analyzing and summarizing the normative, administrative and reporting information of state authorities, reports of the International Monetary Fund, Federal and Regional Entrepreneurship Support Funds, international economic organizations. Information base The analysis was based on statistical data presented in domestic and foreign sources, in the materials of the State Statistics Committee, publications and articles in periodicals, and the Internet.
The scientific novelty of the dissertation research is as follows:
1. The contradictory impact of transnational companies on national entrepreneurship is revealed. It is shown that the activity of TNC branches forces local companies to make adjustments to the technological process, the established practice of industrial relations, the management system, allocate more funds for training and retraining of personnel, pay more attention to product quality, its design, consumer properties, which allows local companies compete successfully in international markets. Forms of the negative impact of TNC affiliates on the development of national production are revealed: re-profiling of national enterprises, turning them into simple assembly production; reduction in the volume of small and medium-sized businesses due to increased competition from TNCs, as well as their involvement in global production networks; reduction of national capital in profitable industries; closure of national firms, or their takeover by TNCs; outflow of capital from the country; limiting the development of the national economy by transferring jobs and technologies abroad.
2. It was revealed that the globalization of the economy contributes to a change in the role of competition and methods of state regulation of entrepreneurial activity. It has been determined that in the context of globalization, the traditional ties between business and the state are being destroyed, which is manifested in the fact that, on the one hand, the branches of TNCs use the labor of the local workforce, participate with their taxes in solving national problems. On the other hand, they are links in the global network, they work for this network and realize its interests, which contributes to the discrepancy between corporate interests and the interests of the governments of countries and their citizens, which manifests itself in the increased dependence of national business on TNCs, the erosion of the national roots of business, the formation of a more complex relationship between business and government.
3. The influence of financial globalization on entrepreneurial activity is determined. It has been proven that the system of global finance, including the liberalization of the international market for money, capital, currency and derivative financial instruments, strengthens
10 misuse of financial instruments leads to an increase in short-term investments and portfolio investments, contributes to the separation of the financial market from the real sector of the economy, the replacement of production by speculative operations with various derivative financial instruments.
4. The contradictory impact of the process of free movement of capital on the implementation of entrepreneurial activity is revealed. It is shown that, on the one hand, an increase in capital mobility facilitates the process of attracting capital, helps to reduce transaction costs, accelerate the flow of capital and its concentration in certain regions in order to effective solution national economic problems, which improves the business environment. On the other hand, the liberalization of the movement of capital contributes to a reorientation to short-term investments, increases the dependence of national entrepreneurs on the behavior of non-residents (TNCs, international institutional investors and international speculators), leads to an aggravation of liquidity problems and non-payments, increases the "capital flight" carried out through illegal and semi-legal channels, which facilitates the legalization of shadow incomes and contributes to the instability and instability of business activities, especially in developing countries and countries with economies in transition.
5. The objective grounds for increasing the volume of speculative capital in the context of globalization and the direction of its impact on entrepreneurial activity are revealed. It is shown that the main factors for increasing the volume of speculative capital are the system of floating rates, the development of the margin trading system and the international market for derivative financial instruments. It has been determined that the expansion of the scope of speculative capital contributes to a change in the motives of the behavior of entrepreneurs, an increase in the transfer of capital from the sphere and real production to the sphere of circulation, an expansion in the volume of transactions not related to the main activity of the entrepreneur, an expansion of the shadow capital turnover and increased criminalization. economic activity.
6. It is shown that state regulation of entrepreneurial activity in the context of globalization should be aimed both at supporting the national producer and creating sustainable foundations for its development, and at limiting negative trends in the development of entrepreneurship associated with a focus on short-term financial success, an increase in speculative capital, a decrease in the social responsibility of business.
7. Measures of state control have been identified that limit the negative consequences of the free movement of capital on the implementation of entrepreneurial activities. It was revealed that state insurance of obligations of financial intermediaries within the country, the introduction of a tax on financial transactions, reserve requirements for short-term capital receipts, sectoral regulation of the placement of foreign direct investment, regulation of the outflow of currency can prevent speculative pressure financial capital on the development of national economic systems and national entrepreneurship.
8. It was determined that the globalized economy was a factor in the destruction of the system of social responsibility of business that developed in the second half of the 20th century as a result of the dismantling of the system social partnership and reducing the responsibility of business for the general situation in the country and the level of income of the population, which led to an increase in unemployment and uneven distribution of incomes of various social groups of the population.
9. Directions for increasing the social responsibility of business in the context of globalization based on the principles of combining profitability are substantiated.
12 business and social benefits. It has been revealed that increasing the social responsibility of global companies can be carried out through the involvement of TNCs in education programs, the elimination of unemployment and homelessness, the improvement of working conditions, and the provision of safety and quality of products and services. It is shown that the expansion of the purchasing power of the population can be carried out by supporting TNCs of small and medium-sized businesses, which are a source of additional jobs and a source of income for the population.
The theoretical and practical significance of the study lies in the fact that the theoretical conclusions drawn can be used to develop new mechanisms for state regulation of entrepreneurial activity in the context of globalization, aimed at protecting the national producer, and limiting the development of such negative phenomena as the "flight" of capital, the growth of the shadow sector of the economy. , as well as speculative turnover of capital.
The provisions, conclusions and recommendations formulated in the work can be used in scientific, academic work, while studying the courses "Economic Theory", "World Economy", "Management", " Strategic management”, when developing special courses.
Approbation of work. The main provisions of the dissertation, received theoretical and practical advice reported at the conference at the Financial Academy under the Government of the Russian Federation "Globalization: the essence, problems and national security of Russia" (Moscow,
2003), at the international scientific conference "Global and national in the economy" (Moscow, February 2004), at the international symposium "Economic theory: historical roots, current state and development prospects" (Moscow, June 2004), at St. Petersburg University of Economics and Finance (St. Petersburg,
2004), conference "Social Function of the State in the Economy of the 21st Century" (Moscow, November 21, 2007), international conference
Public Administration in the 21st Century: Traditions and Innovations” (Moscow, 2006, 2007, 2008).
Publications. The main theoretical provisions and conclusions of the dissertation are reflected in the published scientific works of the author with a total volume of 47 printed sheets, including three monographs, nine publications in publications recommended by the Higher Attestation Commission of the Russian Federation.
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The development of the world economy at the present stage is characterized by high rates of globalization. The process of globalization implies the internationalization of social, economic, political and cultural processes. The globalization of the world economy entails a change in the nature production process. Currently, globalization is characterized by the following features:
1) Intensive development of the technical and economic potential of the mill;
2) Deepening the international division of labor;
3) Changes in qualitative indicators in the financial market;
4) high rates development of transnational corporations;
5) Development of telecommunication means of communication.
In the context of the globalization of world economic processes, small and medium-sized businesses turn out to be more mobile, as they are more flexible in the face of changing market conditions.
Small business is a form of organization of economic activity, the task of which is to find ways to efficiently use resources in the constantly changing and uncertain conditions of the economy.
It is important to note that small business has a high innovative and export-oriented potential. It is small business that stabilizes the conditions for socio-economic development, creates new jobs, and also ensures maximum satisfaction of the needs of the country's population.
The development of small business plays an important role in the development of the country's competitiveness. Consider the main characteristics of a small business:
1) high flexibility of organizations;
2) high level motivation to carry out innovative activities;
3) narrow specialization of organizations;
4) propensity to risk;
5) high labor productivity;
6) low production costs.
Let us study the indicators of small business in different countries (Table 1).
Table 1. Characteristics of small businesses
|
Share of small businesses, % |
Average share of employed in small business, % |
Share of small business in exports, % |
||||
|
EU countries |
||||||
Based on comparative characteristics countries, we can conclude that the higher the share of small businesses in the country's economy, the higher the level of development of the country and the degree of its competitiveness in the world market.
I would like to note that, in general, the globalization of the world economy creates favorable conditions for the development of small businesses, however, it can also lead to negative consequences.
The negative effects of globalization on the development of small businesses include:
- uneven distribution of the benefits of globalization among national economies;
- increased competition in the world market;
- constantly changing market conditions;
- fast pace of development of technological and innovative processes.
I would like to note that 68% of US small businesses cease their activities in the first 5 years of their existence, 62% of small businesses in Japan and 60% of EU enterprises in the first 10 years. 73% of small enterprises in the Russian Federation cease their activities within two years of their operation.
It is possible to identify factors that predetermine the need to change the conditions for the functioning of small businesses in the context of globalization. Such factors are divided into internal and external.
Internal factors include:
- poor management in organizations
- low level of own working capital,
- high degree of equipment wear,
- difficulties in recruiting qualified personnel.
External factors, in turn, can be conditionally divided into national and global ones. The national ones are:
- existing problems in the regulatory framework,
- high inflation rates
- low level financial support small businesses,
- high rents etc.
To the world external factors relate:
- the growth of costs associated with the company's entry into the world market,
- tightening protectionism policy,
- consequences of the financial and economic crisis,
- increased competition in the global market,
- increase in currency and political risks.
In order to ensure the sustainable development of small business in the context of the globalization of the world economy, many countries are implementing policies to support small businesses. When implementing this policy, economic methods are most often used. Reducing the tax burden of small businesses is an indirect method of supporting small businesses:
- deducting part of the organization's profit from taxation;
- investment tax credit;
- method "patent window";
- tax holidays;
- investment tax credit.
In order to increase the export orientation of small businesses, many countries use such tools as the expansion of credit obligations, the provision of export credits and their insurance. In addition, there are subsidies for exporting enterprises, exemption from duties, and trade benefits.
In the context of the globalization of the world economy, methods such as stimulating the development of innovative potential, cooperation of small businesses with large enterprises are used.
When studying the mechanisms of small business regulation in developed countries, it is possible to identify common characteristics and opportunities for their application in other countries.
Obviously, national measures of state regulation of small business should be determined by specific goals in each country, taking into account its historical, political, cultural, and socio-economic characteristics.
The increase in the level of competition on the world stage contributes to qualitative changes in the system of organization and management of business, which is constantly changing, adapting to the intensification of competition at the global level.
In the context of increasing global competition, it is necessary to constantly develop Innovation potential enterprises, focusing on the production of quality and environmentally friendly products to improve the competitiveness of small businesses.
Russia needs to improve regulatory framework regulation of entrepreneurial activity. The main areas for improvement are:
- improvement of normative-legal acts;
- elimination of duplication of competences of public authorities;
- strengthening the control of state bodies of small business;
- simplification of administrative procedures;
- improvement of the investment climate.
To create the most favorable conditions functioning of small businesses, it is necessary to use the following tools:
Privatization of state property to increase the role of the private sector in the country's economy;
- differentiation of tax rates;
- expansion of benefits for small businesses;
- expansion of benefits for the development of innovative and export activities of small businesses;
- expansion of funding channels;
- the impact of establishing inter-firm contracts;
- staff development.
Consider the main performance indicators of small businesses in the Russian Federation (Table 2).
Table 2. Performance indicators of small businesses
In Russian federation
|
Number of enterprises, thousand units |
|||
|
Average number of employees, thousand people |
|||
|
Share of employed in small business, % |
|||
|
Turnover of the enterprise, million rubles |
|||
|
Share of turnover of small enterprises, % |
|||
|
Investments in fixed capital, billion rubles |
|||
|
Share of investments in fixed assets, % |
|||
|
Export, billion dollars |
|||
|
Export, % |
Thus, we can conclude that the share of people employed in small businesses in the total number of employed people in 2015 increased by 9.6% compared to 2005. The share of cash turnover of small businesses over 10 years (2005-2015) increased by 3.8%. The share of exports of small enterprises in 2005-2015 increased by 1.5%.
Figure 1. Comparative analysis of performance indicators of subjects
small business in Russia, 2005-2015
Figure 2. Structure of small businesses, %
Consequently, the share of wholesale and retail trade enterprises is the highest in the structure of small businesses (38.8%), and the mining industry enterprises have the smallest share (1%).
Thus, the share of enterprises operating in the service sector is currently increasing (more than 66%).
The objectives of the state policy for the development and support of small businesses in the Russian Federation are:
- improving the social efficiency of small businesses;
- increasing the pace of development of small business to improve the socio-economic situation of the country.
The main directions of implementation state support small businesses are:
- tougher penalties for violating antimonopoly laws;
- the principle of non-intervention of executive authorities in the process of functioning of the competitive environment;
- creation of equal conditions for competition of small businesses;
- strengthening the activity of small business support structures .
Thus, small businesses in the context of globalization are more mobile, they provide employment for the population, as well as a high level of development. innovative technologies and export. Each modern state takes measures to develop small businesses in order to increase their socio-economic development.
PENZA STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of ECONOMIC THEORY AND WORLD ECONOMY
Coursework in the global economy
on the topic: Entrepreneurship in the context of globalization of economic life.
student
supervisor
2010.
Content
Introduction
At present, the trend of increasing development of globalization is obvious. Globalization is a process that covers literally all spheres of human life. In particular, economic globalization, which will be discussed later, is the process of transforming the world economy into a single market for goods, services, labor and knowledge; one can also say that economic globalization is a further development of internationalization, its higher stage.
In this regard, it is worth saying that both the world economy and national economies were naturally prepared for this process: a significant role was played by the scientific and technological revolution, the development of the transport and logistics sector, and the emergence of modern means of telecommunications.
The main engine of the processes of economic globalization are transnational companies that are able to combine financial resources, modern technology, trade, management and production processes in one hand. The intensification of their activities on the threshold of the 21st century has led not only to the globalization of their economic activity but of the entire world economy. Assessing the scale of modern TNCs, it must be said that the goals and methods of their entrepreneurial activity differ significantly from the goals and methods of traditional enterprises (firms).
The process of economic globalization is inevitable, it is a natural stage in the development of the world economy. Nevertheless, there are various approaches to its assessment: both positive and negative. Such interest in economic globalization once again confirms the urgency of this problem. Countries pursuing the path of integration into the world economy need to take into account these positive and negative aspects in order to derive maximum benefit for the national economy and domestic economic entities. At present, this issue is also relevant for the Russian Federation.
In the context of the globalization of the economy, a number of questions arise about doing business. What are the specifics of doing business? What is the role of an entrepreneur in modern conditions? What are the goals of entrepreneurial activity in the new rules of the game? Many other issues related to economic globalization processes and the entrepreneurial sphere also arise. Some of these questions will be answered during the course work.
The purpose of the course work is to consider the sphere of entrepreneurship in the process of globalization of the economy. To reveal the topic, it is necessary to consider the functioning of firms and their goals in an open economy, to characterize the process of economic globalization, to consider the essence and activities of modern TNCs. In this regard, the following tasks are formed: explanation of the process of economic globalization, consideration of the activities of TNCs on the example of Russian and foreign companies.
1 Entrepreneurship in an open economy
1.1 Theoretical ideas about entrepreneurial activity and its goals
The history of entrepreneurship research begins with the works of the 19th century English economist R. Cantillon, who considered entrepreneurship as the attitude of market participants regarding the purchase and sale of goods, while noting the importance of such abilities as the ability to anticipate events, take a balanced risk and be responsible for the consequences of decisions. But already A. Smith associated entrepreneurship mainly with production activities, considering it as a means of generating income. The need for the ability to combine and combine factors of production for the success of entrepreneurial activity was first pointed out by J. B. Say. He put forward the ability to organize the participants in the production process and manage them in the process of achieving the goal as the main factor in extracting entrepreneurial income. The American economist F. Walker pointed to the combination of two different functions in entrepreneurial activity - the function of the owner of the enterprise, organizing production in order to generate income, and the function of the owner of capital, who has the right to use the profit received as a percentage of invested capital.
A significant contribution to the development of the theory of entrepreneurship was made by the Austrian economist J. Schumpeter, who associated the receipt of entrepreneurial income with innovation. Therefore, he considered the ability to innovate to be the defining feature of an entrepreneur. Effectively using technical, technological, organizational, managerial and marketing innovations, the entrepreneur achieves those changes in the extended production plus distribution cycle that provide him with additional income. It is characteristic that, according to Schumpeter, an individual remains an entrepreneur only as long as he remains an innovator, and immediately ceases to be an entrepreneur as soon as his activity becomes routine. He believed that not only the owner, but also a hired manager can be an entrepreneur; a sign is the innovative nature of the activity.
The question of the source of additional income has always been central in identifying the essence of entrepreneurship. A. Tyunen and F. Knight associated it with the ability to predict the prospects for the development of production and consumer demand, which ensures income. According to F. Hayek, the essence of entrepreneurship comes down to the initiative activity of the subject, therefore, anyone who is able to find favorable opportunities for starting a business can be an entrepreneur. The authors of the well-known textbook "Economics" K. McConnell and S. Brew consider entrepreneurial talent as a special human resource to be the main quality in the personality of an entrepreneur. 1
So, entrepreneurship can be defined as an economic resource, which should include entrepreneurs, entrepreneurial infrastructure, as well as entrepreneurial ethics and culture. There are many other definitions of entrepreneurship; the following definition is given by American economistsRobert Hisrich and Michael Peters. Entrepreneurship -it is the process of creating something new that has value,
and an entrepreneur is a person who spends all his energy on it, and takes the risk, receiving money and satisfaction as a reward.
The uniqueness of the value of entrepreneurship lies in the fact that it is thanks to it that economic resources come into interaction - labor, land, capital and knowledge. The skills of entrepreneurs, initiative and risk, in a market economy, allow the most efficient use of resources, which, ultimately, should lead to economic growth. The experience of developed countries with market economies shows that many economic achievements, such as economic growth rates, investment volumes, and the use of innovations, directly depend on the realization of entrepreneurial potential. As you know, entrepreneurial abilities are most effectively implemented in a liberal economic system with well-established entrepreneurial traditions and relevant legislation. At the same time, it should be noted that the successful implementation of entrepreneurial activity primarily depends on the entrepreneur himself: his qualifications, level of education, ability to make decisions, ability to respond flexibly to changing situations, and take responsibility. 2
So, the main goal of entrepreneurial activity is to maximize profits. If we consider the activities of the enterprise, then its goals are the satisfaction of social needs and profit maximization. Modern market relations require a reasonable combination of both goals. Doing business contributes to the saturation of the consumer market with goods and services, changes in the structure of the economy, stimulates the introduction of scientific and technological achievements. The ultimate goal of the company is to strengthen its position in the market, primarily by maximizing profits. The flip side of profit maximization, and one of the goals is to minimize losses. It should be noted that, focusing on a high positive result, in the short term, the company may incur losses associated with risks that are an integral part of entrepreneurial activity.
3
1.2 Goals of entrepreneurial activity in an open economy
Conventionally, national economies can be divided into open and closed. A closed economy (in its purest form) is an economy that is not included in the international division of labor, does not export or import goods and services, does not participate in the international movement of factors of production, and is outside international financial relations. 4
It is an economic system in which all business transactions are carried out within the country, settlements are made in the national currency. In a closed economy, the country's foreign economic relations are either absent or strictly dosed, and foreign economic policy is clearly restrictive. We can say that a closed economy is an economy whose development is determined exclusively by internal trends and does not depend on world economic trends. This economy is also called autarky. Autarky iseconomic isolation of one country from other countries, the creation of a self-satisfying closed economy within the framework of a separate state. In its pure form, it existed in a natural economy. Currently, Cuba and North Korea are examples of closed economies. The vast majority of countries in the world are countries with open economies. An open economy is an economy in which all subjects of economic relations can carry out operations without restrictions on the international market for goods, services, capital and other factors of production. In contrast to a closed economy, there is freedom of foreign trade transactions, a free exchange rate is established, and regulation takes place through foreign exchange reserves and regulations. An open economy means that countries actively participate in MRI, export and import a significant share of goods and services produced, export and import factors of production (labor, capital, technology). 5
However, this division is arbitrary: there are no fully open economies in the world, so they often talk about more open and less open economies. Thus, the Russian economy is more open than the Chinese economy, judging by the level of tariff rates on imported goods, the share of these goods in the domestic market, and other indicators. But for simplicity of presentation in this issue, we will adhere to this particular classification of national economies.
Having briefly considered these two types of economy, it is worth noting that the way enterprises operate in a closed and open economy is different. Firms in a closed economy aim to create a product for the domestic market, for domestic consumption. In an open economy, enterprises can be represented on the world market. Thus, a company that produces products or provides services for sale abroad becomes a part of world economic relations, a participant in the world market. Such activities of firms are called international entrepreneurship.
International entrepreneurship - free economic management in various fields of activity in the world market, which is carried out by subjects of foreign economic relations in order to meet the needs of specific consumers and society as a whole in goods, works, services and profit. International entrepreneurship is primarily associated with the efficient use of all factors of production for the economic growth of the enterprise.
Entering a foreign market is most often associated with the growth of an entrepreneurial firm and is one of the most promising strategies for its further development. At the same time, this is another opportunity to initiate a new business, requiring special “global thinking”. Accordingly, there are two ways of internationalizing business structures: “internationalization from creation” (international-at-founding) and “internationalization as a stage” (international-by-stage).
International entrepreneurship as a phenomenon reflects the totality of foreign economic relations associated with the organization of their business by entrepreneurs, with the production of goods, the performance of work or the provision of services and the receipt of the desired result in the form of profit. International entrepreneurship objectively reflects the entire system of relations arising in the world market between entrepreneurs, with each other, with consumers, with suppliers, with banks and other subjects of the world market, with employees, with the state represented by the relevant executive authorities. At the same time, international entrepreneurship reflects the commodity nature of such relations, which are implemented on the basis of the operation of the economic laws of the world market (demand, supply, competition), as well as all the instruments of commodity production and circulation.
In the modern world economy, international entrepreneurship as a set of subjects performs the following functions:
- General economic function - due to the role of business organizations as subjects of the world market. Entrepreneurial activity is aimed at the production of goods and their delivery to specific consumers, which predetermines this function. International business activity is carried out under the influence of the entire system of economic laws of the world economy. The development of international entrepreneurship is a certain condition for economic growth, an increase in GDP and GNP, which is also a manifestation of the general economic nature of the function;
resource function. Entrepreneurship development involves the efficient use of resources, which refers to all material and non-material conditions and factors of production (primarily labor, natural resources, land, means of production and scientific achievements). The greatest success in modern conditions is achieved by an entrepreneur who generates scientific and technical ideas, uses a highly skilled workforce and efficiently consumes resources;
Innovative function - entrepreneurial activity involves not only the use of new ideas, but also the development of new means and factors to achieve the goals;
Organizing function - is manifested in the decision to organize one's own business, to diversify it, that is, to create a new business entity in the world market;
Social function - is manifested in the provision of every capable member of society with the right to be an owner, to show their talents and capabilities in this area. At the same time, new strata of society are being formed, the number of economically and socially dependent employees is increasing;
Political function - the implementation of political influence on international processes through associations and unions of entrepreneurs. 6
The last 30 years in the world economy there has been a rapid development of integration processes that have reached the highest degree of their development. Thus, in the modern world, countries, in the process of their development, must take into account the priorities and norms of behavior of other participants in world economic relations. This phenomenon in the modern economy is called globalization. The term globalization was introduced by the American sociologist R. Robertson, who in 1985 gave an interpretation of the concept of “globalization”, and in 1992 outlined the foundations of his concept in a book. Some scholars consider this process one of the stages in the development of capitalism. Globalization is a natural process of strengthening world economic relations, it was preceded by the processes of internationalization and integration of the world economy.
So, economic globalization is the process of transforming the world economy into a single market for goods, services, capital, labor and knowledge. Thus, the phenomenon of globalization implies the existence of an open, integrated world economy. The process of globalization of the economy has many features, it can be partially characterized by the following features.
Firstly, modern economic conditions are distinguished by the deepening of the internationalization of production, which is manifested in the joint production of the final product by representatives of many countries of the world. The organizational form of internationalization of production are transnational companies (TNCs). According to the UN in 2009, there were about 82,000 parent TNCs in the world, which control about 810,000 of their subsidiaries and branches abroad. More than 65% of the assets of the 100 largest companies in the world are located outside the home country of the parent company. 7 Transnational corporations account for over a third of the world's gross domestic product.
Another characteristic feature of the global economy is the internationalization of capital, which is manifested in the increase in foreign direct investment and the internationalization of the stock market. At the same time, the amounts with which transactions are made in the securities markets are many times higher than the capital actually used in commercial activities.
The third feature characteristic of the global economy is the increase in the scale of international labor migration, both real and virtual. Third World countries serve as a source of unskilled and low-skilled labor for developed countries. In the 1980s, 83% of legal immigrants arriving in the US were of Asian or Hispanic descent and generally had little education. In the 1990s, significant
the number of citizens of European countries lived outside national borders, including in Germany - 1.7 million people, in France - 1.3 million people. At the same time, the total number of foreign workers who arrived from outside the European Community exceeded 10 million people. At the same time, modern telecommunication technologies make it possible to overcome government restrictions on immigration processes. Any company in a developed country can entrust the execution of work to a contractor located in another country and quickly get the result via the Internet.
Another characteristic feature of the global economy at the present time is the strengthening of the internationalization of the exchange of goods and services based on the deepening of the international division of labor. The volume of trade turnover of all countries of the world from 1950 to 1992 increased from 0.3 to 3.5 trillion. dollars. Moreover, the services sector, which is developing faster than the sphere of material production, is becoming an increasingly important area of international cooperation. If in 1970 less than 1/3 of foreign direct investment was associated with the export of services, now this share has increased to 60%, and intellectual capital has become the most important commodity in the world market. 8
And, finally, characterizing the process of economic globalization, one cannot but point to the formation of a worldwide material, organizational, socio-economic infrastructure that ensures the implementation of international cooperation.
2 The impact of globalization processes on entrepreneurial activity
2.1 Multinational companies: definition and nature
The process of formation of the modern world economy and the processes of economic globalization are closely related to the activities of transnational corporations (TNCs). It is TNCs that are able to combine financial resources, modern technologies, trade, the production process and management under a single command, effectively using all these factors in order to achieve maximum efficiency in the production and marketing of their products. 9
The definition of TNCs refers to enterprises that own or control production or service complexes located outside the country in which these corporations are based. They have an extensive network of branches and offices in different countries and occupy a leading position in the production and sale of a particular product, as a rule, they have a joint-stock form of organization.
The term “transnational corporation” as a generally accepted one began to be used only from 1960. The first transnational companies in the world (the structure and role of which was similar to modern TNCs) were the British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company, founded at the beginning of the 17th century. At an early stage of monopolization of production and capital, there were predominantly multinational corporations (MNCs). They were formed as trusts, concerns and other production associations, which were international firms not only by the nature of their activities, but also by the structure of capital formation and control over it. MNCs unite national companies of two or more countries on an industrial and scientific and technical basis. The Anglo-Dutch chemical concern Unilever, which has existed since the beginning of the 20th century, the Anglo-Dutch concern Royal Dutch Shell, the Anglo-Italian rubber concern Dunlop Pirelli, and the Italian-French automobile concern Fiat can serve as an example of multinational corporations. Despite the fact that multinational corporations historically arose before TNCs, they have not received such a wide distribution and high influence as TNCs. This can be explained by the multinationality of the capital on which such companies are based, as a result of which no one country has a dominant position in production. Multinational companies act differently: by locating subsidiaries in other countries, they make available the acquisition of shares in the parent and subsidiary companies, which are the personification of the company's ownership. 10
TNCs have gone through a number of stages in their development.
Stage 1 - colonial raw materials TNCs (TNCs of the first generation) - operated within the boundaries of the colonial empires or spheres of influence that existed at that time.
Stage 2 - the period between the two world wars, when military transnational companies (TNCs of the second generation) come to the fore. Their activities were mainly related to the production of weapons, ammunition, and ammunition. The importance of these TNCs was not lost even after the Second World War
Stage 3 - begins in the 60s of the XX century. During this period, TNCs of the integration type (TNCs of the third generation) appear, widely using the achievements of the scientific and technological revolution to conquer sales markets, sources of raw materials, areas of capital investment by creating integration associations that focus mainly on foreign economic activity. At the same time, there is a limited combination of elements of national and foreign production, sales of goods, management and organization of personnel work, research, marketing, after-sales service according to uniform standards.
Stage 4 - is associated with the emergence of a new trend in the development of TNCs - the emergence of fourth-generation TNCs, or global TNCs, which will be discussed below. 11
A transnational corporation is a complex that uses an international approach in its activities and involves the formation of a transnational production, trade and financial complex with a single decision-making center in the home country and with branches in other countries. As a rule, TNCs are oligopolies. They have monopoly power to a greater or lesser extent, but they do not have complete freedom in making economic decisions. They actively participate in the development and regulation of the international division of labor; they are characterized by the relative independence of the international movement of capital from the processes taking place in the home country of the parent company. 12
There is still controversy around the world about the definition of criteria to separate TNCs from other firms. Because it is difficult to determine with certainty whether a company is using an "international approach", narrower definitions of transnational corporations apply. Different studies use different criteria for defining transnational corporations. In general, similar qualitative criteria are used, but quantitative criteria are different:
- Number of countries in which the company is represented (at least 2 to 6 countries);
The minimum number of countries in which the company's production facilities are located;
Minimum amount of share capital of the parent company (from 100 million to 500 million US dollars);
Minimum share of foreign operations in the income or sales of the company (usually 10-25%);
Ownership of at least 25% voting shares in three or more countries;
The multinational composition of the company's staff, the composition of its top management.
Given that the wording of the concept of "transnational corporation" affects the interests of many states, the UN has supplemented the definition of the concept of TNCs:
- A company, regardless of legal form and field of activity, including units in two or more countries;
Within the decision-making system, pursues a coherent policy and implements a common strategy through one or more leading centers;
Its separate structural divisions are connected by property or in any other way in such a way that one or more of them can have a significant influence on the activities of others, as well as share knowledge, resources and responsibilities with others.
The most common reason for the emergence of transnational corporations is the internationalization of production and capital based on the development of productive forces that outgrow national-state boundaries. The most important factor in the formation and development of international corporations is the export of capital. The reasons for the emergence of TNCs include their desire to resist fierce competition, the need to withstand competition on an international scale. The factor that influenced the emergence of TNCs, of course, is their desire for excess profits. 13 According to many factors, such a business organization as a TNC has a lot of competitive advantages. Among the main ones, it should be noted: the ability to more successfully overcome numerous trade and political barriers between countries and, accordingly, the risks associated with this; opportunities for diversification; mitigation of market fluctuations; obtaining additional profit due to differences in the cost of resources, qualifications of the labor force, legislation, taxation levels, environmental and other standards, etc.
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Growing Importance of Entrepreneurial Resource in the Context of Globalization
In the modern conditions of globalization and liberalization of economic activity, when even small-medium entrepreneurs have access to labor, natural, capital and intellectual resources of states far from them, and even more so their goods and sales markets, the entrepreneurial resource becomes even more important.
This is explained as follows:
1) as the economic resources of different countries of the world become more accessible in economic life, the importance of not
natural resources and capital, and labor resources(more precisely, qualified labor resources) and especially knowledge and entrepreneurial resource. This is due to the fact that in modern conditions it is these two resources that give the greatest return on investment in them;
2) even companies that are not connected with the foreign market are under increasing pressure from foreign competitors in the domestic market, and in order to withstand it, they need to constantly improve the level of management, i.e. use your entrepreneurial potential more effectively.
As a result, “management is now the decisive factor of production. It is management that now determines the position occupied by this or that country in the competition. The entrepreneurial resource is especially important for firms that are constantly and actively operating in foreign markets (TNCs). According to THK's monopolistic advantage model, which incorporates it as an integral part of Dunning's eclectic model (see 1.2), a transnational corporation must have advantages over local competitors. One such advantage may be THK 1's great entrepreneurial potential based on knowledge and experience in a highly competitive environment.
More on the topic Entrepreneurship in the context of globalization of economic activity:
- 2.1 Place and role of banking services in the activities of a modern commercial bank
- 1.6. Specific determinants of criminal economic activity
- 2.4. Problems of State Regulation in the Peripheral Countries of the Global World
- Interaction of the federal and regional levels in the management of socio-economic processes in the context of globalization