Social entrepreneurship in Russia: development, support and ideas. Social entrepreneurship in Russia and in the world

Entrepreneurship is a complex structured phenomenon that has become the object of close attention of researchers. various areas modern science. However, there is still no unambiguous definition of the concept of "entrepreneurship", an integral scientific approach that allows a comprehensive study of this phenomenon. This involves the development of new theoretical directions for the study of entrepreneurship.

For example, Ignatova I.V. (4) applies a modular approach to entrepreneurship research. It allows you to take into account and group all more or less homogeneous elements and processes within the framework of entrepreneurship. There are three modules:

institutional;

Economic;

Psychological;

This division is due to the specifics of entrepreneurship as a type of activity that includes three constituent element:

1. First, a necessary sign of entrepreneurship is economic freedom and administrative independence of decision-making, which are guaranteed by legislative acts of various levels.

2. Secondly, entrepreneurial activity is focused on achieving commercial success, making a profit, which is associated with the market structure of the economy, during which the continuous renewal of social needs is ensured.

3. Third, in progress entrepreneurial activity there is a self-realization of a person, the development of entrepreneurial thinking.

The absence of a social module is due to the fact that society is the basis of any activity, in relation to which it acts as a condition, resource and environment that evaluates the results of activity. Society is understood as a complex, voluminous, multi-level, open organic system based on the collective activity of people. No activity can be carried out outside the society. Entrepreneurial activity is no exception, it is implemented by people and for people, while society plays a dual role. On the one hand, it is a resource of entrepreneurship - these are people who have the potential or are actually engaged in entrepreneurial activity, and unsatisfied social needs. On the other hand, the results of entrepreneurial activity have an impact on society through the discovery and implementation of existing and the formation of new social needs. So, society permeates, determines and evaluates the success of entrepreneurial activity, plays a connecting role between the entrepreneur and society, ensuring the unification of economic interest, effective use resources and creative self-realization in the processes of implementing unique ideas in a certain way.

Thus, entrepreneurship is social, it originates in a society that reflects the current social situation, in the form human resources, forms of social relations, culture, etc. Then he uses them, acting as a "black box", where the factors used in the process of entrepreneurship are transformed, at the output of which new social elements, trends, norms, etc. appear. Therefore, entrepreneurship is the transformer of society. Let us consider in more detail each of the stages of the process of transforming society through entrepreneurship.

First stage reflects the impact of society on entrepreneurship. We single out the following social factors:

Sex and age structure of the population;

The level of general and special entrepreneurial education;

Opportunity to increase personal income;

Society's attitude to entrepreneurship;

Developed business services infrastructure specializing in entrepreneurship.

Sex and age structure of the population. It is from the demographic situation that changes in the needs for goods and services depend, as well as the reaction of the population to these changes and its ability to offer ways to meet new demands. Studies show that countries with zero expected population growth in the coming decades (until 2025) have a total entrepreneurial activity index of 2.2% or less, and countries with an expected population growth of 20% have the highest level of entrepreneurial index. Russia is among the countries with zero (minus) expected population growth, therefore, it is reckless to expect active entrepreneurial activity in the coming years (until 2025).

The most promising for business is the population aged 25 to 44 years. Countries with the highest development of entrepreneurship have more than a quarter of the population in this age range, countries with a low entrepreneurship index - 22%. It is also believed that women constitute a powerful, as yet underutilized resource for entrepreneurship development. However, in general, women in the field of entrepreneurship face many specific barriers, such as weaker technical education, difficulties in building a business infrastructure, the need to divide their time between family and entrepreneurship, etc.

The level of general and special entrepreneurial education. In this area, the United States has significant competitive advantage, since more than 80% of the population at the appropriate age receive a special secondary and higher education and are second only to Canada (90%) in this indicator. According to statistics, entrepreneurs have a higher level of education than the national average. Researchers note an interesting phenomenon - among entrepreneurs in the United States, there are more people with incomplete higher education(about one third). At the same time, the best American colleges and universities in the 1990s. began to offer special courses on entrepreneurship. By 2000 their number had reached 125. In recent years, the introduction of educational programs designed to increase the level of knowledge in the field of entrepreneurship has begun in Russia. It should be noted that traditionally Russian entrepreneurs show a very high level of education (the level of activity of respondents with higher education exceeds the average for the sample by 2 times). However, along with Japanese entrepreneurs, Russian entrepreneurs show uncertainty in their knowledge and experience to start a business, respectively 13% and 18% of respondents. At the same time, in the developed countries of Western Europe and America, this figure ranges from 25 to 55% of the number of respondents. This fact explains the low number of people involved in entrepreneurial activity in Russia. It is significant that entrepreneurs from the Dominican Republic, Bolivia, and Peru demonstrate the greatest confidence in their knowledge (a level of more than 70%).

Opportunity to significantly increase personal income. A sufficiently high correlation was found between the overall entrepreneurial activity and the difference in individual incomes. For most industrialized countries, the ratio of the total income of the richest 10% of taxpayers to the total income of the poorest 10% of the population is in the range of 5–10, in Russia (according to state statistics) in 2008 it reached 17. High income groups, on the one hand, provide the necessary savings for initial investment in start-up companies, on the other hand, they are a good target for ambitious entrepreneurs who want to increase their income level.

The attitude of society towards entrepreneurship. In order to widely use entrepreneurship as a resource for socio-economic development, it is necessary, among other things, to form the ideology of entrepreneurship in society, which is one of the tasks of the state. The whole world knows the American dream of such "... a social order in which everyone can fully realize their abilities and thereby earn the respect of others." In the US, it is prestigious to be an entrepreneur, he is a hero who managed to become independent and independent. R. Reig studied the honor factors of entrepreneurship in the USA and came to the conclusion that the reason for this is the absence of contradictions between entrepreneurial and civic culture. They have been successfully synthesized, which has become a determinant of ennoblement of entrepreneurial activity. If state views on the methods of solving economic problems are compatible with entrepreneurial interests, then a qualitative and quantitative rise in entrepreneurship is ensured. As a result, an entrepreneur in the United States is a national hero and role model.

In Russia, the situation is different, the entrepreneur is outside the law, he is not a hero. Based on the research of R. Reig, it can be stated that the reason for this is the contradiction between entrepreneurial and civic cultures. Domestic scientists (for example, I.G. Akperov, V.M. Emelyanov, Zh.V. Maslikova and others) testify that Russian entrepreneurs have a particularly pronounced complex of independence and autonomy. Cross-cultural studies have determined that Russian entrepreneurs in more alienated from society and psychologically protected from social disapproval than, for example, German. This is due to the development of Russian entrepreneurship in an unbalanced market, without real and consistent support from the state, in a socio-cultural environment of disapproval, and demonstrates an open opposition of business to the state and an extreme manifestation of individualism. At present, the situation has changed somewhat under the influence of the development of market relations and state policy. According to research, about 70% of the Russian population believe that an entrepreneur is respected in society (in the USA - 74%, in Finland, which is the leader in this indicator - 89%). Consequently, the negative attitude towards Russian entrepreneurs on the part of compatriots softened.

Developed business service infrastructure(lawyers, accountants, consultants who specialize in entrepreneurship). New high-growth companies tend to be underfunded and unable to hire high-skilled full-time employees and pay them at high rates, so they use the services third parties. Comparative studies of the economic and socio-political situation in the leading industrialized countries have shown that such norms and characteristics as the openness of the economy, the country's participation in the international division of labor, the degree of state intervention in the regulation of markets, the level of development of managerial culture have a greater impact on the success of large companies and much less at the level of entrepreneurial initiative.

Thus, the identified factors affect the pace of the spread of entrepreneurship, determine its character traits which must be taken into account when developing measures to develop entrepreneurship in the country.

Second phase- the process of entrepreneurship, transforming the society included in it. In the process of entrepreneurial activity, a psychologically important process takes place: the implementation and development of a person's entrepreneurial abilities. The problem of abilities is one of the most important in psychology. In the context of abilities, predisposition to entrepreneurial activity, leadership qualities of an entrepreneur, his communication skills, risk appetite, etc. are considered.

Entrepreneurs form a collection of heterogeneous groups, they include directors of privatized industrial giants, managers of small firms, chairmen of the boards of large banks, chief physicians of medical institutions, scientists and others. The fundamental differences between groups of entrepreneurs are related to the scale and scope of management, its technical and organizational level, the origin of capital and the nature of reproductive ties, and the degree of responsibility. Big business tends to be more stable, more closely linked to state structures, bears the burden of political rather than economic risk, and transcends national borders. All this sharply distinguishes him from the bulk of small and medium-sized entrepreneurs.

Social aspects of the process of entrepreneurial activity are manifested:

In creating the most efficient jobs;

In providing an opportunity for employees to realize their abilities, to provide a decent life for their families;

In creating a competitive environment, therefore, helping to lower prices, improve the quality of goods and services, saturate the market with goods, and reduce shortages.

Consequently, entrepreneurial activity contributes not only to the realization of creative potential, but also to ambitions, the achievement of life goals, and as a result, an increase in the level of satisfaction of an individual. The mass nature of entrepreneurship, respectively, will improve the social climate at the level of the entire society.

Entrepreneurship in various areas of life can be the shortest path to the well-being and prosperity of a person. An increase in the material and cultural standard of living leads to an increase in cash income and savings that can be invested in a project and receive additional income. This factor contributes to the expansion of entrepreneurial activity, the accumulation of capital and an increase in the opportunities for entrepreneurship in solving large-scale problems, that is, it can develop into the ability to solve some social problems at the state level.

Like any process, entrepreneurship has negative social consequences. The desire to maximize profits, as one of the goals, may be reflected in the prices of goods and services, as well as their quality, which will lead to a decrease in the level and quality of life of the population. Therefore, every socially responsible entrepreneur is looking for a compromise between making a profit and the social consequences of their actions. In practice, this means that such an entrepreneur will not be engaged in any activity that brings even high profits (bright examples are drug and arms trafficking - socially unacceptable activities, but highly profitable).

third stage, includes the process of transforming society through entrepreneurial activity. One of the directions for the implementation of this process in practice is Social responsibility business, which provides for the right of a person to make decisions and take actions according to his opinions and preferences, but he must be responsible for their consequences and cannot shift the blame for the negative results of his decisions and actions to others. Such an understanding of responsibility is expressed, for example, in solving environmental problems, taking care to comply with laws, even if it is possible to circumvent them. Thus, social responsibility is a contract between the entrepreneur and the society in which he operates.

Within the framework of the modular approach, the implementation of the social responsibility of business in three directions is considered in accordance with the selected modules. In the institutional module, the social responsibility of business is implemented through:

Legal Compliance different levels;

Economic module - transparency of taxation, establishment of an appropriate rate of return;

Psychological module - the realization of human abilities.

Accordingly, in order to develop the sociality of entrepreneurship, the state needs to organize activities in the three indicated areas, creating conditions for enhancing the activities of entrepreneurs in solving social problems of society.

The positive effect of the socially responsible behavior of the entrepreneur is manifested in:

Creation of favorable long-term prospects for business;

Positive reaction of employees to the social activity of their enterprise, increase in labor productivity;

Increasing the attractiveness of enterprises for job seekers;

In facilitating the formation of friendly relations with the authorities and lobbying their interests;

Additional attractiveness for investors.

It should be noted that the above are voluntarily assumed responsibilities of companies. In accordance with the law, the entrepreneur is obliged to work, pay taxes and wages, and the state to deal with social problems. Here are the arguments against the participation of the enterprise in solving social problems: violation of the principle of profit maximization; the costs of social involvement are costs for the enterprise that are passed on to consumers in the form of price increases; insufficient level of accountability to the general public in the implementation of social activities; lack of ability to solve social problems.

Various levels of social responsibility are combinations of requirements and expectations from business on the part of society and the state and the benefits / disadvantages of social activity for business. The higher the level of social responsibility of companies, the more voluntarily assumed obligations.

One of the options for a compromise combination of profitability and sociality in entrepreneurial activity is the development of social entrepreneurship, which is an entrepreneurial activity aimed at mitigating or solving social problems. Social entrepreneurship, as a type of entrepreneurship, has the following features:

Willingness to take risks;

Ability to use the situation in the market;

The ability to move away from the narrow understanding of entrepreneurship as commerce and mobilize disparate resources to achieve the main goal.

The difference between them is:

In the introduction of new mechanisms for solving existing social problems;

Improving the level and quality of life of people affected by the activities of the entrepreneur.

At the same time, social entrepreneurship must be profitable, otherwise we are talking about a charitable organization.

Some foreign researchers of the personality of an entrepreneur believe that it is necessary to abandon the search for universal psychological characteristics of an entrepreneur, and those that have already been identified should be attributed to the characteristics of success in any professional activity. For example, R. Hisrich says that there is no such thing as a typical entrepreneurial profile. Entrepreneurs are not born: they develop. To this it should be added that, as in any professional activity, one can talk about the individual style of the professional activity of an entrepreneur and its psychological structure. (see 7.3.). However, R. Hisrich, among the factors that significantly distinguish an entrepreneur from the rest of the population, identifies factors that serve as prerequisites for successful professional activity:

Family environment in childhood, meaning the environment of people engaged in entrepreneurial or near-entrepreneurial activities. What can contribute to its success young man further;

Education, as mentioned above;

Work experience, which adds to the success of any professional activity, and an entrepreneur is no exception;

Age (the optimal age for doing business is from 25 to 45-50 years old);

Personal values ​​(the desire for personal self-realization, material well-being, wealth, power, spiritual needs and aspirations, etc.)

Shifting the emphasis from studies of psychological traits to socio-psychological and socio-economic factors, R. Hisrich believes that key point in the formation of the entrepreneurial orientation of the individual is social learning through the assimilation of role models of entrepreneurial behavior in childhood.

So, entrepreneurship directs community development towards social progress and contributes to the harmonization of the interests of man and society, their "commensurability". It directly participates in the process of reproduction of social life.

The Path to Socially Responsible Russian entrepreneurship lies not through isolated cases of charity. It is necessary to create in society such a culture and morality that would contribute to the motivation business people to caring for the image of their activity, which is morally justified in the eyes of the majority of the population. Unfortunately, today in Russia there are no economic and legal incentives for activities to improve the skills of employees of enterprises, develop a system of non-state, including intra-company social protection, participation of companies in sponsorship and socially significant projects. The formation of such incentives is the task of the legislature, vocational education and the local community, which is gradually developing mechanisms for the ethical regulation of the activities of individuals and professional groups in a market economy, cultural and political pluralism.

In the complex Russian reality, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of the Russian mentality and entrepreneurship development, the lack of tax incentives or benefits for socially responsible companies. Awareness of the essence of the social function of entrepreneurship, and most importantly, the real actions of the state and entrepreneurship, will create favorable conditions to harmonize their interests, redistribute the burden of solving social problems of society.

Social entrepreneurship- this is one of the types of business activities, the main goals of which are to help people and work with their problems. This type of business differs from pure charitable activities in the ability of projects to pay for themselves and make a profit.

Small businesses and socially oriented organizations can be active in various directions, working within the framework of public benefit projects in the field of health, agriculture, service provision, education, etc. Today it is impossible to give an unambiguous definition of social entrepreneurship, because it is a multifaceted phenomenon that relates to many areas of human life. The shortest and most capacious might sound like this: “Getting profit from helping other people.”

The main meaning of social entrepreneurship is that a businessman is an independent, autonomous entity that has the ability to carry out charitable activities, relying on its own capital.

There are several features that characterize social entrepreneurship.

• focus on people's problems;
• the presence of new solutions (as the usual traditional ways of resolving problems become ineffective);
• replicability (the ability to share experience with other organizations around the country and the world);
• self-sufficiency (independence from the support of sponsors);
• the possibility of making a profit (it is necessary to support and stimulate the development of the project so that it generates income and satisfies the needs of its owner).

The main feature of social entrepreneurship organizations is that they contribute to changes in society and are characterized by three components:

1. Identification of injustice expressed in the marginalization or suffering of certain groups of citizens who are in dire need of material means or political support in order to achieve a prosperous existence through transformation.
2. Finding opportunities to achieve well-being for any group in society suffering from injustice - through inspiration, creative approach to the problem, active decisive action and courage of the entrepreneur.
3. A gradual process leading to the establishment of justice, which becomes a factor that alleviates the suffering of some people through the "creation of a stable ecosystem in a new equilibrium." This contributes to the achievement of a prosperous existence in the future of this composition of citizens, as well as society as a whole.

Very often, solving problems with the help of social entrepreneurship brings more effective results than those achieved by charitable non-profit organizations or the state using their standard algorithms.

The main advantages of commercial socially oriented enterprises in comparison with state institutions can be listed:

1. A high degree of involvement in the process of the entrepreneur and his motivation to achieve success from the activities of the organization.
2. Government structures have the opportunity to transfer some powers to socially oriented businesses, thereby reducing their administrative costs and the time resource allotted for the implementation of programs: from development to implementation of a real-life project that can provide assistance to a specific group of people in need of support.
3. Organizations in the field of social entrepreneurship take on the role of establishing a balance between citizens with different levels of social well-being. Thanks to the activities of entrepreneurs and their socially oriented organizations, the state is able to monitor the effectiveness of balance regulation within the framework of state control and at the same time transfer the search for new solutions to the problems of modern society to the level of socially oriented business.
4. The high level of competition among organizations of this type contributes to the fact that the most active companies focus on their specific goals and try to achieve them most effectively.

Main types of social entrepreneurship

The main types and areas of activity of social entrepreneurship:

1. Use of a zero-waste production method (recycling of waste), making a positive impact on environmental conditions (for example, the Indian plastic waste recycling company Concerve).
2. Reducing the criminal component in society (for example, the French sports youth organization Emergence).
3. Help and support for those who find themselves in difficult living conditions (for example, the French enterprises Jardins de Cocagne in the agricultural sector for the employment of the long-term unemployed).
4. Provision of services for low-income citizens (for example, the American organization American Family).
5. Issuance of mini loans to small businesses (for example, Kiva.org, a global Internet platform that is not part of the Ashoka fund database).

Platform

This model assumes that the owner of a socially oriented business organizes a platform for the exchange of information and becomes an intermediary between a small producer and consumers. For example, the Nizhny Novgorod Gallery of Crafts allows craftsmen to regularly participate in exhibitions and fairs where they can sell their products. This model is very convenient for a small manufacturer who has difficulty finding buyers on his own.

Market Access

This model is implemented in practice by the Artistic Crafts company - it purchases products from small manufacturers in order to sell them on its trading floors.

Employment

This model involves caring for vulnerable groups of the population: for example, training and employment of people with disabilities. good example is the Center for the Rehabilitation of the Disabled "Berezen" (Tula).

Access to a product or service

In this case, social entrepreneurship takes on the role of making up for the shortcomings or gaps in the market and offering consumers access to a certain group of goods or services if the customers are willing to pay for it. An example of such a model is the Bumper book bus, which delivers books to the end consumer anywhere in the city at the lowest prices.

Charity

This model implies a free purchase of a service or product. In addition to the seller and the buyer, there is a third party that finances the project. For example, the Perspektiva-NN organization, which provides classes for parents with children with serious vision problems. Services are provided free of charge or for a purely symbolic fee. This organization financed by the regional budget and included in the list of organizations providing social services.

4 Profitable Social Entrepreneurship Business Ideas

Profit is no longer the only driving force. According to Richard Branson, a new kind of business has emerged, which he proposes to call "capitalism 24,902" (that's how many miles the equator is). The meaning is simple: every businessman is responsible for both people and the planet.

The editors of the magazine "CEO" gave several examples of companies of the new era.

What are the steps in the social entrepreneurship process?

In the structure of the process of social entrepreneurship, upon detailed consideration, five main stages can be distinguished:

1. Search for opportunities (to solve problems and meet the needs of those in need).
2. Development of a development concept (identification of benefits, creation of new products, market identification).
3. Acquisition of resources that are needed: finance, specialists, knowledge, experience, skills, competencies.
4. Launching and improving the enterprise (determining results, growth and expansion of the organization).
5. Achieving the goal (merging with other companies, expanding the company, formulating new tasks, solving them and closing the organization).

For any organization working in the field of social entrepreneurship, it is important to understand two main factors according to which its activities are structured: firstly, it is the solution of problems relevant to society, and secondly, the receipt of cash income. The essence of entrepreneurship in the social sphere lies in the balance of these two factors. With competent and successful development, such organizations contribute to the strengthening of public relations and their gradual and sustainable development.

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Social Entrepreneurship Project Ideas

There is no shortage of ideas for social entrepreneurship these days. On the contrary, there have been many creative and non-standard proposals lately. In this area there are wonderful opportunities for creativity and bold experiments. The most important thing is not to forget about the main goal of this activity - to help people in need. Next, we offer an overview of the ideas already implemented in practice.

Idea 1. Eco-packaging. The well-known plastic bag decomposes over a very long time: it takes about two hundred years. Every day we throw away a huge number of bags in which we buy sour-milk products, juices, frozen vegetables, sausages. Huge mountains of plastic bags will soon become a terrible "decoration" of our planet, if we do not think and stop such thoughtless behavior. This is exactly what the creators of ecological packaging want to prevent - they use completely different materials for storing goods: paper and cardboard, which completely decompose in two years, which is a huge advantage compared to polyethylene. Unfortunately, no environmentally friendly alternative to plastic bottles has yet been found. However, even the fact that ecological packaging made of paper and cardboard can be found on the market today is already a huge achievement.

Idea 2. Plastic recycling. Modern people use a huge number of plastic products: bags, bottles, cans, films, boxes, etc. The negative aspects of such packaging are not only environmental degradation, but also waste of resources. Tons of bottles end up in landfills every day, but the same amount of new material is used by factories to make new ones. It is important to stop and start using plastic waste again: modern technologies make it possible to produce packaging from old plastic, bristles for brushes, Construction Materials and much more.

Idea 3. Rural tourism. Nowadays, it has become a fashionable activity among residents of large cities. Newer generations born and raised in urban areas may never have seen a live cow or know how potatoes grow. For such people, a trip to countryside becomes a real adventure. They are ready to pay for such entertainment: milk a cow, collect eggs, help their grandmother in the garden. The mental state of the average resident of the metropolis leaves much to be desired, so clean Fresh air, physical labor heals people, restores exhausted emotional balance, and for villages and villages such ecotourism is a great opportunity for development.

Idea 4. Educational computer games. Children are big fans of various games on modern gadgets, and their creation is a profitable business. However, you can combine business with pleasure: create educational and educational games. So, for example, in the format of computer "developers" you can learn foreign languages ​​or master business skills, for example, blind typing with a ten-finger writing method. With the help of special applications, you can study school subjects. In addition, there are many excellent opportunities for social role-playing games in order to acquire the skills of harmonious interaction with the outside world and other people.

Idea 5. Center child development or private kindergarten. This type of social entrepreneurship brings considerable benefits to families where both parents work and they have no one to leave the child with (getting into a municipal kindergarten today is not easy) or there is not enough time for the qualitative development of his creative abilities. In this case, private kindergartens or development centers come to the rescue - as a rule, they have small groups, which allows maintaining the high quality of the services provided and providing an individual approach to each child. The advantages of such organizations are also that they are modernly equipped and offer effective development programs. The disadvantage for some families may be the high fees for this quality of service.

Idea 6. A club dedicated to healthy lifestyle life. Today it is very fashionable to be slim, well-groomed, monitor your diet, play sports, actively spend your free time. On the one hand, these are the requirements of the time, on the other hand, many people dream of being like that. However, doing all this alone is not particularly interesting, and if there is a community of like-minded people, it will help you stay in good shape and motivate you to further work on yourself. For a certain fee, people can get a company of interest, high-quality service, and the opportunity to spend their leisure time in an organized and healthy way.

Idea 7. Crowdfunding or collective financing of projects. Modern view of creation own business for voluntary contributions from those who are interested in this or simply support the idea. The size of the contribution is not limited, everything happens purely according to the possibilities and desire of the one who wants to financially support this or that idea. Detailed information such programs can be found on the Internet. Many successful startups started this way. As a rule, projects of this kind are born in the field of culture, journalism, art and cinema.

Idea 8. Providing support(training, retraining and employment) to people who find themselves in difficult living conditions. Today there are many such citizens in society. These are former prisoners, and single mothers, and individuals who have been subjected to violence, as well as those who are undergoing rehabilitation after treatment for drug and alcohol addiction, people with disabilities. All these categories of citizens experience difficulties in finding a job. As part of social entrepreneurship, you can open an agency that will purposefully work with just such people, help them with training, with the development of simple professions that can help them get on their feet, gain financial independence feel like full members of society. What is the benefit for the entrepreneur? The fact that, as a rule, people who have experienced difficulties in life and have received a new chance highly value their newfound well-being and are very responsible in their duties, without having excessive demands on employers.

Idea 9. Dating club for single people. Activities in this area will always be relevant in any society: it is much more difficult for single people of the age to get to know each other and find a partner for life on their own. The forms of such social entrepreneurship can be very different: a marriage agency, interest clubs, dance evenings "for those who are over ...".

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How to evaluate the results of social entrepreneurship

In the field of social entrepreneurship, it is necessary to evaluate the results. There are many ways to do this, here are some of the most common:

Valuation of social outcomes

Estimates of this kind are encouraged by investors or donors, since the calculation of the costs that society is forced to incur in order to cope with crime, poverty, drug addiction and other types of problems of modern society can make their economic contribution to solving these problems more visible and tangible. . Examples for such results might be as follows:

1. Increasing income (decreasing expenses) of those who received assistance in the form of the provision of services from a socially oriented enterprise. This factor is measured after the provision of assistance, or for a certain period of time.
2. Changes in other people's costs and profits as a result of the changes financial position participants of socially oriented programs.
3. Reducing public spending by reducing the need for certain categories of citizens to receive support from the state through the provision of assistance from social enterprises.
4. Falling demand for specialized services;
5. Growth in social profits due to the fact that the number of employed citizens who have received support from social enterprises increases, as a result of which their personal well-being increases.

There are two approaches to measuring valuations:

1. Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA). Used when the results social activities for some reason cannot be expressed in monetary terms or are reflected in other units of measurement (for example, "number of years saved", "all who are high school graduates"). If the results are presented in different units of measurement and it is not possible to combine them and determine the overall effectiveness, it becomes necessary to apply a cost-benefit analysis.
2. Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is a method that allows you to identify the relationship between costs and various social outcomes. With this analysis, you can see the net benefit both for the whole society and for individual stakeholders. The advantage of this method is that it helps to take more effective solutions social outcomes, set the right priorities and plan for funding. The shortcomings of such an analysis are the inability to give an extensive assessment of the whole variety of social costs and benefits.

The main difference between different approaches to assessing the results of socially oriented activities lies in determining what a social result is, exactly how costs are calculated, and how both of these concepts are expressed in monetary terms or in natural units.

The main disadvantage in the process of applying these indicators is the need for serious expenses for implementation: time, money, intellectual, etc. This aspect does not allow the widespread use of these methods in the field of social entrepreneurship.

Flexible valuation methods

Social entrepreneurship needs more pragmatic and flexible methods in terms of goals and measurement of results. Methods are needed that would not require the investment of financial and time resources.

For example, the international association Acumen has developed a special system of Lean Data methods in order to measure the degree of efficiency of enterprises in the field of social entrepreneurship.

It helps to make the process of collecting information about the company's customers (beneficiaries) easier, as well as to optimize the analysis of the collected information and the use of its results in decision-making:

1. Cooperation. The Lean Evaluation system examines what changes social enterprise leaders would like to see, after which it is carried out general work to collect information that should help find answers to key questions.
2. Attention to the client (beneficiary). Lean Data studies the opinions and wishes of social enterprise customers so that organizations can operate in a more efficient and targeted production of products and services in accordance with the needs of beneficiaries.
3. Benefit from the information collected. Lean Data is not in the business of creating reports for investment companies, but is committed to helping social enterprises get the most insight from their clients and thus help them make better decisions.
4. Profitability. Lean Data uses modern information technologies in its work, which allows you to receive information from customers quickly, while spending minimal time and financial resources to carry out your research.

Unified standard for managing socially-oriented activities

Some experts and practitioners believe that the creation of a universal way to measure the results of social activities is impossible due to the fact that the problems of society are very diverse, as well as the activities of socially oriented enterprises. The optimal solution in this case would be the creation of uniform recommended indicators, universal for most socially oriented organizations.

It is these considerations that have led the European Commission to create a standard for measuring social performance, which is used as a guideline by many organizations and their funding agencies. This standard is based on the Social Performance: Measurement and Management guidelines developed by the European Venture Philanthropy Association.

The unity of the standard is achieved due to the fact that the stages of management are of a universal nature:

• definition of tasks;
• analysis of stakeholders (parties involved);
• evaluation of results;
• control and measurement of the degree of impact;
• monitoring and reporting.

These steps should be carried out strictly in the sequence as they are indicated, periodically updating them in connection with the experience gained and new information.

Support for social entrepreneurship by funds, consulting companies, large businesses

For several years now, the Russian government has shown a steady interest in the field of socio-economic entrepreneurship. This can be seen both at the federal and regional levels. More than once, the state has indicated a tendency to support "representatives of small businesses" who are engaged in socially responsible activities and contribute to solving the problems of modern society.

The Our Future Foundation became the first representative of the social entrepreneurship sector in Russia. During the five years of its existence, this fund has supported 59 socially oriented enterprises. The total amount of funds allocated for these purposes amounted to more than 130.5 million rubles.

The Fund has established a competition, the winners of which are provided with financial and advisory support. In addition, interest-free loans are issued for a long period of time, legal and minimal cost loans are provided, small office premises are offered for rent, etc.

Along with the holding of the All-Russian competition Our Future, the Foundation established the Impulse of Kindness award, which is aimed at financially and morally supporting promising projects. For 2012, during the competitive selection for this award, a large number of applications for participation from entrepreneurs from 54 regions of Russia.

In the modern business world, it is necessary to be able to create business models, manage projects, manage finances, and develop business plans. This needs to be learned and this kind of education should be publicly available. For example, Citibank offers grants for such training for social entrepreneurs with the support of the Graduate School of Management in St. Petersburg. The Our Future Foundation acts as the organizer of the training course at Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov.

It is very important if a social entrepreneur has the opportunity to receive organizational and consulting support. An entrepreneur is always required to be able to understand accounting issues and legal framework business. In business activities, situations often arise that require participation or evaluation various specialists, which in turn requires a lot of expenses. For social entrepreneurship, it would be very important to create certain centers that would provide such services at minimal prices.

Also, a huge support for social entrepreneurs would be the creation of specialized consulting centers that could provide office space for rent, provide legal advice, and help in organizational matters. The potential for cooperation between the state and big business in order to support and develop social entrepreneurship is very high. Both sides of this process should be genuinely interested in developing and strengthening such interaction.

Already today, there are many large companies and consulting organizations that support social entrepreneurs in various areas: financially, with the help of legal advice at reduced prices or free of charge, as part of their ongoing charitable projects. Some representatives of large businesses have included this type of entrepreneurship in the list of priority areas for the implementation of socially significant programs and charitable initiatives in the territories of their presence.

Such a company is Rusal, with its support programs for the development of single-industry towns are being implemented, including projects to assist social entrepreneurs. For several years, Severstal has been running a project called the Urban Development Agency with the support of local authorities, which aims to support individual and, more recently, social entrepreneurs. SUEK, with the support of the corporate fund Suek for the Regions, is also running a similar program.

Thus, representatives of big business contribute to the development of important initiatives for society, support the development of territories. In addition to these important goals, large companies may have a number of other interests in helping small businesses and social entrepreneurship.

In order to optimize production, many large companies are withdrawing non-core assets, which are most often associated with providing social services their employees and their families. However, the need for them does not disappear anywhere. Therefore, companies often buy the necessary services from organizations created on the basis of the withdrawn assets. Such enterprises may well become independent representatives of social entrepreneurship.

The state is largely responsible for the success of the development of the sector of socially oriented services and the active support of various initiatives in the field of small business, therefore it is extremely important what position it takes, whether it is ready to effectively cooperate and interact with business representatives.

There is a Federal Law on Social Entrepreneurship dated April 5, 2010 No. 40-FZ “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts Russian Federation on the support of socially oriented non-profit organizations”. According to this Federal Law, in Russia at the present time only non-profit organizations belong to “social entrepreneurship”.

State programs to provide assistance to socially oriented NGOs (according to the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation):

• provide financial, consulting, informational, educational support;
• offer reduced taxes
• provide office space for rent at a discounted rate.

In Russia, priority activities of social entrepreneurship for NPOs have been identified:

• orphanhood prevention;
• support for motherhood and childhood;
• social adaptation of people with disabilities and their families;
• improving the quality of life of the elderly;
• development of additional education, scientific and technical and artistic creativity, mass sports, activities of children and youth in the field of local history and ecology;
• development of international cooperation.

Law on social entrepreneurship in Russia

Due to the insufficient development of the theoretical framework for 2016, the legislation of the Russian Federation does not have a separate general legal section dedicated to social entrepreneurship. This means the absence of a legislative framework that could regulate these issues, contribute to the development of more simple rules for the process of business registration and reduce the level of taxes for entrepreneurs.

The only definition of social entrepreneurship can be found in the order of the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation of April 24, 2013 No. 220 (previously - No. 223) "On the organization of the competitive selection of subjects of the Russian Federation, whose budgets in 2013 are provided with subsidies from the federal budget for state support of small and medium-sized businesses by subjects RF". This definition is intended exclusively for recipients of support provided by the ministry.

In order to reduce the tax rate, many social entrepreneurs in Russia use various forms of NGOs, and individual businessmen register as representatives of small and medium-sized businesses.

In 2013, the Federation Council Committee on Social Policy initiated the introduction of amendments to the second reading of the draft law “On the Fundamentals social services population in the Russian Federation”, which would allow introducing the concepts of “social entrepreneur” and “social entrepreneurship” into federal legislation. But these amendments were rejected.

On October 16, 2014, a new initiative was taken: a group of deputies from the upper and lower houses of the Federal Assembly submitted to the State Duma a draft law on social entrepreneurship and forms of its support. To date, it has not been accepted.

In August 2016, the Ministry of Economic Development proposed to amend the current legislation in order to consolidate the term "social entrepreneurship" in it. To date, the draft federal law "On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation (in terms of fixing the concept of "social entrepreneurship")" is being discussed on the "Federal Portal of Draft Regulatory Legal Acts".

In 2017, the Ministry of Economy sent a draft law on social entrepreneurship for approval to such state structures like the FAS, the Federal Tax Service, the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Labor. According to this bill, social entrepreneurship should include enterprises where people with disabilities work, single parents (having children under 7 years old), representatives large families, pensioners, graduates of orphanages (under 21), former prisoners. The total number of such employees must be at least 30% of the total number of employees of the enterprise, and the share of their remuneration must be at least 25% of the total wage fund.

These legislative changes may indicate that, most likely, in 2017-2018 in Russia, the term "social entrepreneurship" will become more stable, clear and will be legislated.

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Examples of the development of social entrepreneurship in Russia

There are three bright socially useful projects that received support from the Our Future Foundation:

Example 1. The Armor project (LLC New Rehabilitation Technologies Armor).

This project is to create and use special orthopedic systems that help people with spinal cord injuries to move, stand, stand up and sit down without the help of strangers. This system was created and patented by Alexei Nalogin, who himself belongs to those who are called spinal disabled. Armor is the very first project supported by the Our Future Foundation. The total amount of invested funds amounted to 9.5 million rubles, more than half of which (5.5 million rubles) were provided in the form of an interest-free loan. To date, the fund has returned 50% of total amount investment. The number of workers in "Armor" has 11 people. The production of orthopedic systems was carried out thanks to the support and cooperation of the medical center of the Russian State Medical University.

Example 2. Creative workshop "Merry felt" (NP "Women's organization social support"Woman, personality, society").

The main activity of the "Merry Felt" project is the creation of designer souvenirs-toys and felt decorations. This project operates on the territory of the city of Rybinsk, its social significance is the participation in it of mothers of large families from low-income families who are not able to work in full-time jobs, who need to work at home. The Fund allocated 400 thousand rubles for this project, one fourth of which was issued in the form of an interest-free loan. To date, 15 women have been employed by the project. The enterprise paid off the loan issued in 2008 ahead of schedule and today actively cooperates not only with domestic manufacturers and sellers of toys, but also with foreign enterprises.

Example 3. "School of farmers" (individual entrepreneur V.V. Gorelov).

The School of Farmers helps graduates of Perm orphanages get a professional education (the project prepares rural entrepreneurs), learn how to be financially independent and socially protected. Participation in this project instills positive values ​​in young people, teaches them how to interact competently with other people. Its activity is aimed at producing independent entrepreneurs for agriculture who are able to run a profitable business. The Fund allocated about 1 million rubles to support and implement the School of Farmers, and the money received has already been returned due to the fact that the author of the project, Vyacheslav Gorelov, managed to repay the loan ahead of schedule. Today, the project has prospects to become a "youth village". In the case of his successful development it will train young farmers on a much larger scale, thereby solving very important problems facing society.

Having studied only a few projects created in the field of social entrepreneurship, which is supported by the Our Future Foundation, we can draw important conclusions:

1. These initiatives are aimed at solving important problems of society that exist in modern Russia.
2. In order for the project to bring sustainable profits and reach self-sufficiency, initial investments in the form of financial investments and providing high-quality organizational support at the stages of preparation and implementation of projects.
3. At the same time, an important role is assigned to the creation of a development infrastructure that contributes to the rapid achievement of stable financial indicators. This allows projects to become independent in a short time and use funds for new initiatives.

All entrepreneurs engaged in socially significant activities contribute to the development of business and the expansion of its geographical boundaries. Representatives of social entrepreneurship actively share their knowledge, experience and proven methods of work with those who are ready to follow in their footsteps. In this sense, socially oriented enterprises are becoming reference points for the development of civil society and its activity.

It is gratifying to note that an increasing number of businessmen and entrepreneurs are imbued with the ideas of philanthropy and become active participants in socially useful activities. Many small companies regularly make donations to charities, some of the business representatives offer special prices for low-income categories of citizens, and other companies participate in charitable projects and promotions. It's great when good deeds become a trend in society - after all, in this case, following fashion is simply necessary.

The transition of the Russian economy, like any other, to market relations is inevitably associated with the formation and development of entrepreneurship. So, speaking about the economy in general and about the market economy in particular, one inevitably has to focus on entrepreneurship as an integral part of economic activity. Entrepreneurship in different economic areas differs in form and, especially, in the content of operations and methods of their implementation. But the nature of the activity leaves a significant imprint on the type of goods and services that the entrepreneur produces or provides. An entrepreneur can produce goods and services himself, acquiring only factors of production. It can also purchase finished goods and resell it to the consumer. Finally, the entrepreneur can only connect producers and consumers, sellers and buyers. The general rejection of entrepreneurship is gradually turning into an awareness of the need to create conditions for its fast the most and effective development. There is no doubt that entrepreneurship in Russia is the future.

The purpose of this work is to study the theoretical and practical problems of entrepreneurship.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to study the following tasks:

• Consider the prerequisites for the emergence, formation and development of entrepreneurship;
• To study the essence, functions and principles of entrepreneurship;
• Consider the problems of entrepreneurship;
• Consider the subjects and objects of entrepreneurial activity;
• Analyze the main organizational and legal forms of entrepreneurship;
• Consider business support funds.

1. Prerequisites for the emergence, formation and development of entrepreneurship

The economic reforms being carried out in Russia, for all their inconsistency and inconsistency, were a condition for the formation and development of entrepreneurship. As the experience of countries with developed market economies shows, entrepreneurial activity plays a very important role in the economy, affects economic growth, market saturation with goods, and the creation of additional jobs. In other words, entrepreneurial activity contributes to the solution of many urgent economic, social and other problems.

In the transitional economy of Russia, economic prerequisites are gradually being created for the development of enterprises with various forms of ownership. The private sector is being formed, which is accompanied by the elimination of old, pre-reform structures, the creation of new institutions of a market economy, a new financial and credit mechanism.

Russia's transition to a market economy has actualized the problem of entrepreneurship, which is a necessary component of a market economy.

It should be noted that in modern literature on economic theory much attention is paid to the content of entrepreneurship and the assessment of its impact on the economy. Thus, the classic of modern microeconomic theory A. Marshall, speaking of the main feature of a market economy, draws attention to the "freedom of production and entrepreneurship." R. Cantillon drew attention to the phenomenon of entrepreneurship as a phenomenon of the new time that replaced the feudal Middle Ages and proved that in addition to landowners and mercenaries of various kinds, people appeared who, at their own peril and risk, rushed to market exchange in order to make a profit. This approach to the interpretation of the concept of entrepreneurship is quite legitimate.

It should be noted that in economic theory there was another approach to understanding entrepreneurship. So, a hundred years after Cantillon, the theoretical concept of J.B. Say, which is based on such economic concepts like capital, land, labor, factors of production, a combination of factors. Entrepreneurship itself was interpreted as operating the factors of production. This means that the factors of production are extracted in one place where they give a small income, then they are moved, and a new combination of them in another place gives a greater income.

Say's concept is applicable to any form of entrepreneurial activity and therefore has acquired the authority of the classical formula of entrepreneurship. Almost all research on entrepreneurship contains direct or indirect references to Say's concept.

Entrepreneurship is associated with risk. Therefore, an entrepreneur is defined as a person who takes the risk of decisions made on his own initiative. Indeed, in a market environment, any economic entity operates in conditions of uncertainty and therefore risks.

The Austrian scientist J. Schumpeter associated entrepreneurship with innovation. In accordance with this concept, the result of the entrepreneur's activity leads to changes in the material content, forms and methods of labor. It is the impact on the acceleration of economic processes that is a specific property of an entrepreneur.

Speaking about entrepreneurship, one should take into account its relationship with the socio-economic environment. Free enterprise can be formed as a phenomenon in the case of the implementation of four groups of interrelated prerequisites: political, economic, legal and psychological.

The group of political prerequisites assumes the political stability of society in the country and its democratization. Free enterprise as a mass phenomenon can take place if the government enjoys the confidence of the people.

The group of economic prerequisites means the transformation of state enterprises into joint-stock companies and the emergence in the country of various economic structures with various forms of ownership.

The group of psychological prerequisites includes the elimination of the misunderstanding of social justice as equality - equality of opportunity.

A group of legal prerequisites suggests that free enterprise can function successfully if a country has a set of laws that support entrepreneurs, and do not outlaw their activities.

The beginning of the formation of entrepreneurship in the Russian Federation is considered to be the adoption in 1992 of the decision Russian government destroyed the institutions of administrative regulation of production. Thus, the State Planning Committee, which developed centralized plans and forecasts for socio-economic development, was abolished. ceased to exist State Committee for material and technical supply, which, in accordance with the national economic plan, provided all sectors with the means of production.

For example, Russian small business (the main part of entrepreneurship) was born on July 18, 1991, when the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 446 introduced criteria for classifying enterprises as small, defined general terms and Conditions and rules for their operation.

At the beginning of the reforms, there was a powerful breakthrough of people into private entrepreneurship, primarily in its small forms. In 1992, about 190 thousand new small enterprises were created, 1.4 times more than in 1991. This process played a decisive role in the emergence of the private sector in Russia, the filling of which was mainly due to small enterprises. By 1995, about 65% of all Russian private enterprises were small.

Over the past years, a legal framework has been created to regulate entrepreneurial activity. The goals and objectives of the state policy in the field of support and development of entrepreneurship are determined. Mechanisms for the implementation of targets have been developed and structures have been created that bring them to life. A network of service organizations has been formed that provides enterprises with educational, informational, consulting, and financial services.

The achieved level of entrepreneurship development is clearly reflected by state statistics: by the end of 2000, the number of small enterprises amounted to about 891 thousand, approaching the level of 1994. By the end of 2006, the total number of permanent employees in small enterprises was about 12.0 million people or 12% of the total number of employees in Russian enterprises. At the beginning of 2008, the number of small enterprises is already 1.137 million units, which indicates the progressive development of the small business sector.

Entrepreneurship is not going smoothly. There are still quite a few people in Russia who do not perceive entrepreneurship, they trust the former totalitarian system centralized control, while the most conservative circles dream of restoring command and control structures and making entrepreneurship illegal.

2. Essence, functions and principles of entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship is the subject of many disciplines. Hence the multiplicity of its interpretations and definitions. The essence of entrepreneurship, as an economic category, is due to its nature and features as a specific type of economic behavior, the ability of economic entities to respond to a potential source of benefit.

Entrepreneurship is an initiative, associated with economic risk and aimed at finding best ways use of resources - activities carried out with the aim of generating income and increasing property.

By its economic nature, entrepreneurship is inextricably linked with the market economy and is its product. As a property of economic activity, it externally manifests itself in the desire to extract additional benefits in the process of exchange. Meanwhile, exchange itself is not yet a source of entrepreneurship. It becomes such when it becomes an integral part of a single economic turnover, and production for exchange becomes the defining function of economic entities. Commodity production is historically and genetically the starting point of entrepreneurship. Exchange, firstly, stimulates the search for new opportunities, i. initiative. Secondly, it is in the process of exchange that the entrepreneur sees a source of possible benefit, which is both a motive and an assessment of the success of his initiative. Thirdly, when faced with similar persons in the process of exchange, the entrepreneur perceives his activity as competitive. Fourth, as a mechanism for meeting social needs, exchange determines the social nature of entrepreneurial activity.

The essence of the phenomenon of entrepreneurship is revealed in its functions: economic and social.

Economic function of entrepreneurship lies in the fact that it ensures continuous institutional change and development of the entire economic system society, constantly updating the environment with innovations, breaking old routine structures, opening the way for various transformations. The economic function of entrepreneurship contributes to increasing the efficiency of production, the quality of products and services, and the introduction of the achievements of scientific and technological progress.

Social function of entrepreneurship lies in the fact that it mitigates the spontaneous impact of the market by addressing issues social security people and teams. This function contributes to the growth of the cultural and educational level of the population, protects its low-income strata from inflation, etc.

Considering in more detail the explicit functions of small, medium and large businesses, it can be seen that in basic terms they coincide. The differences lie in the potential opportunities of each type of business to implement these functions most effective way. For example, the function of organizing production, which involves assessing the economic situation, developing a plan of action, organizing administrative management and monitoring the implementation of the plan, is most effectively implemented by large enterprises due to the superiority of internal organization and the resulting economy due to the scale of production. For these reasons, it is large, and not small, enterprises that derive the main benefit from scientific and technological progress, since they can relatively quickly increase their fixed capital and use the most productive methods and production technologies.

A socially significant latent function of small business is the function of shaping the environment and the spirit of entrepreneurship, without which a market economy is impossible. In contrast to large-scale small business, in most of its forms, it is accessible to very many people already because it does not require impressive initial investments of capital. Low capital intensity and short terms of construction or reconstruction compared to large facilities are important advantages of small economic forms. It is also necessary to highlight the essential function of small business - the function of maintaining and strengthening political and social stability in society. This is achieved through the creation of new jobs by small businesses, as well as by expanding the layer of owners. An important role is played by the social function of small business - the financial filling of the revenue part of local budgets, since its taxation in most Western countries is carried out at the municipal level. Gradually similar situation begins to take shape in Russia.

Public functions of big business are specific. First of all, they should include the function of exercising real economic power in the country. The function of foreign economic representation of the national economy can also be attributed to a certain extent to the number of latent social functions of big business. It is big business that is the dominant subject of the international foreign economic activity. The role of transnational corporations (TNCs), which dominate the international product markets, is especially great in this area.

A socially significant function of large business is the function of ensuring stable employment, professional and career growth for the vast majority of the population. Due to the virtual lack of opportunities to obtain loans, a high degree of entrepreneurial risk, small enterprises go bankrupt much more often than large ones. Among the public functions of big business is the function of filling the revenue part of the state budget of the country.

However, the function of the multiplier, the driving force of economic growth, is especially socially significant and at the same time latent for entrepreneurship. The economic nature of entrepreneurship is characterized through its principles Keywords: initiative, commercial risk and responsibility, combination of factors of production, innovation.

Entrepreneurship is an initiative activity. The constant desire to search for something new, whether it is the production of new products or the development of new markets, in a word, the search for new opportunities for profit is the hallmark of an entrepreneur. Entrepreneurial initiative is the desire to realize the opportunities provided by the process of market exchange itself, carried out for the mutual benefit of the participants in this process. Entrepreneurship should not be associated with deceit and violence, but with the extraction of benefits through the satisfaction of social needs - with the "spirit of non-violent acquisition."

The initiative requires a certain economic freedom. When the level of regulation of entrepreneurial activity is too high, initiative activity decreases, turning into business stagnation. In this sense, creating conditions for enhancing the initiative of business entities is the key task of the transition to entrepreneurship.

Although risk is an organic component of entrepreneurial activity, entrepreneurship itself is not associated with risk appetite. The focus of the entrepreneur on the treatment of market uncertainty and his own benefit is a decisive factor in his decision-making. Not human qualities in the form of an inclination to take reckless risks, and the expected reward causes the entrepreneur to take risks. Therefore, the amount of risk he takes on directly depends on the likely increase in income.

Commercial risk differs from risk in general in that it is based on a sober calculation and consideration of possible negative consequences. The desire for success here is always balanced by economic responsibility. The economic responsibility that accompanies the risk puts before the entrepreneur the task of mastering the risk and managing it. And if the entrepreneur is not able to abolish market uncertainty, then it is quite possible for him to reduce the risk. The most well-known mechanism for reducing risk is insurance, which allows you to transform the risk into insignificant additional costs. The problem, however, is that the innovative nature of entrepreneurial activity makes it extremely difficult to reliably assess the likely risk, thereby narrowing the possibilities for applying insurance specifically in the field of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurial initiative, on the contrary, involves the creation of new, previously unseen situations, the probable outcome of which is very difficult, and sometimes impossible, to assess. Consequently, the opportunities for insurance of business activities are reduced. Another way to reduce risk is to share it with other stakeholders. Meanwhile, while helping to reduce risk (possible losses for an individual participant), this method undermines entrepreneurial motivation, since entrepreneurial income will be divided among the participants in the enterprise.

Risk as a property of entrepreneurial activity characterizes not only the specifics of entrepreneurship. It also has a general economic significance. The presence of risk forces the entrepreneur to scrupulously analyze the options for possible alternatives, choosing the best and most promising of them, which leads to progressive shifts in the productive forces and an increase in the efficiency of social production. On the other hand, the presence of risk in entrepreneurial activity requires the application of certain restrictions and regulations in relation to it.

The movement of resources for their more efficient use is only general formula a more complex process of increasing the efficiency of resource use. Another, more complex form of increasing the efficiency of resource use is combination of factors of production . Its essence is to find the most rational combination of factors by replacing one factor with another. By varying the factors of production, the entrepreneur not only ensures the transition to a more efficient use of the resource, but also, manifesting itself in new technologies, ensures the progressive course of social productive forces. In the process of industrialization of the economy, combination based on the "principle of substitution" becomes the determining factor in generating income, and the "spirit of rationalism" permeates the entire content of entrepreneurship and is identified with it.

At the same time, it would be an unforgivable omission to reduce the essence of combination only to the issue of efficient use of resources. The entrepreneur also combines in the field of more complex parameters that ensure the stability of the entrepreneurial structure. When the market mechanism, for whatever reasons: scarcity of resources, instability of supplies, difficulties in monitoring the fulfillment of obligations, does not provide the proper level, the entrepreneur begins to combine with the elements of the mechanism itself. He removes individual elements from the market sphere and includes them in the structure of his own organization, changing the nature of the mechanism for redistributing resources. Therefore, the content of the combination function is wider than the "principle of substitution", and it itself can act as a factor in the transformation of the resource allocation mechanism.

Being social in nature, entrepreneurial activity is aimed at meeting social needs. But the entrepreneur does not take on property risk out of charitable motives. The material interest expressed in income is the incentive motive for entrepreneurial activity. However, it should be borne in mind that not every income is the result of entrepreneurship. It acts as such only when it appears to be the result of a better use of the factors of production. Therefore, various types of rental income, interest on capital cannot be considered as income from entrepreneurship. In reality, entrepreneurial income is represented in the form economic profit, which is a direct form of motivation for entrepreneurship. Profit is a source of income for the entrepreneur and the development of the company, serves as an indicator of the efficiency of the use of resources and evaluation of investment opportunities, and finally, an assessment of success and a psychological incentive. This suggests that, even without outwardly manifesting itself, profit, nevertheless, occupies a dominant place in the hierarchy of the entrepreneur's goals.

Thus, as a business manager, an entrepreneur strives to provide stable conditions for the implementation and development of his entrepreneurial function. From this side, its task is to balance the multidirectional forces that make it possible to effectively carry out entrepreneurial function in the long term. At the same time, realizing the function of the owner, he must ensure the highest return on the resources used, which is expressed in maximizing profits. The resolution of this contradiction can take a variety of forms, but all of them ultimately come down to ensuring an acceptable rate of profit. Satisfaction with profit means nothing more than a compromise between the various sides of the entrepreneurial function.

However, it would be unfair to focus only on the acquisitive motivation of entrepreneurship, losing sight of the creative work it performs.

The main principles that entrepreneurs should be guided by in their activities:

1) The right choice of business strategy based on marketing research.

2) Creation of conditions for rapid adaptation to the requirements of the market of production, the range and quality of products, the management system of the production and marketing activities of the company

3) Active influence on demand, market and consumer through advertising, pricing policy, an effective system of control over the sphere of commodity circulation

4) An entrepreneur should not be afraid of competition

5) Carry out business planning

6) Do not be afraid to take loans

7) Diversify your production

8) Mechanize and automate your production.

3. Problems of entrepreneurship

During the transition to a market economy, Russia faced many problems that had to be solved as quickly as possible. First of all, it was necessary to define property rights and decide who would be allowed to own enterprises owned by the state, how, by what mechanism and at what prices the transfer of property would be carried out. It was also necessary to create capital markets, banking, financial and monetary systems. Efficient planning and accounting systems had to be developed in order to assess the value of firms and to judge the results of their activities in the most objective way. It was necessary to revise existing laws in order to legalize new forms of economic relations, new types of property and new types of transactions.

It was necessary to select and train managers who could work in a market system and compete in their own country and in the world market. It was also necessary to achieve recognition by the population of the new rules of the game.

The challenge was to develop competition and regulatory policy and find a way to deal with the problems that arise from the fact that the mere privatization of gigantic inefficient enterprises creates a system of gigantic inefficient private monopolies.

It was necessary to determine the procedure for the state termination of subsidies to various industries and develop tax systems that could provide funding for government activities.

Finally, it was necessary to decide whether, and if so, when, the closure of uncompetitive firms would be allowed, and to create social assistance services that would take over the solution of social problems arising from the inevitable economic imbalances both during the transition period and after it. completion.

Most of these problems apply to small businesses as well. The problems of the further development of small business in Russia remain basically the same as those noted in the materials of the 1st All-Russian Congress of representatives of small enterprises:

• failure initial capital and own working capital;
• difficulties in obtaining bank loans;
• increased pressure from criminal structures;
• lack of qualified accountants, managers, consultants;
• difficulties in obtaining premises and extremely high rents;
• limited opportunities for obtaining leasing services;
• lack of proper social protection and personal security of owners and employees of small enterprises, etc.

It is no coincidence that the 2nd All-Russian Conference of Small Businesses, held in March 2001 in Moscow, was called "Reasonable Regulation for Civilized Entrepreneurship". The conference aimed to identify the sources of excessive administrative barriers in the development of entrepreneurship.

The fact is that among the problems hindering the development of small businesses, in second place after the tax burden are excessive administrative barriers. They not only hinder the development of entrepreneurship, but also create another state problem, forcing small businesses to go into the shadow economy.

In early 2003, the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade, on behalf of the President of the Russian Federation, conducted an inventory of the control functions of state bodies and found out how many people are directly related to supervision. As a result of the inventory, it turned out that common system There is no state control in Russia. 43 federal ministries and departments have 65 inspection organizations. Only 55 of them employ 1065 thousand people. More than 423 of them are endowed with the right of direct state control, the rest serve them. There is no doubt that these numerous inspectors are focusing on small businesses, restricting, shackling, and often stopping their activities.

Experts who analyze the turnover of the shadow economy estimate it at least 40% of the gross national product. At the same time, there has been a gradual decrease in the share of the shadow economy in Russia in recent years.

1) high level of taxation;

2) unavailability of credit resources;

3) administrative barriers.

Small businesses in Russia face great difficulties in their activities. The main problem is the insufficient resource base, both logistical and financial. In practice, we are talking about creating a new sector of the economy. For decades, we did not have such a sector to any significant degree. This, in particular, meant the absence of trained entrepreneurs. The bulk of the population, who lived "pay to pay", could not form a reserve of funds necessary to start their own business. It is clear that the extremely strained state budget cannot become a source of these funds. It remains to hope for credit resources. But even they are insignificant and, moreover, extremely difficult to implement with constant inflation.

The situation can hardly seriously change in the right direction, unless we finally move from words to deeds in public support for constructive small business. There is no reason to count on a significant increase in the material, technical and financial resources available for this, at least in the near future.

Therefore, it is necessary to create mechanisms for preferential lending, taxation, and various kinds of preferences, including those related to foreign economic activity. Their point is to ensure that the needs of the people are better served while creating the conditions for the consistent development of entrepreneurship.

The next problem is the legislative framework that small businesses can now rely on. So far, to put it mildly, it is imperfect, and in many very significant provisions it is completely absent. The difficulty is that, firstly, there is no single legislative basis for today's activities of domestic small businesses, and secondly, the existing disparate regulations are far from being fully implemented.

At present, small business is in conditions that are very remote from those that should be inherent in market relations. On the contrary, there is a tendency to surround it more and more with the old framework of the planning-administrative system with its almost all-embracing planning and strict regulation with the help of limits, funds, etc.

There is no system for conducting deep analysis activities of small businesses, there is no proper accounting of the results of their work, there are practically no reports on those indicators that entitle these enterprises to take advantage of tax benefits.

The access of small enterprises to high technologies is limited, since their purchase requires significant one-time financial costs.

Another problem is staffing. Unfortunately, there are far fewer qualified entrepreneurs than the economy really needs.

Despite the seriousness of the problems associated with small business, domestic small business has prospects for further development.

First of all, it is necessary to protect small businesses from bureaucracy, make the registration procedure as simple as possible, reduce the number of regulatory bodies and inspections, and continue the process of reducing the number of licensed activities and products. It is necessary to eradicate corruption, which is not only dangerous from a moral point of view, but also hinders economic growth, significantly raises prices, and distorts competition.

It is necessary to significantly reduce the tax burden on small businesses. This is especially important for start-up entrepreneurs, primarily in such activities as innovation, manufacturing, construction, repair and construction, and medical.

Attention should be focused on the concentration of all financial resources intended to support small businesses (the federal budget, regional budgets, the Federal Fund for Support of Small Business, various extrabudgetary sources) in the most important priority areas, and create a system of credit guarantees for it.

For newly created small businesses, the widespread use of leasing and franchising is necessary. If the franchising system is gaining more and more positions in our country, then leasing is only in its infancy. The further development of these forms of activity should be facilitated by large enterprises.

More energetic work is needed to develop the infrastructure of small businesses, develop the banking system, and various funds to support small businesses. Small businesses should be able at any moment to receive advice and free assistance on opening and functioning, on problems marketing strategy, protecting their interests, on any other issue.

Much work remains to be done in the field of training and advanced training of entrepreneurial personnel. About 8 million people, or almost 12% of the total employed population in the country, work in the small business sector, and this number will increase from year to year. More and more young, energetic people come to small business. A particularly relevant task vocational training leaders of such companies.

In recent years, the number of applications for new licenses has decreased, which has undoubtedly made life easier for small businesses. At the same time, 80% of all issued licenses cost entrepreneurs more than the fee established by law, and 77% of all licenses and decisions held by the head of firms are issued for a period of less than the five years prescribed by law.

In accordance with the Federal Law of August 8, 2001 No. 128-FZ “On Licensing certain types activities” local authorities do not have the right to introduce any permits other than those listed in the Law on Licensing.

Thus, despite a fairly large number of problems and obstacles, small businesses in Russia have reserves for further development.

4. Subjects and objects of entrepreneurial activity

The main subject of entrepreneurial activity is the entrepreneur. However, the entrepreneur is not the only subject; in any case, he is forced to interact with consumer as its main counterparty, as well as with state, which in various situations can act as an assistant or opponent. Both the consumer and the state also belong to the category of subjects of entrepreneurial activity, as well as employee(unless, of course, the entrepreneur does not work alone), and business partners (if the production is not isolated from public relations) (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1 Business entities

In the relationship between the entrepreneur and the consumer, the entrepreneur belongs to the category of an active subject, and the consumer is characterized primarily by a passive role. When analyzing the side of these relationships the consumer acts as an indicator of the entrepreneurial process. This is understandable, therefore, everything that constitutes the subject of an entrepreneur’s activity has the right to be realized only in the case of a positive (positive) peer review consumer. Such an assessment is carried out by the consumer and acts as the willingness of the latter to purchase a particular product. An entrepreneur, when planning and organizing his activities, in no way can ignore the moods, desires, interests, expectations, assessments of the consumer.

An entrepreneur in a market system of relations has no other way to influence the consumer, except to act in unison with his interests. However, this situation does not mean at all that the entrepreneur is obliged to act only in strict accordance with the already identified interests of the consumer. The entrepreneur himself can form consumer demand, create new consumer needs. This is exactly what the proposition about two ways of organizing entrepreneurial activity boils down to: on the basis of the revealed interest of the consumer or on the basis of "imposing" a new product on him.

Thus, the goal of the entrepreneur is the need to "win" the consumer, to create a circle of his own consumers.

The role of the state as a subject of the entrepreneurial process may be different depending on social conditions, the situation in the sphere of business activity, and the goals that the state sets for itself.

Depending on the specific situation, the state may be:

. an obstacle to the development of entrepreneurship, when it creates an extremely unfavorable environment for the development of entrepreneurship or even prohibits it;

. by an outside observer, when the state does not directly oppose the development of entrepreneurship, but at the same time does not contribute to this development;

. entrepreneurial process accelerator, when the state conducts a constant and active search for measures to involve new economic agents in the entrepreneurial process (often such a purposeful activity of the state causes an "explosion" of entrepreneurial activity and leads to a "boom" of entrepreneurship).

An employee as an implementer of the ideas of an entrepreneur also belongs to the group of subjects of the entrepreneurial process. It is on him that the efficiency and quality of the implementation of an entrepreneurial idea depends.

It is known that each economic entity has its own interests. As for the entrepreneur and the employee, part of their plans coincide (the higher the profit, the higher wage, for example), and some are polar opposite (the entrepreneur is not interested in high wages, but the hired worker is). In such cases the parties are forced to search for compromise options, which, in general, forms the basis of the relationship between these two subjects of the entrepreneurial process.

Partnerships (real and potential) play a very important role in entrepreneurship. Each entrepreneur, when planning his activities, when developing a business plan, must take into account the possibility of establishing the necessary partnerships. For example, if you are planning to produce, say, kitchen furniture, then you will naturally try to determine where, from whom and under what conditions, presumably (and whether there is such a possibility), you will be able to purchase everything necessary for organizing production (wood, other components, fittings, equipment, machines, etc.). Without such an approach, business planning is impossible.

Thus, when planning his activities, an entrepreneur considers a partner (partners) as a subject of the entrepreneurial process, on the form of relationships with which the level of efficiency of his activity depends.

Objects of commercial activity constitute fixed assets and working capital, as well as other tangible and intangible values ​​and financial resources, the value of which is reflected in the independent balance sheet of the company. Shareholders exercise the right to own, use and dispose of the property of the company.

The company has the right to dispose of its property at its own discretion, including selling, transferring to other enterprises for a fee and free of charge, writing off the balance.

Possession and use of property owned by the company on the right of ownership, is carried out on the basis of its lease with subsequent redemption or without it, and other legal grounds. The Company owns and uses land and other natural resources in the manner prescribed by law.

The company is liable for its obligations with all its property, which, under the current legislation, may be levied.

The authorized capital of the company is formed by Money, property deposits, income from the sale of intellectual property of shareholders. The authorized capital can be replenished with the personal property of shareholders transferred to the company for subsequent sale and crediting of the proceeds to the account of the shareholder's contribution to the authorized capital.

5. Organizational and legal forms of entrepreneurship

According to the Civil Code in the Russian Federation, there are the following organizational and legal forms of enterprises: business partnerships, companies and production cooperatives.

Business partnerships and companies are recognized as commercial organizations with the authorized (share) capital divided into shares (contributions) of the founders (participants). Property created at the expense of contributions of founders (participants), as well as produced and acquired by a business partnership or company in the course of its activity, belongs to it by the right of ownership.

Business partnerships can be created in the form of a general partnership and a limited partnership (limited partnership). Participants in general partnerships and general partners in limited partnerships may be individual entrepreneurs and (or) commercial organizations.

A general business partnership is a closed-type association based on shared ownership with a limited number of participants who are fully liable for the obligations of the partnership with all their property. It may be established by at least two persons. Therefore, in the case when the existing partnership remains sole member, it must be eliminated or converted into another form.

A limited partnership is a closed-type association that includes, along with the participants who bear full property liability for the obligations of the partnership, contributors whose liability is limited to the size of the contribution made.

A limited partnership is created on the same grounds as a general partnership, with the only difference that it must include at least one contributors (limited partners). In the event of the retirement of all depositors, it must be liquidated or transformed into another form.

Business companies may be created in the form of a joint-stock company, a limited liability company or an additional liability company. Participants business companies and investors in limited partnerships can be citizens and legal entities. State bodies and bodies of local self-government are not entitled to act as participants in economic companies and investors in limited partnerships, unless otherwise provided by law.

Limited Liability Company — organizational form entrepreneurship, based on the pooling of capital of a limited number of participants who are not liable for the obligations of the company.

A limited liability company may be founded by one or more participants, the number of which must not exceed the legally established limit of their number. In their activities, companies of this type are guided by the Memorandum of Association signed by the founders and the Charter approved by them, reflecting the main provisions of the organization and management of the company. The formation of the company's assets is carried out at the expense of the contributions of the founders. And although the capital of a limited liability company is divided into shares, the company is not entitled to issue shares and similar securities. Minimum size The statutory fund for companies of this type is regulated by law and must be at least 100 minimum monthly wages, and in the event of a decrease in the volume of the company's net assets below the established value, the company is liquidated.

An additional liability company is an organizational form of entrepreneurship based on the pooling of the capitals of a limited number of participants who assume additional property liability determined by them for the obligations of the company.

A joint-stock company (JSC) is a formation based on the pooling of capital by issuing shares, the participants of which do not bear property liability for its obligations, except in the amount of the value of the company's securities acquired by them.

A distinctive feature of a joint-stock company is the division of its capital into a certain number of shares distributed among the participants, which, however, does not exclude the creation of a joint-stock company by one person, acting in this case as the holder of the entire block of shares. Given the specifics of the functioning of a JSC, the formation of its capital is regulated by law. The authorized capital of a joint-stock company consists of the nominal value of shares placed among the founders. At the same time, its minimum value is set at 1,000 minimum monthly wages, and open subscription for shares is allowed only after full payment by the founders of the statutory fund. An increase in the statutory fund to cover losses is not allowed, and its reduction is possible only after notification of all creditors. JSC is also not entitled to pay dividends, both before the full payment of the statutory fund, and in the case when net assets companies are less than the statutory fund or may become less after the payment of dividends. However, JSCs can use such an instrument for increasing assets as bonds only after the third year of their existence and for an amount not exceeding the size of the authorized fund. At the same time, the law allows for the possibility of overcoming these requirements, provided that the issue of bonds is secured by third parties.

The main organizational and legal forms of entrepreneurship according to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation have the following gradation. (fig.2)

Fig. 2 Main organizational and legal forms of entrepreneurship

6. Entrepreneurship support funds

At present, the role of small enterprises is growing significantly. Their creation has great importance, as it contributes to an increase in employment of the population: it ensures the development of production, goods and services. Entrepreneurship support funds are being formed at the federal and regional levels. Regional funds and small business support centers have been established in 73 constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Special government bodies carry out financial-credit and other measures to support small businesses.

The development of small enterprises is stimulated by tax incentives for the production of goods and services, preferential loans, provision of equipment under leasing agreements and other measures.

In the Russian Federation, state support for small business is carried out in the following areas:

• formation of infrastructure for support and development of small business;
• creation of preferential conditions for the use by small businesses of state financial, logistical and information resources, as well as scientific and technical developments and technologies;
• establishment of a simplified procedure for registration of small businesses, licensing of their activities, certification of their products, submission of state statistical and accounting reports;
• support for foreign economic activity of small businesses, including assistance; development of their trade, scientific and technical, production, military, information relations with foreign states;
• organization of training, retraining and advanced training of personnel for small enterprises.

Financial support for state and municipal programs to support small business is carried out annually at the expense of the federal budget, the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local budgets, as well as from other sources. The federal budget annually provides for the allocation of appropriations for its implementation.

The following funding measures are envisaged:

• provision of state guarantees to foreign credit organizations that provide loans to support small businesses;
• provision of state guarantees for loans issued by banks and other credit organizations of the Russian Federation to small businesses;
• allocation of state preferential investment loans;
• allocation of at least 40% of the funds from the State Employment Fund of the Russian Federation to create new jobs in the field of small business.

A number of measures are envisaged for the development of small business.

• Concessional lending. Lending to small businesses is carried out on preferential terms with compensation of the corresponding difference to credit organizations from the funds for supporting small businesses.
• Insurance. Insurance of small businesses is carried out on preferential terms. Small business support funds, under an agreement with an insurance organization, have the right to compensate it in full or in part for lost income.
• Government order. When forming and placing orders, as well as concluding state contracts for the supply of products and goods (services) for state needs for priority types of products, state customers are obliged to place at least 15% of the total volume of supplies for state needs of this type of product with small businesses.

Works in the Kemerovo region State Fund for Support of Small Business of the Kemerovo Region, The main purpose of the Fund's activities is to accumulate resources for financial support programs state support small business, participation in the financing of regional programs, as well as projects and activities aimed at supporting and developing small business.

In addition, to solve the problems of small business development in Kemerovo, an infrastructure to support small business has been created, which includes: Municipal Non-Commercial Fund for Support of Small Business of Kemerovo (MNFSMP) , which unites Kemerovo Business Incubators, the City Business Center, the Training and Consulting Center and the City Innovation Center. The Small Business Support Fund actively cooperates with the Council for the Support and Development of Small Business under the Head of the City, the Kuzbass Chamber of Commerce and Industry, the Kuzbass representative office of OPORA Rossii.

The main activity of the Business Center is the provision of financial support to small businesses through the issuance of loans. A prerequisite for obtaining financial support is the creation of new jobs.

The Training and Consulting Center of the Municipal Non-Commercial Fund for Supporting Small Business in the city of Kemerovo, having gone from teaching the basics of entrepreneurial activity to developing special courses in popular areas of doing business since 1999, today highlighted the direction of coaching as professional support and solving problem situations at the workplace of a businessman as a specialist in specific area on the stated problem.

In turn, Business Incubators were created to solve the following tasks: support for start-up entrepreneurs by providing production space; formation and development of healthy competition in the region; creation of new jobs.

The main task of the City Innovation Center is information, financial support commercialization of an innovative project that is at the initial stage of creating a prototype. It is planned to create a bank of innovative projects, search for project executors thanks to the Center for Technology Transfer of the State Research Center, business incubation, consulting support for the activities of innovative enterprises, and assistance in protecting intellectual property.

This will allow, through the development of manufacturing small and medium-sized businesses, to provide additional opportunities to significantly improve the living conditions of people, increase their standard of living, health, educational and intellectual potential, and solve acute social problems of the city's economy. Thus, a comprehensive business support system has been formed in the Kemerovo MNFPMP: from training and consulting to the implementation of a business idea.

Such municipal, non-profit business support funds exist not only in the regional center, but also in almost every city and district of the Kemerovo region (Belovo, Anzhero-Sudzhensk, Osinniki, Kaltan, Berezovsky, etc.)

Conclusion

Entrepreneurship is an indispensable force for economic dynamism, competitiveness and social prosperity. After all, an entrepreneur is always an innovator, introducing new technologies on a commercial basis, new forms of business organization; the initiator of the combination of factors of production in a single process of production of goods and services for the purpose of making a profit; the organizer of production, who sets the tone for the company's activities, determines the strategy and tactics of the company's behavior and assumes the burden of responsibility for the success of their behavior; a person who is not afraid of risk and consciously takes it in order to achieve his goal.

Market relations pose many complex tasks for our society, among which entrepreneurship occupies an important place.

The nature of Russia's entrepreneurial potential is determined by the state of Russian economy. On the one hand, Russia has demonstrated the ability to quickly form an entrepreneurial infrastructure and the very class of entrepreneurs, especially since these concepts themselves have been perceived extremely negatively in the country for many previous decades.

For the development of entrepreneurship in Russia, a special program is needed, which should include:

1. creation of stable economic legislation;
2. formation of state-public investment, insurance and information funds to assist entrepreneurs;
3. building a regional market infrastructure (training, consulting, certification centers);
4. the introduction of appropriate tax, currency, price and antimonopoly regulation, which would make it unprofitable to deceive partners.

Bibliography

1. Aleksandrova K. Entrepreneurship. - St. Petersburg: Neva, 2004. - 325 p.
2. Busygin A. Entrepreneurship: Basic course. - M.: Infra-M, 1999. - 437 p.
3. Butova T. V. Entrepreneurship. - M.: Yurkniga, 2005. - 481 p.
4. Gruzinov V., Gribov V. Entrepreneurship: forms and methods of organizing entrepreneurial activity // Economics of the enterprise. - 1996 - p.157
5. Ilyenkova S. D., Kuznetsov V. I. Fundamentals of management: Uch.-pract. allowance. - M.: MESI, 1998. - 179 p.
6. Korshunov N.M., Eriashvili N.D. Entrepreneurial Law. Textbook. - M.: Unity-Dana, 2004. - 379 p.
7. Lapusta M.G. Entrepreneurship. - M.: INFRA-M, 2004. - 422 p.
8. Okeanova Z. Economic theory. - M.: BEK, 2004. - 584 p.
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Korshunov N.M., Eriashvili N.D. Entrepreneurial Law. Textbook. Moscow, Unity-Dana publishing house, 2004. - p.64

Social entrepreneurship is a new innovative way of carrying out socio-economic activities, connecting the social mission with the achievement of economic efficiency. It is based on the creation of so-called social enterprises - i.e. business enterprises organized for social purposes and for the creation of social good and operating on the basis of financial discipline, innovation and business practices established in the private sector. 1 In the last decade, this practice has gained extraordinary popularity both in developed industrial countries, such as the USA, Great Britain, France, Germany, etc., and in third world countries, for which new way The combination of economic and social resources is a means to lift large segments of the population out of deep poverty. According to G. Deese, director of the Center for the Development of Social Entrepreneurship, has recently gained popularity, because. "very fitting for our times." This is due to the fact that "many results of the activities of state and charitable organizations turned out to be far from our expectations, and most of the institutions of the public sector are increasingly seen as ineffective, inefficient and irresponsible. Social entrepreneurs are needed in order to create new models of socially significant activities" for new age". 2

The concept of social entrepreneurship in Russia is just beginning to circulate. In this sense, it lags behind, for example, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Moldova or Belarus. For the development of social entrepreneurship in Russia, not only the correct self-identification, which can come with increased information exchange, is important, but also the development of important socio-economic institutions common in other countries - such as small business, credit cooperation, microfinance, non-profit activities in the socio-economic sphere capable of acting as "maternal structures" for the development of social entrepreneurship. At the same time, an analysis of the existing experience of functioning of some of the listed forms testifies to the beginnings of the development of social entrepreneurship in Russia. An important prerequisite for social entrepreneurship in this series is microfinance and, in particular, credit cooperation.

2. Microfinance and social entrepreneurship

The content of microfinance technologies is to make it economically feasible for the lender to provide the necessary range of financial services to the low-income population and micro-business in such a way that recipients can use financial services for their own development. Traditional technologies lending, unlike microfinance, do not allow large-scale work with these categories of clients. This is what it consists fundamental difference microfinance from usury, since the task of the latter is to consolidate the dependence of the borrower by withdrawing the income received almost in full.

The invention of microcredit technologies as an alternative standard schemes bank loans and usury is associated with the name of the founder of the bank, and then the Grameen group, a university professor from Bangladesh Mohammad Yunus. The Grameen Bank was founded by Yunus in 1976 with the dual mission of providing financial services to poor women and the poorest families in order to help them overcome poverty through the establishment of a profitable business. 3 It was the first microcredit experience in the world that simultaneously received global recognition as a successful example of social entrepreneurship. For his services "in the field of socio-economic development..." M. Yunus became in 2006 a Nobel Peace Prize laureate. 4

Due to the fact that consumers of microfinance services are, as a rule, classified as high-risk, a set of systems and procedures for providing services to recipients of microcredits has been developed in world practice. However, in itself, the technical solution to the problem of lending to small borrowers, taking into account the limitation of their economic resources, is not social entrepreneurship. In order to become such a social enterprise, firstly, it must have a social goal as the primary and leading task of the activity, and not its by-product. Secondly, by deciding social task, it should offer an innovative economic solution - non-trivial in terms of combining economic social resources. The latter distinguishes "entrepreneurship" from just "business". In the case of the Grameen Bank, the goal was to eradicate poverty in a rural community. In other words, it was necessary to offer a credit system at such a modest percentage that it would allow the producer to keep the surplus from the sale of products for his own development (and exit from stagnant poverty), in contrast to the then existing practice of complete economic dependence on local moneylenders. The mechanism that was proposed for this served as both an economic and a social innovation - a new social enterprise united the lenders into social network, connected by relations of trust, mutual assistance and responsibility, which served both as a consumer and a resource of the services offered by the enterprise.

3. Credit cooperatives in Russia: distribution and socio-entrepreneurial features

The main tasks of credit cooperatives are to provide loans to their members and pool their financial resources to provide financial mutual assistance oriented towards production or social goals. The nature of a cooperative 5 helps to avoid the risky use of shareholders' savings, including through the formation of a reserve fund, the development of a system internal control and insurance, but primarily through collective democratic management, implemented by all shareholders on the principle of "one participant - one vote" and the existence of subsidiary liability of members for the obligations of the cooperative. Credit consumer cooperatives are organizations of reduced financial risk.

According to the Ministry of Finance, as of October 1, 2008, about 2,500 credit cooperatives were registered in Russia with a total number of members of about a million people, which accumulate about 15 billion rubles of personal savings of citizens. Such cooperatives are usually formed on a territorial, industrial or professional basis; they are most actively developed in small towns of Russia and in the countryside. The shareholders are mainly employees public sector, pensioners /up to 65% of shareholders/, entrepreneurs and trade workers. The structure of the membership base of rural credit cooperatives is dominated by citizens who maintain personal subsidiary plots - more than 80%. At the same time, only a part of them are active borrowers. As for pensioners, they generally prefer to place their savings in the cooperative. For shareholders, participation in credit cooperatives is beneficial, first of all, due to rather high interest on deposits, on average from 16 to 24% per annum, which is about one and a half times higher than interest on deposits in banks. For borrowers, the average overpayment on a loan per year can be 28-46%. 6 The higher fee for a loan than in the banking sector is compensated by the speed of the decision to issue a loan and the absence of many formalities. The term for making a decision on issuing a loan, as a rule, is no more than three days. At the same time, a higher loan price is by no means an obligatory condition for cooperative lending; in a number of cooperatives, the loan fee is the same as the deposit fee. Differences in the credit policy of different organizations are due to the "specialization" of the cooperative and the composition of depositors and borrowers.

On average, credit cooperatives in Russia issue 100-120 thousand loans per month, the average loan amount is 70 thousand rubles for a consumer loan, 250-0300 thousand rubles for a business loan. In the last two years, the share of business loans in the total number of loans has been constantly growing, and at the moment it has already reached 40%. The average savings contribution in Russia as a whole is about 60,000 rubles, but it varies considerably by region. The most developed regional systems of credit cooperation so far have been in the Kemerovo Region, Altai Territory, Volgograd Region, Rostov Region, the Far East (in particular, Primorye).

The highest density of placement of rural credit cooperatives is observed in the Central, Southern, Volga and Siberian federal districts. Rural credit cooperatives are widely represented here not only in regional centers, but also in rural municipalities.

The largest cooperative in terms of the number of shareholders is the Chest credit cooperative, registered in Kamyshin, Volgograd Region, with over 35,000 members. In terms of assets, the cooperative "Eco" from the city of Uray, Khanty-Mansiysk, is in the lead autonomous region- 1 billion 300 thousand rubles of assets.

In the new Russia, the revival of domestic credit unions began in 1991 in response to the aggravated problem of consumer credit for citizens and the need to save family budgets from rapidly growing inflation. The adoption in 1992 of the federal law "On consumer cooperation in the Russian Federation" played a decisive role. Credit unions began to register as consumer cooperatives or consumer societies. The first credit union in Russia was registered in 1992 (CS "Suzdalsky"). In January 1993, the first forum took place in Suzdal, where the main principles of the Credit Union Movement were formulated. The growth of their numbers and the accumulation of operational experience required organizational formalization. In November 1994, the founding assembly of the Union of Consumer Societies "League of Credit Unions" (SPO LKS) was held. 7 Today, this league includes more than 200 CUs. In turn, LKS is an official member of the World Council of Credit Unions (WOCCU) 8 and is also represented in the National Partnership of Microfinance Market Stakeholders (NAMMS). nine

The development of the movement required the creation of a fundamental legal field. In August 2001 was signed new law No. 117-FZ "On Credit Consumer Cooperatives of Citizens". It consolidated the non-entrepreneurial nature of the main activities of credit unions, their non-commercial status, the mutual and internal nature of work, the principles of membership, prescribed measures to protect the financial interests of shareholders, limit the financial and managerial risks of the credit union.

The benefits of credit cooperation can be summarized as follows:

Accessibility for low-budget segments of the population. The use of the principle of individual and group surety instead of collateral allows the cooperative to expand its activities to those sections of society that cannot provide collateral.

Transparency and ease of control over resources. Members of the credit cooperative provide control over the issuance of loans. Since they usually know each other well, this is usually more effective than the control of an external financial institution.

Low cost of doing business. This is due to the fact that the group takes on part administrative work in the process of issuing loans (formation of a credit group, evaluation and monitoring of projects).

Mutual support of group members. This strengthens social ties and reduces the need for advisory services from an outside financial institution.

These factors provide a high level of payments and an affordable interest rate on loans.

The prerequisites for the transformation of a credit cooperative into social entrepreneurship are already laid down in the above principles of credit cooperation, combining social and economic components. Since this is a much less formalized and regulated procedure, it is based on close interaction with the client, with his business and social environment (family, friends, neighbors). This allows not only focusing on the specific financial needs and capabilities of a person, adapting lending opportunities to them, but also different kinds business consulting and even mediation in transactions. The latter is a distinguishing feature of a credit cooperative compared to other types of microfinance institutions in Russia. Another feature of Russian microfinance is the focus on small business, which is primarily due to the institutional and organizational barriers to its development. The latter are to a certain extent overcome by the flexibility of combining economic and social levers of support and control on the part of cooperative members, as well as by using the resource of informal social ties.

1 alter. S.K. Social Enterprise Typology. Virtue Ventures LLC. Nov.27, 2007 (revised vers.), p.12.

2 Dees, J.G. The meaning of social entrepreneurship. Center for the Advancement of Social Entrepreneurship, Duke University's Fuqua School of Business, 2001 (revised vers.)

3 For more on M. Yunus’ experience, see Yunus, M. Banker to the poor: Microlending and the battle against world poverty/ New York: Public Affairs, 1999, http://www.grameen-info.org

4 For more details on the experience of well-known social entrepreneurship organizations abroad, see M. Batalina, A. Moskovskaya, L. Taradina "Review of the experience and concepts of social entrepreneurship, taking into account the possibilities of its application in modern Russia." M., SU-HSE, 2008. WP-1/2008/02.

5 Cooperative - in accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation - a voluntary association of citizens and legal entities in the shape of non-profit organization on the basis of membership in order to meet the material and other needs of participants, carried out by combining property share contributions by its members. The activities of specialized credit cooperatives are regulated by a number of special laws.

1. The meaning of social entrepreneurship

Social entrepreneurship is a new innovative way of carrying out socio-economic activities, connecting the social mission with the achievement of economic efficiency. It is based on the creation of so-called social enterprises, i.e. business enterprises organized for social purposes and to create social benefits and operating on the basis of financial discipline, innovation and business practices established in the private sector. In the last decade, this practice has gained extraordinary popularity both in developed industrial countries such as the USA, Great Britain, France, Germany and others, as well as in third world countries, for which a new way of combining economic and social resources is a means to wrest large sections of the population out of deep poverty. According to G. Deese, director of the Center for the Development of Social Entrepreneurship at Duke University (USA), the idea of ​​social entrepreneurship has recently gained popularity, because. "very fitting for our times." This is due to the fact that “many results of the activities of state and charitable organizations turned out to be far from our expectations, and most of the institutions of the public sector are increasingly seen as ineffective, inefficient and irresponsible. Social entrepreneurs are needed in order to create new models of socially significant activities “for the new century”.

The concept of social entrepreneurship in Russia is just beginning to circulate. In this sense, it lags behind, for example, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Moldova or Belarus. For the development of social entrepreneurship in Russia, not only the correct self-identification is important, which can come with increased information exchange, but also the development of important socio-economic institutions common in other countries - such as small business, credit cooperation, microfinance, non-profit activities in the socio-economic sphere that can act as "parent structures" for the development of social entrepreneurship. At the same time, an analysis of the existing experience of functioning of some of the listed forms testifies to the beginnings of the development of social entrepreneurship in Russia. An important prerequisite for social entrepreneurship in this series is microfinance and, in particular, credit cooperation.

2. Microfinance and social entrepreneurship

The content of microfinance technologies is to make it economically feasible for the lender to provide the necessary range of financial services to the low-income population and micro-business in such a way that recipients can use financial services for their own development. Traditional lending technologies, unlike microfinance, do not allow large-scale work with these categories of clients. This is the fundamental difference between microfinance and usury, since the task of the latter is to consolidate the dependence of the borrower by withdrawing the income received almost in full.