One of the most popular theses put forward recently by both politicians of various ranks and representatives of the scientific community has become the thesis about the need for the rapid development of science and the dynamic implementation of its achievements. Since this task covers many aspects of our life, a special integrating indicator is required to assess the success of its implementation. Today, the concept of “technological order” is increasingly claiming its role.

The world owes the appearance of this concept to the famous Russian scientist-economist N. Kondratiev, who headed the Moscow Market Institute, which existed under the People's Commissariat of Finance of the USSR. Studying the history of the development of the world economy, N. Kondratiev came to the idea of ​​the existence of large economic cycles lasting 50–55 years, which are characterized by a certain level of development of productive forces (“technological order”). As a rule, such cycles end with crises, followed by the transition of productive forces to more high level development.

According to Kondratiev's theory, the scientific and technological revolution develops in waves, with cycles lasting about 50 years. To date, five technological modes (waves) are known.

First wave (1785–1835) formed a technological order based on new technologies in the textile industry, the use of water energy.

Second wave (1830–1890)- the accelerated development of railway and water transport based on steam engines, the widespread introduction of steam engines in industrial production.

Third wave (1880-1940)- use in industrial production electrical energy, the development of heavy engineering and the electrical industry based on the use of rolled steel, new discoveries in the field of chemistry. The spread of radio communications, telegraph, the development of the automotive industry. Formation of large firms, cartels, syndicates and trusts. The dominance of monopolies in the markets. The beginning of the concentration of banking and financial capital.

Fourth wave (1930-1990)- the formation of a world order based on the further development of energy with the use of oil and oil products, gas, communications, new synthetic materials. The period of mass production of automobiles, tractors, aircraft, various kinds weapons, goods consumer goods. The widespread use of computers and software products. The use of atomic energy for military and peaceful purposes. Conveyor technologies are becoming the basis of mass production. Formation of transnational and international companies that make direct investments in the markets of various countries.

Fifth wave (1985–2035) relies on achievements in the field of microelectronics, computer science, biotechnology, genetic engineering, the use of new types of energy, materials, space exploration, satellite communications, etc. There is a shift from separate firms to single network large and small companies connected by an electronic network based on the Internet, carrying out close interaction in the field of technology, product quality control, innovation planning.

It is assumed that with the acceleration of scientific and technological progress, the period between changes in technological modes will be reduced.

Today the world is on the threshold of the sixth technological order. Its contours are just beginning to appear in the developed countries of the world, primarily in the USA, Japan and China, and are characterized by a focus on the development and application of science-intensive, or, as they say now, “high technologies”. Everyone is now talking about bio- and nanotechnologies, genetic engineering, membrane and quantum technologies, photonics, micromechanics, thermonuclear energy - the synthesis of achievements in these areas should lead to the creation, for example, of a quantum computer, artificial intelligence and, ultimately, provide access to fundamentally a new level in the management systems of the state, society, economy.

Forecasters believe that while maintaining the current pace of technical and economic development, the sixth technological order will begin to take shape in 2010-2020, and will enter the phase of maturity in the 2040s. At the same time, in 2020-2025, a new scientific, technical and technological revolution will take place, the basis of which will be developments that synthesize the achievements of the above-mentioned basic areas. There are grounds for such predictions. In the USA, for example, the share of the productive forces of the fifth technological order is 60%, the fourth - 20%. And about 5% already fall on the sixth technological mode.

As for the situation in Russia, in the paradigm of technological modes, the fourth technological mode is industry, and primarily mechanical engineering and energy. The fifth order became a kind of transitional stage of an imitation-virtual nature, the main elements of which were money and information. The fifth technological order is primarily devoted to financial mechanisms and information processing mechanisms. The final stage of the fifth, financial and technological order was marked by the fact that they changed places, and with the help of information it became possible to earn money, as a result of which the so-called dot-coms appeared - companies whose business model is entirely related to working on the Internet.

The problems that have arisen at the present stage were also connected with these changes. In particular, it turned out that for a number of reasons the fourth technological order cannot withstand the challenges that were formed in the fifth, and the fifth has outgrown its capabilities. That is, the modern financial information machine has reached the threshold of its complexity. From systems theory, we know that if a certain system has approached the threshold of complexity, then either it collapses or simplifies, changing its structure, until control is restored. This is what is called a systemic crisis.

The essence of the sixth technological order is the replacement of information with meaning, knowledge, the priority of the producing rather than the consuming economy. A fundamentally different organization of society is being formed, which becomes more network, and because of this, its clustering, granulation occurs. So, if within the framework of the fourth and fifth modes it was possible to speak of a vertically built organization of society, then the sixth mode implies, due to a number of inevitable properties, precisely a large horizontal spatio-temporal distribution. The modern globalized world continues to live in the management system, which is formed in the fourth, partly in the fifth order, that is, the vertical. It works perfectly in conditions of mobilization and the need to solve some super-task. Besides, in financial sector to achieve a qualitative transition to a new state, a shift from short money to long money, to long-term investments, and, as a result, to super-projects, is required. In the Soviet period, space exploration could serve as an example of such a super-project, initially considered as an offshoot of the program for the development of the military-industrial complex. This super project was focused on the long term.

Management of the sixth order is fundamentally different and has a network character. The network as a mechanism for exchanging information and making decisions allows you to maximize the circle of people involved in the development and adoption of managerial decisions.

The share of technologies of the fifth order in Russia is about 10%, and primarily only in the most developed industries: in the military-industrial complex and in the aerospace industry. More than 50% of technologies belong to the fourth level, and almost a third - even to the third. This explains the complexity of the task facing domestic science and technology: in order for our country to be able to join the ranks of states with the sixth technological mode over the next 10 years, it must, figuratively speaking, jump over the stage - through the fifth mode.

However, to achieve such a result, significant changes concerning the forms and methods of management. They can be implemented if science has the status of an independent branch of the economy with all the ensuing consequences. The leading countries of the world have already come to this. Most of them have a strong scientific backlog, an active system of innovations that allows creating and constantly maintaining this backlog at a high level, quickly turning it into practical results. It must be remembered that Russia's entry into the sixth technological order is not an end in itself, but a matter of integrated development of the economy, ensuring the security and international status of the country, and achieving a high level of well-being in our country.

Technological order- ... a set of related industries that have a single technical level and develop synchronously. The change in the technological structures that dominate the economy predetermines the uneven course of scientific and technological progress (author Lopatnikov, 2003)

The theory of periodic cycles of development of socio-economic formations is substantiated by a significant number of researchers. The largest number supporters has a model developed in the 20s last century, Soviet economist Nikolai Kondratiev. He drew attention to the fact that in the long-term dynamics one can observe the cyclical regularity of economic indicators. Kondratiev calculated that the phases of economic growth and recession phases alternate with a frequency of 45-60 years. Such fluctuations in the economy were called "Kondratieff cycles" by followers. The theory has a significant number of opponents and critical reviews, but nevertheless provides an opportunity to substantiate the timing of global crises, as well as periods and main drivers of active growth.

At the end of the 20th century, using new opportunities, the periods of "Kondratieff cycles" were specified and a model of technological structures was developed. The key characteristics of the ways are clearly illustrated by the table

"Periodization of technological structures"

way of life	Main period	Significant event	Dominant technologies
1	1772-1825	First industrial revolution. Creation by R. Arkwright of the “Water frame” spinning machine and textile factory in Cromford	Water engine; Iron smelting; Iron processing; Canal construction.
2	1825-1875	The Age of Steam. Steam locomotive "Lokomotion No. 1", Railway Stockton - Darlington	Steam engine; Coal industry; mechanical engineering; Ferrous metallurgy; Machine tool building.
3	1875-1908	Age of Steel. Second industrial revolution. Establishment of the Edgar Thomson Steel Works in Pittsburgh on the basis of the Bessemer converter.	Steel production; Heavy and electrical engineering; Shipbuilding; Heavy weapons; Inorganic chemistry; Standardization; power lines.
4	1908-1971	Age of oil. The introduction of a conveyor belt at the enterprises of G. Ford, the beginning of the production of the Ford Model T car.	Automotive; Synthetic materials, Organic chemistry; Nuclear power; Electronic industry.
5	1971-2006	EpochIT. Scientific and technical revolution. The creation of the Intel 4004 microprocessor, the first use of the name "Silicon Valley"	Computer Engineering; Space technology; Telecommunications; Robotics; Artificial intelligence; Biotechnology.
6	?? 2007 - 2040 ??	Nanotechnologies. Intel announced the creation of a processor with structural elements less than 45 nm.	Virtual reality technologies; Nanoelectronics; Molecular and nanophotonics; Nanobiotechnology Nanosystem technology.

There is an opinion that Russia can gain significant advantages by “jumping” from the 4th Technological Order to the 6th Technological Order at once, without spending resources on catching up with developed countries in the technologies of the 5th Technological Order.

According to experts, the economy of Russia and the United States is represented by technologies of various modes in the following proportion:

way of life	III	IV	V	VI
Russian Federation	30%	50%	10%	-
USA	-	20%	60%	5%

Prepared by the consultant of "SAVOR Consulting" Yanov I.V. based on the materials of published articles and speeches of the participants of the forum "TECHNOPROM 2013"

Third technological order (1880–1930)

The main feature is the widespread use of electric motors and the rapid development of electrical engineering. At the same time there is a specialization of steam engines. The consumption of alternating current becomes dominant, and the construction of power plants has begun. Coal becomes the most important energy carrier during the period of domination of this way of life. At the same time, oil began to gain positions in the energy market, although it is worth noting that it became the leading energy carrier only at the fourth TU.

The chemical industry made great strides during this period. Of the many chemical and technological innovations, the following have gained importance: the ammonia process for obtaining soda, the production of sulfuric acid by the contact method, and electrochemical technology.

Fourth technological order (1930–1970)

By the 1940s technology, which is the basis of the third TR, has reached the limits of its development and improvement. Then the formation of the fourth TU began, which laid down new directions in the development of technology. The necessary material and technical base had already been formed by this time. For example, the following were created and mastered:

• road infrastructure;
• networks telephone connection;
• new technologies and infrastructure for oil production;
• technological processes in non-ferrous metallurgy.

During the period of the third TU, an internal combustion engine was introduced, which became one of the basic innovations of the fourth TU. At the same time, the formation of the automotive industry and the development of the first samples of caterpillar transport and special equipment, which formed the core of the fourth technical specification, took place. The industries that formed the core of the fourth TU include the chemical industry (primarily organic chemistry), the automotive industry, and the production of motorized weapons. This stage is characterized by a new machine base, comprehensive mechanization of production, automation of many basic technological processes, extensive use of skilled labor, and an increase in the specialization of production.

During the life cycle of the fourth TU, the outstripping development of the electric power industry continued. Oil becomes the leading energy carrier. Petroleum products are used as the main fuel for almost all types of transport - diesel locomotives, cars, airplanes, helicopters, rockets. Oil has also become an essential raw material for chemical industry. With the expansion of the fourth TU, a global telecommunications system is being created based on telephone and radio communications. There has been a transition of the population to a new type of consumption, characterized by mass consumption of durable goods, synthetic goods.

Fifth technological order (1970–2010)

By the 1970s in developed countries, the fourth TR has reached the limits of its expansion. Since that time, the fifth TU begins to form, which now dominates in most developed countries. This mode can be defined as the mode of information and communication technologies. To key factors include microelectronics and software. Among the most important industries, the production of automation and telecommunications equipment should be singled out.

As already noted, most of the innovations of the new mode are formed in the phase of dominance of the previous mode. This is especially well demonstrated in this case. According to experts, about 80% of the main innovations of the fifth TU were introduced before 1984. And the earliest introduction dates back to 1947 - the period of the creation of the transistor. The first EMW appeared in 1949, the first operating system - in 1954, the silicon transistor - in 1954. These inventions served as the foundation for the creation of the fifth TU. Simultaneously with the development of the semiconductor industry, there was rapid progress in the field of software - by the end of the 1950s. a family of first high-level programming languages ​​appeared.

However, the spread of the new fifth TS was hindered by the underdevelopment of the leading industries, the formation of which, in turn, ran into limited demand, since new technologies were not yet sufficiently effective and were not accepted by existing institutions. The introduction of the microprocessor in 1971 was a turning point in the formation of the fifth technical specification and opened up new opportunities for rapid progress in all areas.

The invention of the microcomputer and the rapid progress that came with it software made information technology convenient, cheap and accessible for both industrial and non-industrial consumption. The driving branches of the information order have entered a phase of maturity.

The beginning of the fifth TR is associated with the development of new means of communication, digital networks, computer programs and genetic engineering. The fifth TU actively generates the creation and continuous improvement of both new machines and equipment (computers, numerical control (CNC), robots, machining centers, various kinds of automatic machines), and information systems(databases, local and integrated computing systems, information languages ​​and information processing software). Among the leading industries of the fifth TU in the manufacturing industry, flexible automated production (FAP) is of great importance. Flexible automation of industrial production dramatically expands the variety of products. In addition, the fifth TU is characterized by the deurbanization of the population and the development of a new information and transport infrastructure associated with it. Free access of each person to global information networks, development of global systems mass media, air transport is radically changing human perceptions of time and space. This, in turn, affects the structure of needs and motivation of people's behavior.

During the life cycle of the fifth TR, the role of natural gas and NIE.

Sixth technological mode (2010–present)

Since the early 2000s in the bowels of the fifth TU, elements of the sixth TU began to appear more and more noticeably. Its key areas include biotechnology, artificial intelligence systems, CALS -technologies, global information networks and integrated high-speed transport systems, computer education, formation of network business communities. These are the industries that are currently developing in the leading countries at a particularly rapid pace (sometimes from 20 to 100% per year).

The fusion of applied science and technological audit, modern competence centers and Soviet experience will make it possible to shift industrial policy one and a half cycles forward. About what is missing for a breakthrough, "Military-Industrial Courier" was told Executive Director"Finval engineering" Alexey Petrov and commercial director of the company Alexey Ivanin.

The 90s severely battered the domestic instrument and machine tool industry, and other advanced industries. The civil aviation industry ekes out a miserable existence.

But the engineering industry of the military-industrial complex remains the backbone of Russian economy. Its competitiveness, especially its growth rates, are due exclusively to high-tech and knowledge-intensive sectors.

- The corporation was given the task of setting up the production of a large-scale facility, for example, resuming the production of the Tu-160. The first actions of her leadership?

– When it comes to setting up a production facility for a new product, the corporation's leaders are primarily faced with the task of competently organizing pre-project work, conducting technological preparation, and choosing a head production. It is clear that today none of the existing enterprises can produce such an aircraft. It is necessary to establish large-scale cooperation between factories. Considerable time has passed since the release of the last such machine, much has changed - enterprises participating in the production chain have closed or ended up abroad. Some of the technologies are most likely outdated, others are lost. First: you need to create a digital - 3D model of the product. A set of scanned drawings in a computer is the last century. We are talking specifically about a three-dimensional digital model in the collection. So that you can see the requirements for any of the parts and the manufacturing technology of each. Second: to organize the study of the implementation of the task.

The creation of such a production is a long process, it can take several years. An important issue is the choice of technology, the selection of equipment, and its manufacture. It often happens that standard machines do not fit, you need to order them, develop and manufacture tooling, which in itself is a long and expensive process. This will be followed by the supply of equipment, commissioning, testing of technology on a specific product and after that delivery in accordance with all the parameters that were previously set. In addition, it is necessary to carefully plan industrial cooperation.

Where is your place in this chain?

– When the production program appears, then our work begins. It is impossible to develop technology for unknown purposes and to what extent. When we solve a problem, we necessarily take into account the possibilities of cooperation between enterprises, the presence of competence centers in the holding or plans for their creation. In accordance with this, we develop a production technology, select equipment, tooling and tools, and develop requirements for personnel.

To carry out such a large-scale project, you need a structure that can guarantee the execution of the contract, when the contractor takes care of everything: technological and building design, selection and purchase of equipment, tooling and tools, organization of the construction of an object and control over its progress, installation and commissioning of equipment, etc. Any textbook on project management describes the advantages of EPCM contracts (EPCM from English engineering - engineering, procurement - supply , construction - construction, management - management): cost reduction, predictability of achieving the desired result, flexibility in the distribution of risks and responsibilities, individual approach to the customer.

- This is in the textbook, but how in our reality?

– The system is widely developed in the West and a little in our country – in industries that are largely integrated into the world: in energy and oil and gas production.

As for enterprises defense complex and mechanical engineering in general, the problem is that in most cases the customer simply does not have the opportunity to conclude such a contract, since he works in financial and management regulations that do not allow him to fully invest in the project. Hence the problems. We also cannot be responsible for the entire project. The customer has an organization that is building the facility, but is not responsible for the supply of equipment, for training personnel and building information corporate system.

- It turns out that there is no customer in the state?

- Not in the state, but in engineering. It exists in the state. When it comes to building nuclear power plant, no one proposes to build it in parts. The nuclear power plant is delivered on a turnkey basis.

- But nuclear power plants are also mechanical engineering ...

“You can swell one hundred billion, make the plant ideal, but it will be loaded by three percent, because it is included in cooperation with enterprises that have not been modernized in any way”

- This is an energy facility, from which an order for turbines and other equipment comes, that is, mechanical engineering acts as a supplier. But the project is managed by the energy company or its general contractor, who is responsible for ensuring that, according to the budget and deadlines, the facility is created and produces the required number of megawatts. Here the EPCM contract scheme works great, it needs to be extended to mechanical engineering. And this has been talked about for a long time.

The state should act as a competent customer. Not to find out from the heads of companies that carry out defense orders how much money is invested in their factories, but to ask how much it will cost to produce a tank. An engineering company will develop a production technology, select equipment and give its approximate cost. We add to it the costs of designing, modernizing production, scheduled repairs, and other related costs, then dividing the amount received by the number of ordered tanks and get the price of one. In fact, this is not the same as the cost of a tank at a given enterprise.

The challenge is to ensure the life cycle of the product. AT life cycle products production is just a part - the most important, but no more. And the design development, R&D, modernization of operated products and further disposal are financed by us in best case parts.

Initially, engineers develop the design of the product, then an engineering company or a technological institute starts working, which develop technical and technological solutions for future production. Based on this information, design estimates are formed. After that, the data is provided to construction company. We have it the other way around now. Funds are allocated for the construction part. This is the main difference. It is impossible to start building a plant until an engineering company or a technological institute creates a project, receives money for it, and passes the state examination together with the customer.

But organizational and technological design, which plays a crucial role, is not given sufficient attention at this stage. What is the result? A magnificent building was built, the most modern equipment was purchased, but there was not enough money and attention for a thorough organizational and technological design.

Why is it important? Any enterprise is tied to the territory where it is located. For example, if there are enough qualified workers in the region, in order to minimize the cost of purchasing equipment, we can make a project with the maximum possible use universal machines. But there may be a completely different picture, and then you have to use unmanned technologies, because there is simply no one to supply universal equipment.

These and many other issues must necessarily be taken into account at the stage of pre-project work or, speaking modern language, when conducting a technological audit of the project.

– How to achieve this?

- The most important thing is to include pre-project procedures in the regulations. This will create a quality plant. Here we can recall the Soviet experience - in the then practice of the concept " technological audit”was not, but they operated on something else -“ technological design ”, which was an obligatory phase for any industrial enterprise. And this was financed in a regulated manner based on the volume of total capital investments in the project - exactly what is not there now.

Is it possible to return to this?

- You need to come back! If we are talking about the modernization of production, then it must necessarily be tied to the product that is supposed to be released. Otherwise, we can spend a lot of money, buy good machines and at the same time get a zero result. Because it may turn out: the required product cannot be made on these machines or it is required to develop expensive equipment, and many circumstances not previously taken into account may also open up. As a result, either the product will not be produced at all, or its cost will become prohibitive. Therefore, we are constantly talking about the need for a clear regulation for carrying out work on technological audit and design. And then a high-quality project will be made with a normal feasibility study, which takes into account every step and all the costs of equipment, personnel, equipment, and so on.

We emphasize once again: we need a systemic order from society and the state. The country is participating in global competition, the world is moving from the fifth technological order, from paperless technology to the sixth - to deserted technology. Accordingly, those who do this first will be the undisputed leaders. And today more than half of our economy is still in the fourth dimension.

- And enterprises are run by people who come from the paradigm of the fourth order ...

- Exactly. We need to shift industrial policy one and a half cycles forward.

Who in the country can do this?

- Previously, the program of industrial policy was and was implemented in each sectoral ministry. Now there is only the Ministry of Industry and Trade, which cannot cover everything, and a certain vacuum appears. So it's up to business. Understanding is required from every corporation: it does not manage thousands of factories, but the production of specific products. It is from this that one should proceed, because the market should be offered a competitive product, and not information about how many factories and machine tools a manufacturer has.

- To this he can answer that he makes tanks that the Ministry of Defense requires, that’s why the demand ...

- So the fact of the matter is that they are not responsible for the tank, but for factories that do not understand what and why they produce. And at arbitrary cost.

But this is one side. Before talking about modernization at any enterprise, one must first understand what product it is included in the production chain, in the interests of which product it is worth introducing innovations and how this will affect the enterprises included in the cooperation. You can swell one hundred billion, make the plant ideally modern, but it will be loaded by three percent, because it is included in cooperation with enterprises that have not been modernized in any way ...

Investments must be considered in a complex, so we are now talking about what corporate leaders need. There are many problems at the factories, but at the corporate level there are more of them precisely because there are many enterprises, they are different, their leaders hold different views and have different life experience, teams that have developed and also differ significantly in age and qualifications. And they need to be managed in the same way. And we propose to do this on the basis of the thesis that it is necessary to manage the production of a product, and not a specific plant. There is a director there, let him manage it.

The whole question is in the ability to correctly set tasks, ask the right questions to enterprises that are part of the corporation, and receive the right answers in a single format. And we are talking about technology audit again. What's the point if a hundred factories of one corporation are audited different organizations according to their own methods and each provides the results in its own form? On such a shaky basis, it is basically impossible to draw any conclusions, because there is no link to the final result.

Do you need a regulation?

- Exactly. Which clearly states: what is a technology audit, who has the right to perform it. And every auditor must be certified. Today, technological design can be carried out by anyone, for this even licenses are not needed and technical education is not necessary.

By the way, we can create any kind of regulatory documents, but the money for technological design or technological audit must be included in the budgets of corporations. For engineering, it is necessary to allocate money specifically to enterprises so that they can order engineering services on the side.

This will serve as the best incentive for the development of engineering companies. Now there is no corresponding line in the budget, and even if the head of the corporation wants to order such a service, he does not have the opportunity.

“And he starts looking for reserves?”

- He, for example, asks to carry out the design for free, including the cost of services, say, in the equipment that will be purchased as a result of the project. This distorts the market, so you can not do it. In construction, there are clear rules for paying for design work, and exactly the same rules should be adopted when forming the cost of pre-design work. You need a clear link to the estimated cost of the object, then you will understand why such money is requested.

So far, our enterprises are not ready to pay for this - they simply do not understand what they will really get. In addition, many managers do not know what engineering is, or think that it is only about the supply of equipment, and they believe that the Finval company is engaged only in this.

– How to manage modernization?

– Highlight: when a corporation is requested by an enterprise for financial resources a concept of upcoming changes should be drawn up. That is, it is necessary to convey to the corporation what kind of transformations are necessary, how they are planned to be carried out and for what. Modernization should begin primarily with the product, that is, with what the company plans to produce and in what volume. We have successful experience creation and protection of such concepts.

- It's clean financial document?

– Justification of investments cannot be made only on the basis of financial calculations. The concept should be based on technological development. It should go from the product, show that there is a clear and long-term demand in the market - only if such information is available, the document will be of interest to the investor.

– Creation of competence centers is now in vogue. In your opinion, do they really contribute to the modernization of the machine-building complex?

– We passionately advocate the creation of centers of excellence. Modern economy implies ensuring competition through the effective interaction of such centers with serial enterprises. But there are also reservations.

- For example, there is a cluster of enterprises that produce approximately the same products and are part of the same structure. The corporation receives a request for funding from them, and it turns out that they need to buy, say, one hundred identical machines, each costing two hundred million rubles. Here the question arises: is it really necessary to give each plant the requested funding, or is it worth creating a single center where there will be not one hundred, but ten such machines, and it will provide all enterprises with products of a specific range?

- The idea is sound.

– Ideally, such a center also works efficiently with orders, fulfills them efficiently and on time, and most importantly, it has up-to-date technological expertise, that is, it monitors market trends and replaces outdated technological processes with new ones in time. For example, if a competence center is created in the field foundry then he must be an expert in that field. It is necessary to connect a scientific base to such a center of competence, the activity of which is aimed at advanced research and development that can stay ahead of competitors. But it is in a narrow specialization, as mentioned above, in casting. This gives groundwork for export. Moreover, it is important to develop both military and peaceful topics. If this is casting, the enterprise can produce both guns and frying pans. You just need to add applied work in the field of science and you can enter world markets.

Are you talking about the realities of our day?

- It should be so, but for today in state structures Ah, there is no single clear understanding of what a competence center is. They still believe that this is just a set of machines that produce standard operations, standard products, and for the enterprise this is another opportunity to receive money from the state.

But the problem is that technologies are changing rapidly, and we advocate that competence centers not only have a set of machines, but also applied science without fail.

We advocate that competence centers have such a composition of equipment and scientific activities that will really turn our country into a world leader in the field of production. When implementing modern technologies in competence centers we will create self-sustaining and innovative products. Yes, at the initial stage it will be products for their factories, and in the future, the participation of competence centers in international exhibitions will take us to a whole new level - a world leader in manufacturing. Competence centers need to take part in the leading specialized exhibitions as a separate manufacturer, where we can demonstrate our advanced developments and scientific base.

All activities should be directed to the future. Now the ratio of production, for example, is 90 percent - military products, 10 percent - civilian. But over time, this proportion, for obvious reasons, shifts towards the civilian one. The number of civilian orders will increase, including by reducing the cost of production in this particular industry. Competence centers should be leaders not only within the corporation, but across Russia. We will be able to master new types of products, as well as fulfill export orders. We must have the best enterprises in the industry, with impeccable quality of products that meet world standards. And we must be one step ahead of the competition.

In the meantime, everything is turning into “let's save money, we won’t buy machines for everyone, we’ll take ten times less, put it in one place.” This is good, but clearly not enough. The lack of science and incentives for development will lead to the fact that in a couple of years a "garage with nuts" will appear instead of a center of competence. Meanwhile, the corporation that built the center, in addition to saving on equipment, will also want to recoup the costs. And they can only be beaten off in the foreign market, where the center will pick up third-party orders.

- Is it bad to recoup the costs?

- It may happen that the factories of the corporation, all at once, needed some kind of unfortunate nut. And in the center there is a millionth order, because of one nut they will not readjust the machines there and will be right in their own way. What is the result? The problems of factories have worsened - before they had their own equipment, they made this nut if necessary, now there is no such possibility. But factories do not produce nuts, but a certain product. And it may turn out that it will not be finally handed over because of one unfortunate nut. And from here already there is a problem with the delivery of the state defense order. At 99.99 percent, everything is ready, but the nut is missing. And why? Because they said - there is nothing to do at the factory for this machine, the nut is too expensive. Because they consider its value compared to serial production. But it must be considered in comparison with the cost price in the general product and losses due to the fact that the delivery is delayed for months, as they are waiting for the nut.

- Who decides this issue?

– Managers who make decisions on the creation of competence centers. To avoid such absurd situations, among them must be present technical specialists which these risks are able to foresee and voice. Such decisions cannot be taken solely from economic feasibility and based on financial calculations.

- In this case, does the country have a regulation for the creation of centers of competence?

- Not. Each corporation independently determines what exactly it means by a competence center and what tasks it intends to solve with its help.

– Are there such centers that fully correspond to their name?

- There is. For example, in our company there is a Center for Engineering Technologies. There, not only the equipment that we supply is presented, but also processing technologies are being developed, machine operators and technologists are being trained. Having experience and the necessary expertise, we can reasonably say on which equipment it is better to produce a product and how to do it optimally. Not cheap or expensive, but only in this way - optimally. The price matters, but the optimum is made up of different things: serialization, risks, the possibility of expanding production, established cooperation, etc. It is one thing to spank nuts in millions of copies, and quite another - a million different nuts. But it is impossible to consider all goals primary.

- What do you think is the way out?

Competence centers need to be created. They will contribute to building technological competencies, the emergence of new breakthrough technologies, and reducing production costs. This, in turn, will increase its competitiveness. It is necessary to realize that in a few years the rearmament of the army and navy of the Russian Federation will be completed and there will be an urgent need for the production of competitive civilian products. Today we need to think about the production of civilian and dual-use products so that the funds spent on the modernization of military-industrial complex enterprises work for the development of the entire Russian economy, increasing the export of high-tech products. By the way, the creation of competence centers is not necessarily the prerogative of state structures. For example, in Germany, in the machine tool industry, which brings in billions of dollars in income and provides the country with a leading position in the world market, 99.5 percent of engineering and manufacturing companies are representatives of small and medium-sized businesses - they play the role of centers of competence there and very successfully.

- And we have?

- It's a bit more complicated for us. The creation of such centers requires large financial costs and the involvement of serious specialists. Few small and medium enterprises are ready for such investments. Yes, and the market engineering services in our mechanical engineering has not yet formed. As for state-owned enterprises, now many corporations are beginning to be interested in creating centers of excellence, but when organizing them, it is necessary to clearly formulate goals. Technology development should be handled by technologists, not lawyers or financiers. These centers will not always be able to be self-sustaining, but one should clearly understand what problems they will help solve and what kind of results corporate management wants to get from their creation. And besides, it is necessary to understand that the design of such a center is not done instantly. This may take from three months to six months, depending on the volume. production program and complexity of cooperation. Because competently designing cooperation is not at all the same as building a building and supplying ten machines. It is necessary to clearly calculate how to ensure that each of the factories of the corporation receives what it needs at a particular moment, and the end customer receives finished products on time with the required quality. We have successful experience in designing such centers.

You should pay attention to the fact that in the West tenders are announced for the finished product, we have a different situation - tenders are held for the supply of equipment. Competence centers have equipment, a scientific base, and relevant competencies. Together, having all these parameters, our competence centers will be able to participate in global tenders for the supply of specific products.

- Who else can solve such problems except you?

- Probably, someone can, if puzzled. But for the most part, no one has done it yet. Too complicated and unpredictable. The main task of corporations is the harmonization of interaction with factories, the construction of a coherent management. In dialogue with us, this task is solved. We can suggest what to pay attention to, help formulate the requirements. Corporate leaders should have a systematic approach to the development of their enterprises. Cooperation should be considered from the point of view of the production of the final product - and this is the most difficult.

Technological order is one of the terms of the theory of scientific and technological progress (STP).

The world owes the appearance of this concept to the scientist-economist Nikolai Kondratiev. He held a responsible post in the Provisional Government of Kerensky, and then headed the famous Moscow Market Institute. Studying the history of capitalism, Kondratiev came to the idea of ​​the existence of large economic cycles lasting 50–55 years, which are characterized by a certain level of development of the productive forces (“technological order, cycle”). The beginning of each cycle is characterized by the rise of the economy, while the end is characterized by crises, followed by the transition of the productive forces to a higher level of development.

Based on this and other theories, Russian economists developed the concept of technological modes. In the early 1990s, Dmitry Lvov and Sergei Glazyev proposed the concept of "technological mode" as a set of technologies characteristic of a certain level of production development, and identified five already implemented modes. Each such cycle begins when new kit innovation goes to producers. The foundations of the subsequent technological order are born, as a rule, even during the heyday of the previous, and sometimes the previous previous order.

The criterion for attributing production to a certain technological mode is the use in this production of technologies inherent in this mode, or technologies that ensure the production of products that, in terms of their technical or physical and chemical characteristics, can correspond to the products of this mode.

First technological order (1770-1830) - First industrial revolution. It was based on new technologies in the textile industry, the use of water energy, which led to the mechanization of labor and the beginning of mass production.

Leading countries: UK, France, Belgium.

The second technological order (1830-1880) is also called the "Age of Steam".

It was characterized by the accelerated development of railway and water transport based on steam engines, the widespread introduction of steam engines in industrial production.

Leading countries:UK, France, Belgium, Germany, USA.

Third technological order (1880-1930) was called the "Age of Steel" (Second Industrial Revolution).

It is based on the use of electrical energy in industrial production, the development of heavy engineering and the electrical industry based on the use of rolled steel. Many discoveries in the field of chemistry. Radio communication and telegraph were introduced. Automobile. There were large firms, cartels, syndicates, trusts. The market was dominated by monopolies. The concentration of banking and financial capital began.

Leading countries: Germany, USA, UK, France, Belgium, Switzerland, Netherlands.

Fourth technological order (1930-1970), the so-called "Age of Oil".

It is characterized by the further development of energy with the use of oil and oil products, gas, communications, new synthetic materials. The period of mass production of cars, tractors, aircraft, various types of weapons, consumer goods. The widespread use of computers and software products. The use of atomic energy for military and peaceful purposes. Conveyor technologies are becoming the basis of mass production. Formation of transnational and international companies that make direct investments in the markets of various countries.

Leading countries: USA, Western Europe, USSR

Fifth technological order (1970-2010). - technologies used in the microelectronics industry, computing, fiber-optic technology, software, telecommunications, robotics, gas production and processing, provision of information services; production based on the use of biotechnology, space technology, chemistry of new materials with desired properties.

There is a transition from disparate firms to a single network of large and small companies connected by an electronic network based on the Internet, carrying out close interaction in the field of technology, product quality control, and innovation planning.

Today the world is on the threshold sixth technological order. Its contours are just beginning to take shape in the developed countries of the world.

VItechnological order- these are nanotechnologies (nanoelectronics, molecular and nanophotonics, nanomaterials and nanostructured coatings, optical nanomaterials, nanoheterogeneous systems, nanobiotechnologies, nanosystem technology, nanoequipment), cellular technologies, technologies used in genetic engineering, hydrogen energy and controlled thermonuclear reactions, as well as for creating artificial intelligence and global information networks- the synthesis of achievements in these areas should lead to the creation, for example, of a quantum computer, artificial intelligence, and ultimately provide access to a fundamentally new level in the systems of government, society, and the economy.

Forecasters believe that while maintaining the current pace of technical and economic development, the sixth technological order in the developed countries of the world will actually come in 2014 (!) - 2018, and will enter the phase of maturity in the 2040s. At the same time, in 2020-2025, a new scientific, technical and technological revolution will take place, the basis of which will be developments that synthesize the achievements of the above-mentioned basic areas. There are grounds for such predictions. In 2010, the share of the productive forces of the fifth technological order in the most developed countries averaged 60%, the fourth - 20%, and the sixth - about 5%. Obviously, the ratio of the share of technological modes in the country's economy as a whole determines the degree of its development, internal and external stability. Unfortunately, the United States unequivocally seized the initiative in the implementation of the Sixth Order. Individual leading works in the countries of the post-Soviet space cannot compete with this array.

For reflection:

Interesting opinion of Vladimir Lepsky, chief researcher RAS, president of the Innovative Development Club, who believes: "Since it is impossible to catch up, we must get ahead ...". He expressed the idea of ​​moving to the Seventh technological order: “The sixth order implies the production of technologies, and the Seventh should be understood as the production of people capable of creating technologies, organizing living conditions and forms of consciousness.”

Adding comments is available only to registered users