A gast's scientific contribution to management. Scientific concepts of labor organization A.K.

When the morning horns are buzzing on the outskirts of the workers, this is not at all a call for captivity. This is the song of the future. We used to work in squalid workshops and started working in the mornings at different times. And now, in the morning, at eight o'clock, the horns are screaming for a whole million. Now minute by minute we start together. A whole million take the hammer at the same moment.

Our first blows thunder together. What are the horns singing about! - This is the morning anthem of unity!

Work Strike Poetry

We spend the best part of our lives at work.

One must learn how to work in such a way that the work is easy and that it is a constant life school.

How to work

Gastev Aleksey Kapitonovich - a revolutionary, a proletarian poet and a prominent figure in the field of rationalization of labor - was born on September 26, 1882 in the city of Suzdal, Vladimir province. His father was a teacher and died when Gastev was two years old. Testev's mother was a dressmaker. At the end of the city school, and then technical courses, Gastev entered the teacher's institute, but was expelled from there for political activity. Since 1900 he has been participating in the revolutionary movement. Having given himself up to political work, he wandered through prisons, exiles (Vologda province, Arkhangelsk province, Narym) and worked as a mechanic at factories in St. Petersburg, Kharkov, Nikolaev, as well as in tram depots.

Until 1917 he was in an illegal position. He emigrated several times to Paris. He worked in factories abroad. Since 1901 - a member of the RSDLP. Since 1906 - an active worker of trade unions. From 1907 to 1918 he was a member of the board of the Petrograd Union of Metalworkers, and in 1917–1918. - Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Russian Union of Metalworkers. From the moment of the October Revolution, he worked as a professional manager industrial enterprises and a journalist.

Artistic things Gastev began to write in the 1900s. For the first time his work was published in 1904 - the story "Beyond the Wall" from the life of political exiles. Collections of works of art were published several times under the title "Poetry of the Work Strike". The last collection was published in Moscow in 1923. In the early 1920s, Gastev left his activities in the field fiction and devoted himself entirely to work on the organization of labor. Gastev considers his last work of art to be the CIT (Central Institute of Labor) of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions organized by him in Moscow in 1920, which he manages and which embodies all the legendary ideas invested in his artistic work.

Main scientific work Gastev is the book "Labor Installations" (published in 1924), which outlines the CIT methodology for teaching labor techniques.

In solving its main task - the training of the workforce - CIT applied the method of analyzing labor movements using "cyclography", that is, photographs of individual elements of the movement of human working organs. Starting with the study of the simplest working operation- strike, Gastev established the "normal" (the system of the most correct movements) for cutting with a chisel. The study of cutting with a chisel for several years caused a number of criticisms from critics of the TsIT, who saw this slowness as an organic defect of the "narrow base". However, already in 1925, Gastev fully developed a methodology for training a locksmith, and the CIT moved on to training turners, fitters, blacksmiths, construction workers, textile workers, aviators, etc. Having developed the methodology, Gastev moved on to mass retraining of workers, establishing for this joint-stock company"Installation". Training of workers according to the CIT method requires 3-6 months.

Gastev wrote a number of books in which he expounds his views on the issues of the trade union movement, scientific organization labor and the construction of a new culture: "Industrial World", "Trade Unions and the Organization of Labor", "How to Work", "Time", "The Rise of Culture", "Youth, Go!", "New Cultural Setting", "Setting the Production Method TsIT", "Reconstruction of production", etc. Edits the journals "Organization of labor", "Installation of labor force" and "Bulletin of standardization" ...

Behind these protocol lines (taken by us from the autobiography of A.K. Gastev in the 41st volume of the encyclopedic dictionary "Granat" and biographical information in the 14th volume of the first edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia), broken through by the metaphor of the "last work of art", the image of a revolutionary, worker, a poet who became one of the founders of the Scientific Organization of Labor, a true nugget from a scattering of talents born of the Russian Revolution and creating it.

During the many years that have elapsed since the thirty-eighth year that ended the life of this wonderful person, his deeds were consigned to oblivion. Generations grew up who did not hear not only the name of Gastev, but also the words "NOT" and "CIT". And therefore, the exceptional interest now being shown in questions of the scientific organization of labor, the most valuable legacy of the 1920s and 1930s, is more than understandable.

In 1964, "The Poetry of the Work Strike" was republished. The fantastic hyperbole and class pathos of Gastev's poems and journalism, which his peers associated with the "proletcult" twenties, unexpectedly and organically "fit" into today's reality. Gastev's calls for "remaking of man", for the construction of "social engineering", which seemed to many of his contemporaries to be fantasy, turned out to be understandable and close to people of the sixties with their "cybernetic" way of thinking. The preface to the new edition of "The Poetry of the Work Strike", articles in magazines and newspapers, memoirs of friends and contemporaries recreate the stages of Gastev's wonderful biography, so sparingly told (alas - not completely) by himself: 1900 - the first exile, escape, Switzerland, Paris , return to Russia. 1905 - leadership of a fighting squad in Kostroma, Bolshevik organizations of Ivanovo-Voznesensk, Yaroslavl. IV Congress of the Party (Gastev-"Lavrenty" - a member of the Bolshevik, Leninist faction), again arrest, again exile, again escape, again emigration, again return ... And all the time - work in factories ("dismissal" always went according to stage ...), and in between - "rest" and classes in "belles-lettres" in transit. In the Narym exile - the first thoughts about "social engineering". Again Paris, and again Petrograd... A revolution that returns Gastev from yet another exile, the intensification of work in the trade unions. Then Ukraine - the leadership of the "Council of Arts" and interrupted by Denikin's plans for the organization of the "School of Social Engineering Sciences" (the prototype of the CIT). In 1918, Gastev was sent to Nizhny Novgorod as the Extraordinary Commissar of the Sormovo Plant. Work at factories again (Moscow, Nikolaev, Kharkov). Work at the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions. The last "constructive-poetic" experience is "A Bundle of Orders" (published later, in 1921).

And, finally, the organization of the Institute of Labor at the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions (1920). In August 1921, the Institute became known as the Central Institute as a result of a decree of the Council of Labor and Defense signed by V. I. Lenin. Shortly before this, Gastev met with Ilyich for the last time. “I would like to help comrade Gastev, head of the Institute of Labor,” Lenin wrote then to Deputy People's Commissar of Finance A. O. Alsky. “... We still, even in a difficult situation, must support such an institution.”

It is to this - the last and main "work of art" of Alexei Kapitonovich that this book is dedicated.

Alexei Kapitonovich himself will be the narrator. We will neither interrupt it nor supplement it with importunate explanations. The reader himself will be able to see for himself the intelligibility (and relevance) of the thoughts and deeds of those not so long ago days and make his own judgment about them. Let us recall only the most basic facts.

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Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

National Academy of Environmental and Resort Construction

Faculty of Economics and Management

Department of Management

Test No. 1

By discipline: "Management theory"

Performed:

Kaplenko E.F.

Group: MGB-131-z

Option:14

Checked:

Gorban G.P.

Simferopol, 2014

INTRODUCTION

The evolution of managerial thought is most clearly reflected in the management models that scientists and specialists developed and then put into practice in order to solve urgent problems put forward by society and the real needs of development.

When managing economic processes, these needs (more precisely, a new level of needs) are determined by the laws and trends of development: the material and technological base of production; the total worker as a carrier of creative, creative potential; economic and social environment; management science as such.

Any science is based on the use of historical experience. Studying the lessons of history makes it possible to avoid the contradictions and mistakes encountered in the early stages of the development of science. The science of management differs little from other sciences in this respect. Like any science, it is interested in the past, present and future. Analysis of the past allows you to better understand the present in order to predict future development.

At the beginning of the 20th century in Russia, the agrarian population prevailed over the industrial one. In the West, the intensity and productivity of labor were much higher than in Russia.

The distinctive features of the Russian economy were the presence of a huge share of cheap labor, low wage, unlimited working hours, neglect of elementary safety requirements, the absence of a hereditary labor aristocracy, labor dynasties and a stable core of the working class. The workers, yesterday's immigrants from the countryside, were still otkhodnik handicraftsmen in terms of culture and organization of labor. Some Russian specialists began to deal with the problems of labor organization and professionalization at the beginning of the 20th century.

The 1920s represent, perhaps, the brightest page in the history of national management science. This period strikes the imagination of contemporaries not only with the grandeur of ideas, the number of new ideas, projects and theories, the fierceness of ideological discussions, but also with the grandeur of the personalities that the “Silver Age” gave to the Fatherland.

Undoubtedly, A.K. Gastev.

The main merit of Gastev lies in the development of theoretical and experimental ideas of a new science - social engineering, which combines the methods of the natural sciences, sociology, psychology and pedagogy. Under his leadership, dozens of enterprises were introduced innovative methods organization of labor and production, more than 500 thousand skilled workers, thousands of consultants in management and NOT were trained according to the methods. Gastev outlined his main ideas and views in the most concentrated form in the famous 16 points of rules and instructions on how to work correctly and culturally.

Relevance of the topic control work is due to the fact that we need to critically rethink the experience of internal and sectoral management in the USSR, to learn how to find the best (optimal) solutions in conditions of insufficient stability and uncertainty of socio-economic life, characteristic of today's Russia, in order to avoid gross mistakes in the future.

The subject of the research is the theory of control.

The object of study in this paper is the concept of scientific organization of labor Gastev A.K.

The purpose of this work is to study the works of A.K. Gastev within the framework of the concepts developed by him

1. Life activity of A.K.Gastev

Fig. No. 1 (Alexey Kapitonovich Gastev)

Aleksey Kapitonovich Gastev (1882-1941), economist, sociologist, was an active figure in the revolutionary and labor movement in Russia, was repeatedly arrested and exiled. In 1905, he led a fighting squad of workers in Kostroma, spoke at rallies exposing the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks, participated in work III and IV congresses of the RSDLP. Gastev has not only revolutionary, but huge production experience behind him: a locksmith at factories in Russia and France (where he graduated from the Higher School of Social Sciences), and after October - a manager at enterprises in Moscow, Kharkov and Gorky, and finally, secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Russian Union of Metalworkers. He is also known as a poet, his literary work was highly appreciated by V.V. Mayakovsky and A.V. Lunacharsky. Gastev was one of the theorists and leaders of the proletarian movement.

From 1921 to 1938 he headed the Central Institute of Labor (CIT) in Moscow. The main merit of Gastev lies in the development of theoretical and experimental ideas of a new science - social engineering ("social engineering"), which combines the methods of the natural sciences, sociology, psychology and pedagogy. Under his leadership, dozens of enterprises introduced innovative methods of organizing labor and production, more than 500 thousand skilled workers, thousands of management consultants and NOTs were trained according to the CIT methods. His contribution to the development of the ideas of cybernetics and general systems theory is significant. Gastev's developments have received worldwide recognition; they are being studied in the USA, England, France and other countries.

2. The concept of "social engineering" by A.K.Gastev

In the 20-30s of the CC century, a powerful movement for the scientific organization of labor and production management unfolded in Russia, in which the applied developments of social engineering played an important role.

For the first time, the concept of social engineering was introduced into scientific circulation by Aleksey Kapitonovich Gastev. The scientist raised the question of a complex, completely new science of labor and management - applied "social engineering". This science was called upon to replace the previous theoretical sociology and solve the problem of synthesis of the most important aspects of the organization of labor and management activities: technical, psychophysiological, economic. Gastev A.K. considered social engineering as a relatively independent branch of research. Her distinguishing feature consisted in a predominant focus not so much on social cognition (the discovery of scientific facts or empirical patterns), but on changing social reality (the introduction of innovative and practical advice). This science, according to the author's intention, is at the junction of social and natural areas of knowledge. From the latter it borrows precise experimental methods and adherence to reliable facts.

The subject of study by A.K. Gastev were not generally existing management processes, but processes taking place in various spheres of social production. Structurally, the study of production included two sections: the scientific organization of the production process, the theoretical basis of which was physiology and psychology, and the scientific organization of management, the theoretical and methodological basis of which was social Psychology. The subject of the first is the rational connection of a person with a tool, and the second is the interaction of people in the labor process.

Gastev A.K. clearly distinguishes between two independent objects of study: the management of things and the management of people. Assuming that they have common features, the scientist, meanwhile, does not set himself the task of identifying differences. The problems of managing people in Gastev A.K. dissolves in the sphere technical organization. However, with all the attention to the processes occurring in the "man - machine" system, he emphasizes the importance of human relationships in the organization and points out that "in the general system ... the movement of things, the movement of a person and his impact on others ... turned out to be small, but often a defining oasis."

In motion towards the organic reconstruction of the whole production structure country should begin with its main element - the worker. The main task is how to organize production so that even in the organizational technique itself there is a constant call for continuous improvement, including the improvement of the field in which each leader works.

Gastev A.K. approaches management issues from the point of view of the workplace (an individual worker), extending the findings to the management of the workshop, enterprise, state: the worker at the machine has a director of production, known as machines - tools. The deft maintenance of this elementary system brings up in each worker his real managerial qualities, accurate, business. It is with streamlining the activities of an individual, whoever he may be - a leader or an executor, that work should begin on the scientific organization of labor and management. This is the essence of the so-called "narrow base" methodology, on which A.K. Gastev. Thus, the focus of the scientist is the primary cell of the enterprise - the employee at his workplace, and the scheme of scientific research unfolds in the direction from microanalysis of movements (techniques, operations) to macroanalysis of the enterprise as a whole.

In the matter of organizational building, the question arises of training capable leaders endowed with "organizational dexterity," strategic talent, and special "social" qualities. So, the "organizational skill" of both the leader and the performer, according to A.K. Gastev, are: the inner strength that the subordinates have the need to "feel". From the point of view of the manager, this force, in our opinion, is a mechanism for influencing, regulating and precisely coordinating the efforts of ordinary labor participants. Another quality is dexterity as the ability of the worker to design movements, quickly and accurately complete tasks. For the organizer, this feature seems to us as the ability to give the most optimal recommendations under certain conditions, to develop solutions in strict accordance with the current situation, to respond vividly to successes and failures in the functioning of the enterprise, in the ability to achieve goals, to conduct training in a timely manner, etc. An important quality of any leader is courage, which allows you to overcome indecision both in new beginnings and in the continuation of the case. The ability to grasp the whole process, to foresee the consequences of one’s actions (vigilance), to penetrate into the essence of phenomena (“tracking”), to be resourceful with lightning speed, to have an everyday fantasy and a savvy memory (the makings of a designer and inventor) - this is the necessary set of qualities that distinguish people " continuous enterprise".

The special skill of the organizer is the art of teamwork, the ability to inspire and unite the team on the basis of a common goal with an unbending will and a certain enthusiasm. This is a special art of management, the art of disposing. It should be noted that Gastev A.K. by management he understands calculated, prudent leadership, and in the concept of "manager", in his opinion, an element of surprise is introduced, requiring flexibility, maneuverability. The art of managing is impossible without special communicative skills, without the inclinations of a leader in order to lead. Being a psychologist is another essential quality of a leader: to know the psychology of the crowd and the individual. The organizer should learn to regulate the teams (as a traffic controller does), direct, coordinate actions that form a common harmonious flow. This is a person of observation, signal and quick volitional action (which are firefighters), who owns the briefing method (like sappers and military technicians), able to calculate time by minutes.

Gastev A.K. believes that managerial functions of a regulatory nature are, as it were, automated (individual techniques, methods of work are being worked out), which sharply distinguishes them from the sphere general administration based on foresight and taking into account long-term factors. Thus, he emphasizes the presence of a kind of intuition, creative element, art in the work of senior and middle managers. Their task is to carry out planning - setting goals, developing a strategy - and actually organizing - establishing the features of actions and taking into account the resources necessary to implement the plan and make decisions on the distribution of powers, duties and responsibilities. Another category of managers, according to the plan of Gastev A.K., controls, regulates the activities of employees, instructs and provides ongoing advice. Thus, the author establishes a hierarchy of managers, determines their competence.

An important issue in organizational building is the selection of personnel and the development of a labor incentive system, which, according to Gastev A.K., must meet the requirement of social dynamics, or "qualification movement", that is, prospects career development. It also solves the problem of discipline: self-organization through self-interest in success in the atmosphere of cooperation prevailing in the enterprise.

Much credit goes to A.K. Gastev in developing rules for any work and principles of proper management activity.

So, in the 1920s, in our opinion, a distinctive, original, and at the same time, to a sufficient extent absorbed all the most valuable discoveries of Western organizational and managerial thought, the concept of "social engineering" appeared, the foundations of which were laid by A.K. Gastev. The scientist created such an effective methodology, the principles of which were used by many Notovites: Vitke N.A., Zhuravsky A.F., Dunaevsky F.R., Burdyansky I.M. etc. Everything that was done in the 20s and later in the 60s in the field of the human factor in production fits into the concept of social engineering, which at that time was limited to the construction of a social environment at the level of a single enterprise. However, attempts were made to extend the new methodology to the management of the entire sphere of production, and in the distant future, the whole of Russian society was thought to be built on its basis.

3. The concept of cultural attitudes

The industrial revival of Russia, according to Gastev, is inseparable from the cultural revolution. The concept of labor education and cultural attitudes involves the destruction of the "spontaneous licentiousness" of a person, which begins with Gastev's physical and everyday culture - a rational daily routine, proper nutrition, rest and movement, then it is fixed in the socio-psychological culture of behavior, the art of controlling oneself and one's emotions, relationships, and results in the rise of a general culture of production. The work culture begins with a gradual getting used to a single pace sustained throughout the day. Labor endurance is best formed during the work of the operating room and more difficult - during the editing, non-repeating or having a ragged rhythm.

In hard, irregular work, according to Gastev, more diseases are acquired and bad habits. On the one hand, what the Russian worker lacks most of all is the elementary performance culture: the ability to obey, to strictly observe his job responsibilities whether he likes it or not. The art of teamwork, according to Gastev, is based on the ability to adapt personal goals to common tasks, on the ability to accurately and timely fulfill orders. The first act of "organizational training" is learning not to lead others, but to obey oneself. Gastev builds a new science on this principle - "training pedagogy". Its methods and laws are based on exact calculation, which takes into account all the little things and details, it has three stages: "general gymnastics, imitation of work and, finally, real work." If gymnastics acts as a “pure technique of movement”, then the task of the simulation exercise is to accustom a person to the load. At the final stage, the student proceeds to real labor operations, which must be rehearsed to automatism. For the leader, Gastev proposed a six-month probationary period, during which the candidate for nomination would be subjected to thorough socio-psychological observations and, on the basis of them, a “psychological passport” would be drawn up. The business initiative required from the leader will be met with great enthusiasm if he first shows himself as an executive and disciplined worker. Authority in the team, based on a high personal work culture and professional competence, is the foundation of the art of management. According to the logic of this approach, the leader is not invited from outside, but is brought up in his own team.

4. Labor training

The initial stage of the leader's labor training is performing work, simple "obedience, for only here is it checked what a person is capable of." Performing work is more difficult than administrative work and requires more time, effort and will. It brings up the speed of reactions, the speed of movements, the clarity and rhythm of labor; the future leader should be tasked with “quickly laying out the table, furnishing the room, searching for telephones, finding addresses ... not a single assignment without a deadline, not a single task without measurements”. Only after passing through the school of organizational and managerial activity, an employee can be allowed to take on more complex, planning functions.

5. Culture labor, in management Gasteva

Gastev was convinced that it is more difficult and longer to master the simplest and most elementary than the most complex and incomprehensible. Therefore, he suggested starting with performing activities and moving on to managerial, starting with the organization of labor and moving on to understanding its content. In this case, not only managers or ordinary workers, but also any citizen must go through the NOT school in his life. Such an approach to the education of a labor culture (and, according to Gastev, it should begin not at the age of 14, but at 2 years old) was in tune with the era. At the same time, it is impossible to create a new culture only on obedience, which turns a person into a “cog” in the production mechanism. Gastev requires a creative approach to the most ordinary things - a hammer, tongs, a pencil. In production, it is not the machine itself that is important, but the installation on it, that is, the focus on constant, everyday design, invention. In order to infect the working masses with the “relentless demon of invention”, it is necessary to develop and implement an effective system of methods for attracting workers to management. It is they, as well as the daily attention from the administration (training, assistance), that will create the prerequisites for the worker to think about his every movement and technique, to be able to understand his “anatomy” and device. The worker learns from the machine, absorbing the logic of its movements, and does not memorize the rules from books. Therefore, labor culture is not the sum of acquired knowledge, but an active “skill”. It is necessary to start with a simple maintenance and adjustment of the machine, with training your movements, and only then proceed to the assimilation of theoretical knowledge and formulas.

Labor training as a way of educating a new person in Gastev begins with the formation of the foundations of motor and physical culture, dexterity and economy of movements. Method - household and industrial gymnastics. Core workout human qualities he needs in labor activity, - observation, resourcefulness, will, perseverance, discipline and organization - runs along three lines: regime, work and organization. The motor culture of a person should be worked out to automatism: the worse the movement is perfected, the more "element of inhibition" in it. With good control of the body, a person does not think about the technical aspects of his work, freeing up time for creativity. The automatism of the lower forms of movements is an indispensable prerequisite for freedom for the higher, spiritual movements of man.

One of the specific tools for educating NOT in everyday life was Gastev's chrono-card, that is, a kind of accounting document for recording the time budget. Statistical processing of registration cards collected from the population, according to Gastev's plan, will help to establish the degree of his socialization, and their systematization - the main social groups ("worker, director, student, peasant, red warrior") according to the nature and method of using their time. The following stages of time use were proposed: sleep, food, work, rest, self-service. Keeping track of time brings up thrift, discipline, the ability to plan your working day, improves the general culture of a person. For science, its usefulness is that it reveals the "social skeleton" of labor and people's daily activities.

6. Work culture

Work culture also has an economic dimension: thus, with the right arrangement of tools, the worker wins an hour during the day; a cultured person "always has everything at hand." Thus, Gastev's HOT is also a workplace culture. The culture of movements organically transforms into a culture of behavior, personal culture into a collective one. The relationship of people at work, according to the Gastev concept, requires a certain "cultural convention" that softens our hostel. To show tact in relations with others, friendliness, even conditional, instead of “deliberately emphasized rudeness,” is the duty and right of every person. These qualities, along with discipline, the ability to obey common task(in other words, performance), enthusiasm and the ability to infect others with the work that you are currently doing, is called social attitudes that make up the “art of teamwork”. The basic rule of joint work is to hide, and not expose one's individuality, to be able to put not one's own "I", but common interests in the first place. Learning this is more difficult than mastering a personal trainer.

At the top of Gastev's pyramid of work culture is the culture of the working class. The individual skills acquired by each employee are reinforced by a clear organization joint activities, which awakens the thirst for creativity and the desire to improve their tools. The realization that the means of production are now the property of the class forms a fundamentally new, creative attitude towards labor in the proletariat. The worker becomes the creator and manager, he seems to merge with the entire factory mechanism. To production, in which a person forges a particle of his “I” every day, he will treat it as his own. own business. So the questions of labor culture came to the problem of attitudes towards work.

Gastev outlined his main ideas and views on labor education in numerous books and articles. In the most concentrated form, they are expressed in the famous "Reminder-Rules", which contains 16 points of rules and instructions on how to work correctly and culturally.

7. Labor installations of A.K.Gastev

Of exceptional interest are the rules "How to work" proposed by A. K. Gastev, which have not lost their relevance and anticipated a number of praxeological ideas. Whether we work, he wrote, at the clerical table, whether we saw with a file in a locksmith's workshop, or, finally, we plow the land - everywhere we must create labor endurance and gradually make it a habit.

Here are the first basic rules for all labor:

1. Before starting work, you need to think through it all, think it over so that a model is finally formed in your head finished work and the whole order of labor practices. If it is impossible to think through everything to the end, then think over the main milestones, and think through the first parts of the work thoroughly.

2. Do not get down to work until all the working tools and all the devices for work have been prepared.

3. At the workplace (machine, workbench, table, floor, ground) there should not be anything superfluous so as not to poke around in vain, not to fuss and not look for the necessary among the unnecessary.

4. All tools and devices must be laid out in a certain, if possible, once for all established order, so that you can find it all at random.

5. You should never take on work abruptly, immediately, do not break away, but go into work gradually. The head and the body will disperse and work on their own; and if you start right away, then soon you will slaughter yourself, as they say, and you will ruin your work. After a steep initial impulse, the worker will soon give up: he himself will experience fatigue, and will spoil the work.

6. In the course of work, sometimes it is necessary to fit hard: either in order to master something out of the ordinary, or in order to take something together, in an artel. In such cases, you don’t have to lean right away, but first you need to adjust, you need to tune your whole body and mind, you need to recharge, so to speak; then you need to try it a little, find the required strength, and after that, fit in.

7. It is necessary to work as evenly as possible so that there is no ebb and flow; rash work spoils both the person and the work by attacks.

8. The position of the body during work should be such that it would be convenient to work, and at the same time, forces would not be wasted on completely unnecessary keeping the body on its feet. If possible, work while sitting. If it is impossible to sit, the legs should be kept apart; so that the leg put forward or to the side does not break away, it is necessary to arrange a fortification.

9. During work, it is necessary to rest. In hard work, you need to rest more often and, if possible, sit in light work rests are rare, but uniform.

10. During the work itself, you should not eat, drink tea, drink in extreme cases only to quench your thirst; do not smoke, it is better to smoke during work breaks than during the work itself.

11. If the work does not work, then do not get excited, but it is better to take a break, change your mind and apply again quietly again; even deliberately slow down to endure.

12. During the work itself, especially when things are not going well, it is necessary to interrupt the work, put it in order workplace, carefully lay down the tool and material, sweep away the rubbish and again get to work and again gradually, but evenly.

13. It is not necessary to break away from work for another matter, except for what is necessary in the work itself.

14. There is a very bad habit, after the successful completion of the work, immediately show it; here it is imperative to "endure", so to speak, get used to success, crush your satisfaction, make it internal, otherwise, in case of failure, the will will be "poisoned" and the work will become disgusting.

15. In case of a complete failure, one should look at the matter lightly and not get upset, start working again, as if for the first time, and behave as indicated in the 11th rule.

16. At the end of the work, everything must be tidied up; and work, and tool, and workplace; put everything in a certain place, so that when you start working again, you can find everything and so that the work itself does not disgust.

A specific example of Gastev.

On the pass

Four years have passed since the resolution on the organization of the Institute of Labor was passed. An event occurred that reflected the economic paradox of our revolution. The creators of the Central Institute of Labor turned out to be trade unions, not business executives. This is explained by the fact that after the October Revolution our economic organizations turned out to be naked in the sense of the selected human composition. The working masses, united in trade unions, had to defend certain class interests of the workers, and at the same time take on the burden of organizing production.

That is why it is no coincidence that the organizational initiative for the study of labor and the first attempts to establish a rational organization of labor in factories were associated with trade unions. But this was also a kind of guarantee for the CIT. From the very beginning attached to the working professional organization By virtue of this fact alone, he had to look for completely unique social approaches to the problem of labor.

The Institute needed, starting from the whole range of modern Western European and American labor science, to develop a methodological approach to the working masses that would reflect the new social order of the USSR. This approach had to be given with all the gradualness and caution required by the daunting task at hand.

We will try to show how this approach was carried out over the course of 4 years and what we came to on the pass from the 4th year to the 5th.

The whole first year, from the 20th to the 21st, was spent on making the first organizational searches and adjusting the human and material apparatus of the Institute. This job was the most thankless. The ingratitude of the work was further increased by the fact that, by the will of fate, a fairly decent contingent of knowledgeable people had accumulated in Russia, but at the same time devoid of any practical skill in organizational matters.

The very first attempts to create a human contingent set a task that was not entirely clear when the CIT was founded. It was necessary not only to create a human working apparatus, it was necessary to gradually create a living methodology for the selection of employees, and at the same time, deal with the task in essence.

The CIT rollout began in one small room with two employees and one typist still employed by the CIT. And it was necessary to contrive and outline such paths of development so that such organizational tasks would be realized in the future: the selection of personnel, material equipment and, at the same time, immediate, in whatever form, introduction into enterprises.

So the whole of this first year passed in a preliminary organizational adjustment and at the same time attempts were made to settle in the enterprise.

The Brake Plant was such a first enterprise for us, within the walls of which the first organizational approaches of CIT to production were polished, and where our first “experimental station” was founded.

At the same time, the first basic principles of the CIT methodology were formulated. She sounded very briefly, with the words - "how to work."

This was the main methodological and social charge for the existence of the CIT.

The very first formulas, which were then given on behalf of the CIT and announced at the First All-Russian Conference on the Scientific Organization of Labor, have remained tasks to this day. They received only a differentiated development.

For the entire first year, the CIT existed without a room, if you do not call that wretched haven that by the will of fate was allotted to us in the Elite Hotel.

The second year is marked primarily by the transition to a special building. This building immediately tore off huge forces from us, and forced us to adapt to it both in terms of repair and maintenance, and the development of the plan that is currently being implemented. But at the same time, the building played an enormous stimulating role for us - it seemed to inspire us to the extent that has now become apparent and constantly push us to such a formulation of the matter that would be valid not for a year, not for two, but for whole decades. By the way, the more successful was the work on the repair of the building, the more violent were the attempts to take it away.

In the same year, not yet having fully established laboratories, we made an attempt to work out a method. This method was in complete harmony with the main charge, which we noted above. It was a method of training a worker in the performance of a factory job.

This year, at various conferences, the first outlines of the methodology were announced with their practical demonstration in a very specific setting.

In the same year, our organizational method of work, the so-called "narrow base", was rigidly fixed.

Contrary to the prevailing mood at that time, so popular in the literary and intellectual spheres, we had to precisely pose two tough problems that sounded quite unusual - cutting with a chisel and filing! This is instead of any phrases about "NOT", psychotechnics, industrial ideology and all worthless "in general".

We undertook the tough task of focusing the attention of all employees, by that time already selected for work, on two rough practical methods of work; to subject this most elementary world of labor movements to a detailed study and to derive from it constructive, technical, biological and even social approaches for our great practical work.

Simultaneously with this methodical work, we should have introduced ourselves more systematically into production. We began research work in several diverse enterprises and institutions with the help of the personnel that we managed to concentrate by that time (“experimental stations”). At the same time, we took one pilot plant into our full possession and carried out that preliminary experiment on it, which allowed us to strictly test the synthesis in the future, develop a methodology for research work and a practical approach to production.

It is already characterized by the fact that we deploy large quantity laboratories in order to develop differential approaches to labor practices. We are deploying a laboratory ensemble. We had to take all modern science and in the process of methodical work, gradually rebuild scientific approaches, imparting to them not a contemplative, but an activating approach to the worker.

In practical terms, this year is characterized by the fact that instead of the term "experimental station", we have already put forward the term "organo-station" and have begun to spread both in enterprises and in institutions, mainly with our precise research methods. "Orga-station" was no longer "experience", but a confident station for surveying enterprises with precise methods.

CIT is becoming the center of not only methodology, but also the methodology of a practical approach to the enterprise. The number of employees continues to grow. At the beginning, it seemed eclectic, the team of employees received an ensemble and polished, and from that time it can be said that the formation of a certain school begins at the CIT.

This school, with its unusual approach, causes a rather passionate controversy on the part of, mainly, literary propaganda propagandists who are engaged in the so-called NOT in general. The CIT avoids high-sounding words - "scientific organization of labor" and instead of "scientific organization of labor" he always stubbornly talks only about the organization of labor. Wanting all the time to free himself from eclecticism, he constantly fixes his attention on the methodology. Rolling out this year practical course Production instructors who acquire clientele are made an original attempt to establish pedagogy as a profitable business, an agreement is concluded with economic authorities, and the CIT, simultaneously with its research and survey work, begins to infiltrate enterprises, planting dozens after dozens of production instructors, first in the so-called fabzavuchi and through them to enterprises.

This year, as the CIT has taken the practical road, reveals a huge number of petty enemies who, from various points of view, attack the CIT up to accusing it of being politically reactionary. But the CIT paid comparatively little attention to polemics, often (without answering it, which angered idle polemicists), stubbornly continuing its methodical intrusion.

Simultaneously with the complication of research work, the CIT is switching over at its org-stations to attempts at org-technical installations. On the basis of a certain survey, the CIT is already starting work, and in the practical field, it is constantly struggling with the widespread view of production, where, as it were, “one must begin with a plan.” At CIT, the very methodology of work is in the first place. Therefore, in its practical work he constantly fixes attention on a single operation. He wants to create the largest possible contingent of so-called operators, those who are able to cope with the work entrusted to them. CIT is opposed by huge ranks of so-called "gliders", romantics who are still in the mood for grandiose plans, who think of opposing it with exciting, colossal problems. Outwardly, they draped it in the most left-wing revolutionism, but in essence they were Chekhov's people, dreaming of a "sky in diamonds."

In the meantime, the so-called CIT instruction is spreading more and more, both through factory director schools and through enterprises, in factories; research work of the CIT is moving into active work on the organization of various kinds of technical improvements and in full breadth, finally, the problem is posed, on the basis of survey work in the plant, to deliver direct instruction to the working masses.

We are approaching the triune formula of our work: examination, organ technique, instruction.

Completely obscured, on purpose, is the question of acquiring new equipment for factories. CIT all the time strives to create a line of implacable stubborn organizers who would be inventors on the basis of this equipment, gradually improving it, organizing it, drawing it into new speed norms, and thereby already creating inexorable prerequisites for constant mechanization and mechanization of production.

The examination (consulting) department of the CIT, working with an accurate examination technique, comes to an organic merger with the main technique of the CIT.

Meanwhile, the CIT is spreading its influence throughout the USSR, throwing instructors into the most remote backwaters, as far as Chita and Aslabad, establishing a branch in Leningrad, in the very center of advanced industry, passing through its courses the color of qualified Leningrad instructors, strengthening its consulting work in a new area - in textile production, differentiates its work, conducting it by the forces of production inspectors - observers and timekeepers, and by the forces of the most qualified specialists who by their work organically enter the enterprises where they organize and instruct, but still do not take on the general functions of organizing the entire plant. Only in the future, when we are sufficiently strengthened, when we have created a solid school, will we take up the general task of carrying out production planning as a whole.

In the same year, we also have to fight for the methodology. As it becomes widespread in factories, the controversy against CIT increases. At one time we feel surrounded and in the camp of enemies. You have to fight with yourself not to respond to all the malicious controversy, bordering on a denunciation, making only light parries from time to time. Finally, the general battle comes. The 2nd Conference on NOT is convened, and at the conference, without any organizational, active effort on our part (the convening of the conference was in the hands of our opponents), we win an unprecedented victory.

We have a complete ensemble with the conference, a complete ensemble with the People's Commissariat of the RCT, and we have received recognition.

In the same year, we made an organized trip to Western Europe, where we met with the most prominent representatives of Western European and American thought on the scientific organization of labor and met with unexpected attention to our methodology as a "new way of teaching." We are even making attempts to organize a CIT station in Europe.

This year is thus a year of recognition for us. At present, the CIT, having endured the “lenten” period of a narrow base, is absolutely inevitably involved in the nationwide work on the reorganization of the state apparatus, where it also intends, first of all, to develop a methodology for the very process of work, eliminating general state problems. Only in the future, when a school of this kind is created, will the CIT no longer alone, and perhaps not by its apparatus, make every effort to push forward the general reform of the state apparatus to the best of its ability.

Prospects for the 5th year.

The coming year will be unparalleled in terms of the scope of work at CIT. In the foreground is the further deepening of the methodology. The entire CIT turns into a huge workshop filled with workbenches, vices, machine tools and laboratories. The courses turn into a factory, and in the CIT itself a new enterprise with a completely new focus arises, where the main attention will be paid to the creative activation of the worker himself. We are finally starting to build our social engineering machine, in which we merge the principle of mechanization of the production process with the biological mechanization of man himself.

This year CIT will carry out and has already begun to carry out an organic fusion of methodological work (which is presented not in books, not in lectures, but in certain things, mechanisms, models and machines) with all our consulting work in enterprises. And here, finally, we will have to approach the so-called wide base.

A broad base will be the more valid for us, the deeper we develop the methodology, the more thoroughly we combine the so-called CIT methodology with general principles scientific organization of labor. And we now feel, especially in the period of the struggle for increased productivity, how the CIT methodology is growing into a social methodology.

The entire past history of the CIT sounds like a call for a special activity of work, it sounds like a call for training the worker. We completely reject the boastful criticism of production, with a thirst for growth into a superficial "NOTcore", and all the time we insist on the lively initiative of the working masses themselves. The CIT, with its entire methodology, seems to be calling the proletariat, which has seized power into its own hands, to single out from among its midst especially energetic workers who will have to instruct (approximately) show the still inert sections of the working class how to work after the seizure of power.

Methodology itself, by its activity, by its constant call for perfect workmanship, grows up as an inexorable encroachment on the capitalist order. The proletariat, having seized political power, must still develop its unprecedented creative productive energy, and this energy will have to be expressed not in an agitational appeal, but in a special constructive approach to production, where the main mechanism will be the most perfect of machines and capable of infinite progress - human the car.

CONCLUSION

The work on the scientific organization of labor by A.K. Gastev (1882-1941), which was based on the idea of ​​streamlining the work of each member of the team - from the leader to the ordinary performer, had a noticeable influence on the management thought of that time. Gastev identified a number of functions common to any employee: calculation, installation, processing, control, accounting and analysis. Gastev's call to build his work so that it is not only a source of joy, fulfillment, but also a permanent school of life, enriches modern ideas about the art of personality management.

LIST OF USED LITERATURE

?????? ???? ??????

1. Wikipedia: biography [Electronic resource] https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki//.- (date of access: 3.12.2014).

2. For the first time in the West, the term "social engineering" was introduced into scientific circulation by R. Pound in 1922.

3. Gastev A.K. How to work.// Practical introduction to the science of labor organization. Ed. 2nd. Moscow, 1972. pp. 26-27.

4. Gastev A.K. Social attitudes// At the origins of NOT: forgotten discussions and unrealized ideas. Leningrad, 1990. P.103.

5. Gastev A.K. How to work.// A practical introduction to the science of labor organization. Ed. 2nd. Moscow, 1972. pp. 96-105.

6. Gastev A.K. How to work // Practical introduction to the science of labor organization.

7. Gastev A.K. Labor installations.//Organization of labor.

8. Gastev A.K. How to work. 2nd ed. Moscow, 1973. P. 270

9. Gastev A.K. On the pass // Organization of labor.

10. Gastev A.K. On the pass // Organization of labor. - 1924. - No. 6-7. pp. 3-9

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After the October Revolution of 1917 in economic system and the management of Soviet Russia, qualitatively new times have come - despite the post-war devastation, famine, civil war, a new society was emerging in the country, a completely different way of economy, ideology, and cultural construction. The state of workers and peasants needed unprecedented approaches to the management and organization of labor in order to achieve the grandiose goals set by the communist leadership - from a backward agrarian country with a predominantly peasant population to become an advanced power, to implement the innovative GOELRO plan, the program of industrialization and the creation of a mass of new large enterprises, the transformation agriculture, the development of proletarian science, art, creativity.

Now, a century after those memorable days (when reforms in the Russian Federation since the 2000s have been advancing with great slippage), one can only wonder how these seemingly completely utopian ideas were quickly and decisively implemented in the USSR. And this despite the fact that at least a fifth of the population of pre-revolutionary Russia did not know how to read and write fluently, and put crosses instead of their surname in documents. But it was precisely these people, led forward by party and industrial managers, who created by the beginning of the Great Patriotic War a powerful industrial base and entire sectors of the national economy, which previously simply did not exist in the country - aircraft manufacturing, tire production, the production of communications equipment, lighting equipment and much more. All this happened under the conditions of sanctions and the blockade of the USSR by Western countries, when the world was raging the most severe economic and financial crisis in history - the Great Depression of 1929-1933.

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I am the bearer of the merciless cutter of knowledge.
A.K. Gastev. My life. In: "The Poetry of the Labor Strike". 1918.

An unusually bright figure in terms of talent and versatility of gifts, which should be considered separately, is Alexey Kapitonovich Gastev(1882-1939), Russian professional revolutionary, writer, poet, theorist of the scientific organization of labor (NOT), creator of a coherent system of corporate consulting and training under the auspices of JSC "Installation".

When the country needed a new managerial and organizational idea capable of fulfilling the ambitious tasks of transforming the economy and society, the leaders of the USSR created the Central Institute of Labor (CIT), designed to develop management science at a faster pace, to solve a huge layer of practical, educational, scientific, propaganda and organizational tasks. The CIT was established in 1921 and headed by A.K. Gastev.

Aleksey Kapitonovich was well aware of the achievements of the school of scientific management in the United States, actively corresponded with one of its founders - But Gastev considered simple copying of American approaches inappropriate and unacceptable for the USSR, where the worker occupied central location in the creative and managerial process. The division of labor, which was described by Adam Smith in the example of a pin manufactory in 1776, was accepted by Gastev as a tool. However, the transformation of the worker into an appendage of the conveyor, a “cog” that monotonously performs the same labor operation, he considered a “sweatshop”, uninteresting and uncreative labor. Gastev put into practice a different principle, which later received the name "narrow base". In particular, Gastev, recognizing the importance of the proper organization of the workplace of each employee, proclaimed the idea that any workbench, machine tool or workshop is a mini-factory, in which the worker himself is the owner. His main task is to organize the workplace in such a way that its capabilities are used to the maximum and almost automatically (all tools are in their place (see the figure below). The movements of the worker must be verified, economical and even aesthetic (at that time there was even the idea of ​​“labor dances” is popular, where labor movements such as sawing or shoveling coal were clearly expressed and done with great feeling - mainly at holidays and demonstrations of workers).

Despite the simplicity of the proposed rules, they played a significant role in the preparation of a new generation of the working class, in the formation of certain production skills, habits and culture. Excerpts from Gastev's recommendations were published in the central and factory press, cited in the Leaflets of NOT, memos and instructions.

The second most important area of ​​work of A.K. Gastev and CIT staff became training and management consulting. As we noted above, the rapidly growing manufacturing sector of the country needed skilled workers - machine operators, assemblers, masons, norm-setters, organizers of new industries, specialists in mechanization and improving the efficiency of production processes.

The CIT took over the function of a personnel training center for many branches of the national economy of the USSR. A.K. Gastev managed to create an excellent consulting and educational center, which worked on a self-supporting basis and had its own representative offices in the field. In terms of organizational and legal terms, the Personnel Training Center was formalized as a joint-stock company "Installation", which trained three types of employees:

- skilled workers for the new industry:

— raters, accountants and specialists of technical control departments;

- instructors in the scientific organization of labor, who became the conductors of the CIT experience, the organizational, managerial and implementation force at Soviet enterprises.

Despite the fact that the training of all types of employees was paid for enterprises, thousands of employees of all types passed through JSC "Ustanovka" - in total more than 500 thousand workers and employees in 200 professions, in which CIT provided training. More than 20,000 NOT instructors alone were trained, who worked in 1,700 training centers - including in workshops, workshops, and even in military units (primarily in aviation). Moreover, personnel for production were prepared quickly - within a few months, since Gastev believed that excessive delay in training is inexpedient and even harmful . It was believed that it was necessary to combine study with the practical development of skills - like modern trainings; preferably in the presence of a mentor. Thus, the foundations for FZU were formed - factory apprenticeship.

One cannot leave aside such an important area of ​​work of the CIT under the leadership of Gastev as the development of a theory management processes. Ideas A.A. Bogdanov in the part " organizational management' lay here on fertile ground. In theory, combinations of management technologies were developed that formed the backbone of a finished enterprise. The heads of ministries and regions, who were instructed to build new factories and factories, did not have to puzzle over how many and what kind of employees had to be hired - all this was already included in the design and estimate documentation.

This was especially interesting in terms of financial reporting, bookkeeping, and use of computing devices. It was they who were supposed to contribute to increasing labor productivity and facilitating the work of the State Planning Committee. But we will talk about this below, when discussing the work of the Kharkov Institute of Labor (HIT).

Gastev A.K. (1882-1938 or 1941; autobiography) - was born on September 26, 1882 in the mountains. Suzdal, Vladimir Province. His father was a teacher and died when G. was 2 years old. G.'s mother was a dressmaker.

After graduating from the city school, and then technical courses G. entered the teacher's institute, but was expelled from there for political activities.

Having abandoned his studies at the age of 18, he devoted himself to political work, wandered through prisons, exiles and worked as a mechanic at factories in Leningrad, Kharkov, Nikolaev, as well as in tram depots to repair trams.

Until 1917 he was in an illegal position.

Wandering life threw G. either to the wild north (exile to the Narym region), or to Paris, where he emigrated several times, persecuted for political activities.

He worked in factories abroad.

From 1901 to 1917 he was a member of the RSDLP (b). He joined the trade union (VSRM) in 1907. From 1907 to 1918 he was a member of the board of the Leningrad Union of Metalworkers, and in 1917-18. - Secretary of the CCVSRM.

Since the October Revolution, he has been working as a professional, manager of industrial enterprises and a journalist.

Artistic things G. began to write in the 1900s. For the first time his work was published in 1904 - the story "Behind the Wall", from the life of a political. exiles.

Collections of works of art were published several times under the headings "Poetry of the Work Strike". The last collection was published in Moscow in 1923. At present, G. has left his work in the field of art. literature and devoted himself entirely to work on the organization of labor. G. considers his latest work of art CIT (Central Institute of Labor of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions), which he manages and which embodies all the legendary ideas invested in his artistic work.

The main scientific work of G. is the book "Labor Installations" (published in 1924), which outlines the CIT methodology for teaching labor techniques.

He wrote a number of books on the issues of the professional movement, the scientific organization of labor and the construction of a new culture: "Industrial World", "Trade Unions and Labor Organization", "How to Work", "Time", "The Rise of Culture", "Youth, go! "," New cultural setting "and others. Ed. the magazine "Organization of Labor" and the collection "KIU" ("Designer-Inventor-Installer"). [In 1931 he joined the CPSU (b). He headed the CIT until 1938, at the same time in 1924-26 he was deputy chairman, chairman of the Council for the Scientific Organization of Labor under the People's Commissariat of the RCT of the USSR, in 1932-36 he was chairman of the All-Union Committee for Standardization under the STO of the USSR. Unreasonably repressed, rehabilitated posthumously.] (Granat) Gastev, Alexei Kapitonovich - proletarian poet. Genus. in Suzdal, in the family of a teacher.

As a child, he lost his father and began to live independently at an early age.

He worked as a locksmith, was imprisoned several times for participation in the revolutionary movement, then was exiled to the Narym Territory, from there he emigrated to France.

In 1900-1907. - Member of the RSDLP, currently non-partisan.

In recent years, G. has not been published as a poet, having completely gone into the leadership of the Central Institute of Labor (CIT) he created. G. began his literary activity in 1904 under the pseudonym Dozorov, when his first story from the life of exiles was published in the Yaroslavl newspaper Severny Krai.

Together with other working poets, G. goes the way of a kind of self-determination, the release of the proletarian artist from the oppression of the ideological and artistic norms of the ruling class.

At first, this is the work of a worker who has not yet realized his class tasks, expressing the psychology of the oppressed classes in a number of lyrical complaints about his bitter fate ("Thoughts of a Worker"), if he dreams of an uprising, then as a revolt, in which both the oppressor and the rebellious will burn ("I love"). This first period of Gastev's working poetry passes under the rule of naively journalistic, artistically unconvincing forms of populist poetry.

They are replaced by an extremely vague symbolism, depicting a revolution in the form of spring conquering a harsh winter. In later phases, this naive-idealistic symbolism is saturated with the masculine rhythms of the poets of the capitalist city (Verhaarn, Whitman) to finally become an expression of the mood of the industrial worker, conscious of his collective power. Most of G.'s works can be called poems in prose: their rhythm is not organized to the degree of poetry, there is no rhyme, and they are written in the form of prose passages.

However, the focus on lyrical expressiveness, the special organization of syntax, the repetition of periods, etc. - all this brings them closer in type to poetic works and gives every right to speak of G. as a lyric poet, starting in the sense of form from Whitman and Verharn.

The best part of G.'s works refers to the first years of the revolution and corresponds to the "proletcult" period of proletarian poetry.

These poems G. are an expression of the will of the most advanced industrial section of the working class.

This is not yet an artistic display of the psyche of the advanced worker in all its complexity, it is only a lyrical expression of individual motifs characteristic of him. G.'s poetry is, first of all, a hymn to heavy industry, the deepest sense of the worker's connection with it, and faith in the creative, world-changing forces that it contains.

For the Futurists (Marinetti), such a glorification of industrial power was only a glorification of capitalist power, which, with the help of war and the machine, will sweep away the weak humanity from the earth, leaving only the strongest.

For G., this industrial power is closely soldered to its creator - the working class, is saturated with its will, and the will of the poet himself is saturated with iron and steel of the machine.

Particularly acute in G. is the feeling that all these giants of the industry are a matter of labor feat: “Concrete is the plan of our working building.

I work, feat, nourished by death. "The individualism of the bourgeois urbanist is opposed in G.'s poetry by the self-consciousness of the collectivist:" I go everywhere with my hammer, chisel, drill - All over the world ... I walk across borders, continents, oceans.

I make the whole globe my homeland". Bibliography: I. Poetry of the working blow, P., 1918 (2nd ed., 1919; 3rd ed., 1921); Pack of warrants, Riga, 1921. Latest editions of "Poetry of the worker strike" (ed. All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, Moscow, 1923 and ed. 5th and 6th, 1924 and 1925) include both of the above collections.

Strike, Staging by V. Pletnev, M., 1922; Equipment of modern culture, with appendix, Art. A. Lunacharsky "The New Russian Man", 1923; The uprising of culture, Kharkov, 1923. G. participated in magazines and collections: "Proletarian collection", "Future", "Proletarian culture". II. Kalinin F., The Path of Proletarian Criticism, A. Gastev's "Poetry of the Working Strike", "Proletarian Culture", 1918, IV (and in the collections of Bessalko P. and Kalinin F., "Problems of Proletarian Culture", P., 1919); Friche V., Proletarian poetry, M., 1918; Lelevich G., About proletarian lyrics, "October", 1925, III - IV. III. Vladislavlev I.V., Literature of the Great Decade, vol. I, M. - L., 1928; Writers of the Modern Age, vol. I, ed. B. P. Kozmina, ed. GAKhN, M., 1928. S. Malakhov. (Lit. Enc.) Gastev, Alexei Kapitonovich (1882-1941). Rus. poet and scientist, politician.

Genus. in Suzdal, entered Moscow. teacher's in-t, but did not finish his studies, became a professor. revolutionary, repeatedly arrested, sent into exile; several once found himself in exile abroad, in Paris he worked as a mechanic at a factory, studied at a higher school of socialist. sciences; delegate of the IV Congress of the RSDLP in Stockholm.

After Oct. revolution dealt with scientific issues. organization of labor, anticipated some ideas of cybernetics; in 1917-18 - First Secretary of the All-Russian.

Union of metalworkers; in 1920 he organized the Center in Moscow. in-t of labor at the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, which led the Crimea until 1938, when he was arrested.

Died in custody.

He began to print in 1904. The first book of G., “The Poetry of a Working Strike” (1918), which consists in the main, is related to the history of utopias. from poems written before the revolution.

Peculiar rhythmic poems in prose - "The Tower", "Rails", "Crane", "Express" and others - together constitute a romantic-socialist utopia about the radical transformation of the Earth with the help of working hands and Ch. arr. - titanic mechanisms created by these hands.

G.'s "Siberian" fantasy is also known - "Express", in the center of which is the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway.

V. R. Gastev, Alexey Kapitonovich Rod. 1882, mind. 1938 (1941?). Poet, publicist, scientist.

Author of poetry collections "The Poetry of a Working Strike" (1918) and "A Bundle of Orders" (1921), the book "How to Work" (1921). He was engaged in rational organization and work culture. Created the Central Institute of Labor (1920). Repressed.

Alexey Kapitonovich Gastev

Gastev Alexey Kapitonovich(1882-1941), poet, one of the founders of the scientific organization of labor (NOT) in the USSR. Member of the RSDLP since 1901, Bolshevik. In 1908 he left the party. Member VKP(b) since 1931. From the family of a teacher. In 1917-18 secret. Central Committee of the All-Russian Union of Metal Workers; in 1918 he was the extraordinary commissar of the Sormovo plant, then he worked in the administrations of a number of plants in Kharkov, Nikolaev, and Moscow. In January - April 1919 head. department of arts, collegium of the People's Commissariat for Education of Ukraine. In 1920 he created the Central Institute of Labor (CIT, until 1938 - head). Main poetic Sat. Gasteva - "Poetry of the working blow" (1918). In 1921 Gastev's last book of poems, A Pack of Orders, was published.

Gastev Aleksey Kapitonovich (09/26/1882–1941), one of the founders of the scientific organization of labor (NOT).

In 1920 he organized the Central Institute of Labor in Moscow, which he led until 1938. Author of works on the rational organization and culture of work. He anticipated a number of ideas that later became integral part section of the science of management - cybernetics.

Used materials from the site Great Encyclopedia of the Russian people - http://www.rusinst.ru

Gastev Alexey Kapitonovich - poet, prose writer.

Born in the family of a teacher. Gastev's mother was a dressmaker. He lost his father early. He studied at the city school at technical courses. He entered the Moscow Teachers' Institute, from where he was expelled for participating in a political demonstration.

Since 1901, a member of the RSDLP. For revolutionary propaganda he was exiled first to Suzdal, then to the Vologda province.

During the revolution of 1905-07, Gastev was again in Russia (in an illegal position until 1917). Chairman of the Kostroma Soviet of Workers' Deputies, head of the combat squad.

In 1906 he was arrested and exiled to the Arkhangelsk province, from where he fled abroad.

From 1907 to 1910 he lived in St. Petersburg, worked in tram depots, participated in the trade union movement.

In 1908 he left the RSDLP.

From 1910 he lives in Paris, works at factories, collaborates with A. Lunacharsky, P. Bessalko, F. Kalinin in the League of Proletarian Culture (an organization of Russian literary workers).

Gastev's first story "Behind the Wall" (from the life of political exiles) was published in 1904 in the newspaper "Northern Territory" (Yaroslavl) (under the pseudonym I. Dozorov). At the same time in Geneva, Gastev's story "The Damned Question" (under the pseudonym A. Odinoky) was published as a separate book. The hero of the story, a revolutionary worker, painfully thinks about love, "lives between passion and consciousness."

In 1913, in a number of September issues of the Bolshevik newspaper Pravda Truda (under the pseudonym I. Dozorov), the story “In the Tram Park” was published, which was based on actual events witnessed and participated in by Gastev (an accident that caused unrest among tram workers ). In the story, the poetics of the future Gastev are clearly distinguishable: photographic, instantaneous in the depiction of what is happening, minimal descriptiveness in the transmission of gestures, movements, special sensitivity to sounds, to “hums”, “chords”. The story "In the tram park" was later included in Gastev's book "The Poetry of the Work Strike", which he wrote from 1911 and was published in 1918. The works that made up the "Poetry of the Work Strike", poems and stories (which is very arbitrary: Gastev's prose intonation gravitates towards poetry , and vice versa) are filled with a premonition of the coming revolution, the joy of the birth of a new hero, the universal proletarian, whose image is inseparable from a giant crane that easily lifts the mountain range of the Himalayas. This crane, in the mind of the poet, is a living being, capable of not only infecting millions of construction workers with its iron thoughts, but also, together with them, “unprecedently delay” (“Crane”). "The lyrics of iron" (author's definition) are also filled with such works as "Express" and "The Tower" (the first is about the future of Siberia, the second is admiration for the Eiffel Tower). These lyrics by Gastev are united by the time of creation - the second link of the author.

“In order to write this thing,” Gastev said about the creation of “Express”, “it was necessary to first sit, by a lucky chance, in the Narym jail for about three months and study both Siberian literature and listen to various kinds of amusing stories of Siberians” ([Preface. ] // Gastev A. Poetry of the working blow. M., 1964. P. 27). Even before it was published as a separate edition (parts of the book were published mainly in pre-revolutionary Bolshevik newspapers, and during October they were read to workers and Red Army soldiers), Gastev's book gained wide popularity and recognition. “This,” wrote V. Khlebnikov, “is a fragment of a working fire, taken in its pure essence, it’s not you and not him, but the solid self of the fire of working freedom, this is a factory whistle stretching out its hand from the flame to remove the wreath from the head of a tired Pushkin - cast-iron leaves melted in a fiery hand ”(On modern poetry // Khlebnikov V. Creations. M., 1987. P. 633). This “poetry” by Gastev (the rhythmic basis of which, on the one hand, comes from the poetics of F. Nietzsche’s treatise “Thus Spoke Zarathustra”, on the other hand, anticipates some elements of rock culture by more than half a century) was peculiarly combined with the attitudes and declarations of Proletkult: “ Revolts of thought swept the earth. / What are sunken ships, collapsed viaducts, railway stations, cities, states? / What are mountain giants? Or: “In parting, we made idols for them. / The ones they asked for. / But we put rubies in our eyes, and raised our heads to idols” (“We are everywhere”).

"The Poetry of a Work Strike" withstood 6 lifetime reprints (the last took place in 1926) and ultimately combined Gastev's most exaggerated-romantic works under one cover, namely, its final part - "The Word Under Press", better known titled "Bundle of Orders" (1921). The press in this case must be taken literally, i.e. device for cold working of metals; order - technological note. For example, “Order 04”: “Prisms of houses. / A pack of twenty quarters. / In the press it / Flatten into a parallelogram. / Clamp up to 30 degrees. / On worms and wheels. / Quarter-tank. / Diagonal movement. / Cut the streets without shuddering. / An extra thousand calories for employees.

Unlike the poets of Proletkult (“the poet of iron and fire” M. Gerasimov, the “iron messiah” V. Kirillov and others), who denied classical art, but preserved the Russian metrical tradition, Gastev was the most radical poet. In his creative heritage, the verses “I love”, “The first ray” and “The thought of a worker” (poems with pronounced folklore elements) look like exceptions to the rule.

In the preface to the well-known anthology, I. Yezhov, who attributed Gastev to the “metal poets,” wrote: “The position of the proletariat as a class and the communist idea give proletarian poetry an international and cosmopolitan character, for we are everywhere” (Russian poetry of the 20th century: Anthology of Russian lyrics from symbolism to the present day. M., 1925. S.LV). "Everywhere", i.e. the world revolution became almost a reality for Gastev. The boundless artistic fantasy of the poet creates the image of a colossal arch in the form of embracing workers, the dimensions of which have shifted the earth's orbit, and therefore the revolution enters the expanses of the universe. Under this arch, "dreadnoughts, tanks, bridges, machine tools, machine guns, soldiers, madmen, cripples, babies ..." ("Arch in Europe") are built in columns. Gastev understood his work primarily as work for the revolution. Exile or prison provided time for such work: “It was as if we were left out of work and had to take up an artistic pen. Hence the terrible hypertrophy of passion in this literature for something special, the claim to lead new paths that were baptized as proletarian, super-proletarian, etc.” (Poetry of the working blow. S. 29).

Gastev's further biography looks like this: 1917-18 - Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Russian Union of Metal Workers.

In 1919 he headed the All-Ukrainian Council of Arts.

In 1920, he organized the Central Institute of Labor under the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions (CIT) in Moscow, which he headed until 1938.

Since 1931 - a member of the CPSU (b). Gastev considered his work at CIT to be the main business of his life. In the essays-recommendations "The Rise of Culture" (1923) and "How to Work" (1921-27), Gastev calls for a creative view of the world, the simplest things that surround a person: a hammer, a knife, an ax. Written in an accessible form, these books no longer carry the ideas of the world revolution, cosmopolitanism and cosmism characteristic of proletarians, but, on the contrary, are filled with the anxiety of a scientist and statesman for the fate of the Motherland, for its weak industrial culture, by which Gastev understood culture as a whole.

In 1938 Gastev was repressed and rehabilitated posthumously.

V.A. Prokofiev

Used materials of the book: Russian literature of the XX century. Prose writers, poets, playwrights. Biobibliographic dictionary. Volume 1. M., 2005, ss. 465-467.

Read further:

Russian writers and poets (biographical guide).

Compositions:

industrial world. Kharkov, 1919;

Time. M., 1923;

Labor settings. M., 1924;

New cultural setting. 2nd ed. M., 1924;

Installations of production by the CIT method. M., 1927;

Regulation and organization of labor. M., 1929;

How to work. 2nd ed. M., 1972.

Poetry of the working blow: How to work: A practical introduction to the scientific organization of labor / foreword. S. Kirsanova. 2nd ed. M., 1972.

Literature:

Nazarov I.L. Meetings and letters. Vladimir, 1957;

Paperny 3. Strong-willed word // Gastev A. Poetry of the working blow. M., 1964;

Lunacharsky A. Review of the "Poetry of the Work Strike" // Questions of Literature. 1964. No. 1;

Karpov A.S. Verse and time. M., 1966;

Rakov V.P. Poetry of labor and struggle // Questions of history and theory of literature. Chelyabinsk, 1968. Issue 3;

Pertsov V. A. Gastev // Pertsov V. Contemporaries. M., 1980. Vol. 1;

Kormilov S.I. Poetics of metrized prose (Soviet period) // Poetics of Russian Soviet prose. Ufa, 1991.