Modern radio electronics. Russian military radio electronics: growth criteria
Priority attention to the development of the radio-electronic industry (REP) as a "growth point" of the economy is due to the fact that it is the foundation technological order early XXI century, characterized by rapid development computer science, software, telecommunications and robotics.
The radio-electronic industry is the third sector of the world economy in terms of market turnover (after healthcare and banking) and the first in terms of its development dynamics: the REP growth rate over the past 30 years has been about 8% per year. Its share in the cost of products of other sectors of the national economy is significant: today, for example, in the automotive industry it reaches 20%, in scientific instrumentation - up to 40%, in the aviation industry - up to 55%. The share of radio electronics in the cost of high-tech household, industrial and defense products and systems in highly developed countries is 50-80%. According to forecasts, the share of the electronic component base and radio-electronic products will soon reach 20% of the total world industrial production. AT value terms In 2012, the volume of world production of REP products amounted to 1.8 trillion US dollars, in 2015 this value can grow to 2.3 trillion, and by 2025 it is expected to reach 3.8-4 trillion dollars. has already surpassed the automotive, aviation and other high-tech industries.
The state of REP today determines the level of technological independence, economic, food, information and military security of the state, health and safety of the population. The defense significance of the industry is evidenced by the fact that REP enterprises account for 40% in the consolidated register of organizations of the military-industrial complex. They account for about 16% of industrial output and 30% of all scientific developments in the defense industry.
The radio-electronic industry of Russia today is represented by more than 1800 organizations involved in the development and production of . The number of REP employees in 2014 amounted to 273,600 people and increased by 3% compared to 2013, including the number of people employed in industry - 192,500, in science - 81,200 people.
Unfortunately, despite the increased attention to radio electronics, the most impressive indicator that characterizes it state of the art, is the share of imported components reaching up to 82% in certain industries. The problem of import substitution should be solved Government program Russian Federation"Development of the electronic and radio-electronic industry for 2013-2025". To organize work on the formation of sectoral action plans for import substitution in the civil industries of the Russian Federation in order to implement the "Plan for the promotion of import substitution in industry", approved by the order of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 30, 2014 No. 1936-r, the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia approved the "Action Plan for Import Substitution in radio-electronic industry of the Russian Federation.
Within the framework of the adopted programs and plans, the priority task is to replace the electronic component base in industries that are traditionally the leading ones in the Russian industry and largely determine its safety. And, if in the market of radiation-resistant components for the space and nuclear industry, stable and small in capacity, Russian technologies can make it possible to remove dependence on imports by 90% by 2020, then there are many problems in other segments of the military-industrial complex and industrial sectors of civilian production.
At the same time, there are examples complete solution tasks of the development of Russian radio electronics.
In the space industry, in order to improve the efficiency of the work of Russian police officers, Russian space systems» (RKS) integrated into new development advanced digital technologies and GLONASS satellite navigation capabilities. The standard monitoring centers developed by the RCC will be able to receive, process and transmit information with increased positioning accuracy of patrol groups. A pilot project has already been implemented at automation facilities of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs in the Kaluga and Yaroslavl regions.
The second example is that the Russian army began to receive the latest . The manufacturer is NPO Kvant, a member of KRET JSC, Veliky Novgorod. The complex is a "think tank" for air defense systems and electronic warfare systems. It can simultaneously set tasks for nine Krasukha-type guided electronic warfare systems and air defense systems. The principles of operation of Moskva-1 are based on one of the breakthrough technologies - radio photonics, and 98% of its components are Russian production. The remaining 2% - microwave diodes, transistors, individual integrated circuits - are not critical for the functioning of the complex and are still purchased in Belarus - this is cheaper than organizing production in Russia. Of course, if necessary, the task for the near future will be to exclude these parts from the number of components.
A lot of work on the introduction of Russian radio-electronic technologies is being carried out by the Russian Helicopters holding as part of the creation of modern rotorcraft that meet the requirements of the most demanding customers from Europe, Asia, and South America. Separately, we can single out the integrated flight and navigation complex KBO-17 of the Mi-171A2 helicopter from the Mi-8 / Mi ~ 17 family. It is completely created according to the concept of "glass cockpit" and is an example of a new generation of "situational awareness" system. Possessing equal compared to foreign analogues capabilities in the field of implementation of the functions of control, navigation, radio communication, information display, the Russian complex has a number of significant advantages over them due to the implementation of additional functions.
It should be noted that the task of creating an innovative complex was solved with the broad cooperation of more than ten leading enterprises and research organizations in the field of aviation instrumentation in Russia. Of course, in this project it was not possible to ensure 100% import substitution, but such a task was not set - it was important to ensure maximum integration in a single complex of the most advanced developments of Russian aviation and radio-electronic enterprises and to implement the Russian concept of the "glass cockpit" in practice.
Of the foreign innovations, the following are integrated into the KBO-17: LCR-100 heading vertical (Northrop Grumman); automatic radio compass NAV-4000 and radio range finder DME-4000 (Rokwell Collins); RN-7 map generator (Litef). And here I repeat once again - reasonable mutually beneficial cooperation with foreign partners, the exchange of new ideas and technologies should not be rejected in any case. Not self-isolation, but the expansion and intensification of cooperative ties underlies the solution of our strategic objectives, including in the field of creating competitive radio electronics.
In this regard, it should be noted that the most important in this area is the cooperation of the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union - Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Armenia, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan (EAEU). This direction should be considered as a sector of the economy capable of increasing the competitiveness of other industries, and radio electronic components are used today in almost everyone.
The Eurasian Economic Commission (EEC), as a supranational regulatory body of the Union, has developed an important strategic document - "The main directions of industrial cooperation within the framework of the EAEU". This is the first document on industrial policy of this level in the post-Soviet space, the first in the association of participating countries.
In the field of radio electronics within the EAEU, promising areas for cooperation are the joint development and production of communication and telecommunications equipment, integrated circuits for telecommunications equipment, heavy-duty LEDs, image sensors, lighting engineering, as well as transport automation, etc.
Among the projects planned for joint implementation:
- innovative supercomputer with fundamentally new system cooling;
- crystallographic accelerators;
- equipment for hardening surfaces using laser-plasma non-vacuum modifying processing and obtaining superhard coatings;
- compact emitter for onboard laser space communication system;
- superconducting materials for electric power industry, electrical engineering, transport and medicine.
Work continues on the preparation of projects for new scientific and technical programs of the EAEU: Autoelectronics, Ballistics, Monolith, Electronmash-65, Luch, Photonics, LEDs.
The projects are ambitious in scope. They are aimed at providing high-tech products to the member countries of the Union and their successful participation in competition in international markets.
I note that currently time runs activation of production and scientific and technical cooperation of organizations of the microelectronic industry of the Republic of Belarus and Russia. It should involve all the capabilities of such structures as the Belarusian production associations "Integral" and "Monolit", the holding "Horizont", the concern "Planar", the Minsk Research Instrument-Making Institute (MNIPI), the Minsk Research Institute of Radiomaterials (MNIIRM ), and from the Russian side - the enterprises of the state corporation "Rostec" and others involved in the development and production of radio electronics.
Of course, there are certain problems in the development of this industry in the EAEU countries. The first of these is the high share of imports of the element base of radio electronics and, accordingly, the need for import substitution. The absence of Russian analogues for imported parts leads to almost complete import dependence in the assembly of telecommunications equipment, including in the space industry.
The development of cooperation is also hampered by the lack of own financial resources and difficulties in obtaining commercial loans to finance joint projects. Barriers to the development of cooperation in industry in general and in radio electronics in particular are the difficulties in obtaining the information necessary to establish partnerships, the remaining differences in technical standards and legislation. Influences and incorporated in our countries back in Soviet time different level of the state of radio-electronic science and industry.
When looking for new strategic partners for cooperation, special attention should be paid to the fact that the largest volume of investments in the radio-electronic industry in recent years has been noted in China, India and Brazil. The total volume of production of radio electronics in these countries exceeds 30% of the world volume, and in terms of its growth rates they are several times ahead of the highly developed industry of the United States, Western Europe, and Japan. Therefore, cooperation within the BRICS group in this direction has very good prospects.
There are many ways to circumvent sanctions by buying small and medium innovative enterprises in the West, creating joint ventures, attracting to Russia scientists and highly qualified specialists, including compatriots, from abroad. But still, the main thing, in my opinion, remains the implementation of our own scientific, technical, production and human potential, together with the expansion and deepening of cooperation and the implementation of joint projects for the production of competitive high-tech products in the radio-electronic field. There is no doubt that effective action in these areas will give a powerful impetus to the development of all sectors of Russian industry.
Vladimir Gutenev, First Deputy Chairman of the State Duma Committee on Industry, First Vice President of the Union of Machine Builders of Russia, President of the League for Assistance to Defense Enterprises
Approaching the last decade of the calendar millennium and entering the last decade of the century of its existence, radio engineering does not slow down, but continues to increase the pace of development. The upcoming new stage retains the main ideas and principles that have matured over 90 years, but they are being transformed on the basis of new technology. New trends have been identified and are being implemented, partly outlined twenty and ten years ago, but determined in recent years. New stage even more marked by the achievements of electronics, inextricably linked with radio engineering - radio electronics.
The formation of radio electronics as, to a certain extent, an independent and extremely important field of electronics became especially evident in the 40s. under the influence of rapidly developing radio technology. Until that time electronic devices radio engineering devices did not differ significantly from those used in the technology of long-distance wired communication, wire broadcasting, industrial electronics and measuring technology. In the 40-50s. new electronic devices appeared, designed primarily or exclusively for radio systems and based on the direct spatial interaction of electron flows and electromagnetic waves: magnetrons, klystrons, traveling wave tubes (TWTs), and later quantum devices. In the same years, the development of electronic devices for radio and television systems continued: cathode ray tubes, kinescopes, synchronization devices, standard converters, etc. This period can be characterized by its dominant trend as "cathode beam".
It should also be noted that radio and television technology, its ideas and implementation had a profound impact on other areas of development of radio electronics, in particular on the formation of radar technology. Characteristic for television electronic systems scanning, devices for forming pulses of a special form and synchronization systems have found application and further development in various types of radio engineering systems. Moreover, the creation of a regular mosaic microstructure in a color TV kinescope is possible with sufficient reason considered one of the first milestones origin and development of modern microelectronics.
A new era in radio engineering was opened by the creation and introduction of semiconductor devices, which today have almost completely replaced vacuum tubes. The process of replacement began around 1950, but it was prepared by much earlier research, discoveries and inventions. The "transistor revolution" naturally raised the question of the transition to semiconductor devices in equipment of all frequency ranges, including centimeter and millimeter waves. The role of radio equipment for these bands has grown continuously; new radio relay systems were created, designed to transmit several television programs and thousands of telephone channels, radar systems continued to develop for various purposes, space radio systems, etc. An urgent task was the creation of direct inter-satellite communications, for which millimeter and decimillimeter waves are preferred.
The qualitative indicators of new radio equipment are largely due to the positive properties of semiconductor devices: their small size and weight, high reliability and mechanical strength, inertia when turned on, low-voltage power supply, etc. Transistors are being improved and introduced into radio-frequency equipment blocks centimeter range; In particular, microwave field-effect transistors of various types have been created: unipolar ones with a controlled electron-hole transition at the gate, with an MIS structure, and with a Schottky barrier. They are successfully used in radio receiving equipment with not very high requirements for sensitivity (noise temperature). Work in this direction continues.
A new branch in radio electronics arose with the widespread introduction of negatrons - semiconductor microwave diodes with negative resistance. The fate of negatrons can serve as an illustration of the development in a spiral: diodes with negative resistance, capable of amplifying and generating electrical oscillations, have been known in radio engineering for about three quarters of a century.
In 1958, a tunnel diode was created, researched and introduced into microwave radio receivers. Due to the tunneling mechanism for the passage of electrons through the electron-hole junction, the diode has a negative dynamic resistance, which has good stability. Due to the relatively low noise temperature, regenerative amplifiers and frequency converters based on tunnel diodes received in the late 60s and early 70s. significant distribution in microwave radio receiving equipment, but over the past decade, interest in them has weakened, since as a result of improving materials and technologies, comparable and top scores have been achieved with microwave transistors.
At the same time, a strong position in radio engineering was occupied by the avalanche-transit diode (ATD) created in 1959 - a negatron based on the phenomena of avalanche multiplication of charge carriers in an electron-hole junction (“avalanche breakdown”) and drift (“flight”) of carriers charge in a semiconductor. The generation of microwave oscillations during avalanche multiplication was discovered by A. S. Tager and his collaborators; this effect is included in the register of discoveries of the USSR. In contrast to the tunnel diode, which is a low-power device, the LPD allows generating relatively powerful oscillations in the centimeter wave range - several watts in continuous mode and tens of watts in pulsed mode.
In 1963, the phenomenon of generation or amplification of oscillations in the range of centimeter and millimeter waves in a semiconductor was discovered when a constant voltage is applied to it. At the heart of the operation of devices that use this phenomenon and allow, like LPD, to obtain powerful oscillations, is the effect of excitation in a semiconductor of a traveling wave - movement from the cathode to the anode of an area of increased electric field strength, called the "domain". In this case, the generation mechanism bears some resemblance to the process in a klystron generator.
Along with the listed devices, important functions in radio engineering are performed by radio-electronic devices, also solid-state, but based on different principles - quantum (molecular) generators and amplifiers, often called masers.
Significantly simpler in design and economical are parametric amplifiers - low-noise devices, theoretical basis whose work was developed in the 30s. L. I. Mandelstam and N. D. Papaleksi. It was possible to implement them only after the creation and implementation of capacitive semiconductor diodes - varactors.
In the aggregate of the considered interrelated radio electronic devices and devices: negatron generators, quantum generators and amplifiers, varactor parametric amplifiers, the first play an auxiliary role of generators - energy sources for the second and third. However, the simplicity and efficiency of negatron generators makes it possible to use them in other radio engineering devices, in particular, in radio transmitters.
For the direct use of negatron microwave generators in high-power cascades of radio transmitters, it was necessary to solve two important problems: to ensure frequency stability, since the inherent stability of the oscillation frequency generated by negatrons is much lower than is necessary in modern radio engineering systems, and to find modulation methods. Over the past decade, intensive studies have been carried out on the synchronization of autogenerators on negatrons. This is explained by the fact that the oscillations of a relatively powerful generator can be captured by the oscillations of a highly stable source of low power associated with it; in this case, the frequency stability of powerful oscillations practically corresponds to the stability of the reference oscillator.
To obtain reference oscillations, such complex radio-electronic devices as a quantum generator are not necessary, since great success has been achieved in the field of quartz frequency stabilization and the production of quartz resonators over the past decade. Modern transistor oscillators, stabilized by quartz and thermostated, with a fairly simple design, provide a stability of the order of 10~8-10-9 at frequencies of tens of megahertz, which is sufficient in most cases. If it is necessary to multiply the frequency of such generators, negatrons are successfully used in multiplier circuits.
The book by Boris Anin, a lieutenant colonel of the KGB who worked for many years in the special services, is devoted to the history of world electronic espionage - a type of espionage activity that consists in obtaining secret information from communication channels. The author reports many unknown facts military history which still remain a mystery. The book contains a huge factual material on the operations of all major foreign intelligence services, including details about the work of the KGB special services.In contrast to the topic of foreign broadcasting, the topic of the radio engineering struggle between the "socialist" camp and the capitalist countries remains practically unknown to the mass reader.In this paper, the author - Rimantas Pleikis (former Minister of Communications of Lithuania in 1996-1998) examines radio censorship in detail (synonyms: radio protection, radio suppression, jamming, jamming, radio countermeasures, blocking anti-Soviet radio broadcasts ...V. K. Zworykin (1889-1982) - a man of amazing fate, overseas he was called "Russia's generous gift to the American continent." A young Russian engineer, who fled from Russia engulfed in the Civil War, was the first in the world to create an operating electronic television installation, but even in "advanced" America, almost no one in the scientific world believed in the promise of this invention.You are holding a book in your hands, which is a collection of practical advice and advice on the design, manufacture and commissioning of analog and digital electronic devices for various purposes. Each reader, in accordance with his level of training, will be able to draw recommendations in this book on the selection and use of standard and specialized radio-electronic components, the development and use of electrical circuits ...The book "Your Radio" is a good example of how you can simply, entertainingly and at the same time quite specifically talk about electronic technology. This book will be useful not only for those who want to get to know their receiver better, but primarily for those who feel the need to get acquainted with the basics of modern radio electronics.This book is for those who want to become an amateur radio designer and build wonderful electronic devices - receivers, amplifiers, radio stations, tape recorders. Starting with the simplest detector receiver, gradually, step by step, the reader will get acquainted with the principle of operation, circuits and design of various home-made receivers, including multi-tube superheterodynes.If you have a great desire to be friends with electronics, if you want to create your own homemade products, but don’t know where to start, use the tutorial "How to master radio electronics from scratch. Learning to assemble designs of any complexity." This book will help to modernize and supplement some of the basic schemes. You will learn how to read circuit diagrams, how to work with a soldering iron, and create a lot of interesting crafts.In the form of popular conversations, the book introduces the young reader to the history and development of radio, to elementary electrical and radio engineering, and electronics. It contains more than fifty descriptions of amateur broadcasting receivers and audio frequency amplifiers of various complexity powered by direct and alternating current sources, measuring probes and devices, automatically operating electronic devices, simple electro-color-musical ...The monograph of well-known American experts, widely known to the reader from previous editions, is devoted to rapidly developing areas of electronics. It presents the most interesting technical solutions, as well as analyzes the mistakes of hardware developers: the reader's attention is focused on the subtle aspects of design and application. electronic circuits. It is published in Russian in three volumes.In the book, in the form of questions and answers, the physical foundations of electronics, electronic components and circuits, and the features of their application are explained in a popular way. The breadth of topics is successfully combined - from discrete semiconductor devices to integrated circuits with simplicity and clarity of presentation of the material.
For a wide range of readers.
T. V. Bochkarev, L. G. Ivashov, A. E. Rassadin, N. A. Sham
RUSSIAN RADIO ELECTRONICS - NOT A STEP FORWARD?
But the situation in this most important area can and must be changed.
I believe that in Russia education can be completely
a special view, that it is possible to give it a national basis, is fundamentally
which is based on the one on which it is based in the rest of Europe, for Russia is divided
developed differently in all respects, and it fell to the lot of a special purpose
in this world. It seems to me that we need to isolate ourselves in our
view of science no less than in our political views, and the Russian
people, great and powerful, should, it seems to me, not at all obey the
action of other peoples.
P. Ya. Chaadaev
But you are right, Comrade Berg!
I. V. Stalin
DEGRADATION AND LOSS OF DEFENSE
In the journal Aerospace Defense (No. 1, 2008) a problematic article by Yu. Kh. Vermishev and S. K. Kolganov "The Scientific Elite as the Basis for Success" appeared. In this work, the main problems of the domestic military-industrial complex, associated with a sharp decrease in the number of extra-class specialists at its enterprises, are correctly indicated. However, the prescription-operational side of the way out of this situation, in our opinion, has not been developed by these authors specifically enough.
Moreover, the situation in HR continues to deteriorate rapidly, which forces our group of experts to join in the search for a solution to this problem. Thus, according to the President of the National Association for Innovation and Development of Information Technologies O. Uskova, over the past 3.5 years, about 20,000 specialists have left our country, unable to find the opportunity to implement their ideas in their homeland. Moreover, these were mainly representatives of the scientific elite, so necessary for the military-industrial complex, capable of putting forward new revolutionary ideas that move science forward, and not just perform routine engineering work. Everything goes to the fact that in a few years Russia will be forced, as under Peter I, to import German scientists in order to somehow fill the gaping personnel gaps. But the words of Academician V. I. Vernadsky that "... a country that does not work independently in the field of scientific thought, which only assimilates education - someone else's work, is a country of the dead ..." are now beginning to acquire an ominous meaning. Namely, according to the opinion of the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Air Force, Colonel-General A. Zelin, announced by him at the next conference of the Academy of Military Sciences of Russia on January 19, 2008:
“We assess the current state of the elements of aerospace defense as critical. Threats to the Russian Federation from airspace are currently the most significant for the country ... An analysis of the development of means of aerospace attack by foreign states shows that already in the period up to 2020 there will be fundamental changes related to the development of aerospace as a single sphere of armed struggle . … Under these conditions, a potential adversary will be able to launch high-precision strikes coordinated in time and space against almost all targets on the territory of the Russian Federation.”
In our analysis, we will proceed from the fact that the basis of the American Joint Vision-2010 rearmament program is modern radio electronics. Therefore, we will focus on the personnel problems of the domestic radio-electronic industry. As elsewhere, the central problem of Russian radio electronics at the present time is the reduction in the influx of fresh passionate intellectual forces from among university graduates and their graduate schools. The reasons for this state of affairs are well known: the “natural” departure of the older generation of specialists and the “interception” of capable scientific youth by branches of transnational corporations already in the 3rd-4th year of the university. The loss of interest in science by the bulk of young people, the problem of “washing out” young specialists from the academic, industrial and university sectors of science created a real threat of loss of continuity between generations of domestic scientists with a gloomy prospect of the final irreversible collapse of the personnel potential of Russian science.
HOW LENIN DID THE FIRST RADIO-ELECTRONIC TECHNOPARK
We will find a way out of the impasse by turning to the historical roots of radiophysics on Russian soil. In Russia, electrical phenomena began to be studied by M. V. Lomonosov. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, a whole galaxy of engineers and researchers engaged in electrodynamics and its technical applications appeared in the Russian Empire: A. N. Lodygin, A. G. Stoletov, N. A. Umov, A. S. Popov, P N. Lebedev and many others. But most of the advanced undertakings of progressive Russian scientists got stuck in the inertia of the tsarist bureaucracy and were stifled by its greed. The situation changed dramatically after the Great October Socialist Revolution.
In 1918, at the height of the Civil War, RORI, the Russian Society of Radio Engineers, was established. On July 19, 1918, V. I. Lenin signed the first decree on radio "On the centralization of radio engineering in the Soviet Republic", which laid the foundation for the domestic radio-electronic industry. In the same year, the Nizhny Novgorod radio laboratory was created, which became the world's first technopark. In 1924, the founding meeting of the Society of Radio Amateurs of the RSFSR was held in Moscow - an association of organizations and individuals using radio technology for the purpose of cultural and educational work. Later renamed the Society of Radio Friends, by 1926 the association already had more than 200,000 members.
STALIN AND ELECTRONICS
Radio physics and radio engineering in the USSR acquired the next powerful impulse in 1943 after the legendary conversation between Admiral (and then just a professor) A. I. Berg and I. V. Stalin. The conversation resulted in a GKO resolution "On the establishment of the Council for Radar at State Committee Defense”, signed on July 4, 1943, i.e., just before the start of the Battle of Kursk. G. M. Malenkov, secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, was appointed chairman of the Council, and A. I. Berg was appointed his deputy.
We emphasize that all this happened long before the famous letter of P. L. Kapitsa to I. V. Stalin dated January 2, 1946, which, in particular, said: “...1. A large number of major engineering initiatives originated here. 2. We ourselves almost did not know how to develop them ... 3. Often the reason for not using innovation is that we usually underestimated our own and overestimated what was foreign ... now we need to strengthen our own technology in an intense way ... We can only do this successfully ... when we finally understand that the creative potential of our people is not less, and even more than others, and you can safely rely on him.
The initiative of P. L. Kapitsa gave rise to the rapid scientific and technological development of the USSR in the post-war period, because on February 9, 1946, I. V. Stalin stated: “... Particular attention will be paid ... to the extensive construction of all kinds of research institutes, capable of enabling science to develop its forces. I have no doubt that if we provide proper assistance to our scientists, they will be able not only to catch up, but also to surpass the achievements of science outside our country in the near future. However, the heirs of A. S. Popov were the first.
To support the activities of the Council on Radar in December 1945, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR approved the creation of the All-Union Scientific and Technical Society of Radio Engineering and Telecommunications (VNTORiE) named after. A. S. Popova. Outstanding scientists of our country stood at the origins of the creation of the society: Deputy People's Commissar of Communications of the USSR A. D. Fortushenko, Academicians of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR V. A. Kotelnikov, B. A. Vvedensky and many others. The first elected Chairman of the Society was Academician A.I. Berg. The task of VNTORiE them. A. S. Popova was in the dissemination of scientific and technical information covering major achievements in theory and practice of design newest species radio equipment. The closest attention was paid to the training of well-educated cadres of engineers, designers, and scientists.
In this work, the asset VNTORiE them. A. S. Popova was guided by the following statement by Admiral A. I. Berg: “Two capable engineers pay off the costs of training a hundred average ones.”
Activities VNTORiE them. A. S. Popova led to the fact that in those difficult conditions of the country destroyed by the war, the period of creating a new most complex radar technology was only three to four years. So, the P-8 ground-based early warning radar for meter-range aircraft for air defense, the Air Force and the Navy was created in 1947-50. The P-12 fighter guidance radar of the meter range was developed in 1954-56 The first ground-based three-coordinate radar for detecting and guiding a centimeter range of all-round visibility P-20 was introduced into the air defense and air force forces in 1946-1950. It remains only to compare the then terms for the commissioning of the latest radio-electronic systems with modern ones. These were the results of the VNTORiE policy. A. S. Popov to promote the best specialists and efforts to maintain a high average engineering level of employees of enterprises of the radio-electronic complex of the USSR.
WINE - IN NON-OLD BELLOWS!
Let us now return to the discussion of the main provisions of the article by Yu. Kh. Vermishev and S. K. Kolganov. The authors believe that the way out of the situation with the scientific elite “…should be sought in the field of realizing the intellect of specialists, especially young ones. It is necessary to give young people an interest in discovering and realizing their own talent as an engineer, technologist, developer. To captivate and develop the intellect of young specialists, to educate them in the spirit of scientific and technical creativity.
But after all, these are the main statutory provisions of RNTORES them. A. S. Popova! Further, Yu. Kh. Vermishev and S. K. Kolganov say that "a well-thought-out system of professional growth of young people, education of a new generation of the scientific elite" is required. But RNTORES has had such a system for a long time as a forge of scientific personnel! What, respected honored workers of science and technology did not know about this?
Then they say: "The active perception of experience is greatly facilitated by scientific and industrial seminars and conferences, which can be held both by an enterprise or a group of enterprises, and in the form of sections in wider forums."
This position is indisputable. However, RNTORES them. A. S. Popova annually holds several major landmark conferences throughout Russia: in Moscow - "Scientific session dedicated to the Day of Radio" and "Digital signal processing and its application", in Voronezh - "Radar, navigation, communications", in Samara - "Physics and technical applications of wave processes", in Vladimir - "Physics and radio electronics in medicine and ecology", in Ulyanovsk - " Contemporary Issues creation and operation of radio systems", in St. Petersburg - "International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility and Electromagnetic Ecology" and. etc., not to mention dozens of smaller forums organized by the regional branches of RNTORES them. A. S. Popov in 46 Russian regions. Interaction of RNTORES with leading enterprises of the military-industrial complex, such as OAO NPO ALMAZ, Federal State Unitary Enterprise NII Radio, STC MODUL, OAO Radio Engineering Institute. acad. A. L. Mints”, OJSC “Concern “Sozvezdie”, CJSC “Moscow Scientific Research Television Institute”, OJSC “Central Research Institute “Electronics”, OJSC “FNPTs NNIIRT” and. etc. also debugged.
The following thesis of Yu. Kh. Vermishev and S. K. Kolganov: “scientific and technical articles and monographs are an active way of consolidating knowledge and experience and in the best way contribute to the formation (creation) of scientific potential and its carrier - the scientific elite.” RNTORES includes the Radiotekhnika Publishing House, which publishes books and monographs on all sections of modern radio electronics and related issues. The same Radiotekhnika Publishing House publishes about 15 RNTORES journals included in the VAK list, such as Radiotekhnika, Antennas, Nonlinear World, Successes in Modern Radioelectronics, Electromagnetic Waves and Electronic Systems, Neurocomputers and . etc.
“In the development of the scientific activity of defense enterprises and the re-creation of their scientific elite, one should hardly expect special assistance from academic scientific institutes and High School. The problems of the military-industrial complex are too specific and varied, from which they are very far away. However, it is necessary to continue to maintain and develop relations with the organizations of the Russian Academy of Sciences and branch academies, with the Higher School.” But RNTORES never lost ties with such structures as the Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics. V. A. Kotelnikov Institute of Control Sciences, Russian Academy of Sciences V. A. Trapeznikova RAS, Institute for Information Transmission Problems RAS, Institute of Applied Physics RAS, Institute of Physics of Microstructures RAS and. etc. There are fairly close contacts with the Academy of Military Sciences of the Russian Federation, led by General of the Army M. A. Gareev.
“The starting point of this work should be the existing basic departments of universities that have been training engineers of the required profile for specific defense enterprises for many years.” This provision is reminiscent of Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 53 of January 24, 2001 "On measures to improve the efficiency of using the scientific and educational potential of higher education in the interests of the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation." But, nevertheless, the interaction of RNTORES has long been established not only with the main universities that train personnel for the military-industrial complex, namely, with the Moscow State technical university them. N.E. Bauman, the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology and the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, but also with a number of leading civilian universities in the country: the Moscow Institute of Radio Engineering, Electronics and Automation; Moscow Technical University of Communications and Informatics; Moscow Power Engineering Institute, Moscow Aviation Institute, St. Petersburg State Electrotechnical University. V. I. Lenin (LETI), Ryazan State Radio Engineering University, St. Petersburg State University of Telecommunications, Ulyanovsk State Technical University, Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University. R. E. Alekseev, Volga State Academy of Telecommunications and Informatics, Vladimir State University, Yaroslavl State University. P. G. Demidov, Nizhny Novgorod State University. N. I. Lobachevsky and. etc.
Military universities also take an active part in the events of the RNTORES them. A. S. Popova. Examples here are the Serpukhov Military Institute of Missile Forces, the Stavropol Military Institute of Communications of the Missile Forces, the Military Academy of the Military Air Defense of the RF Armed Forces, the Tula Artillery Engineering Institute, the Golitsyn Border Institute, the Academy of the FSO of Russia, etc. etc.
Availability at RNTORES them. A. S. Popov of network interactions with universities, institutes and enterprises distributed over 46 regions of the Russian Federation, allows you to choose as the base organizational form his activity is the model of "network war", described in detail by RAND-corporation analysts John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt. This method of organizing work will help overcome the narrowly corporate interests of the structures covered by RNTORES by creating a competitive environment, which will lead to an increase in the efficiency of spending public funds allocated for the implementation of Federal targeted programs (nanotechnology is an example of an industry where such measures are urgently needed) . In this case, it is advisable to build the management of RNTORES on the basis of the theory of I. V. Boshchenko of neural networks of the 4th generation.
In order for the work of RNTORES to be intensified in the manner described above, of course, it is necessary governmental support, for example, in the form of a federal target program that finances the training of highly qualified personnel by RNTORES for the domestic radio-electronic industry. Moreover, it is necessary to link it with a number of other FTPs in the field of information technology, namely, the programs "Global navigation system”, “Development of the electronic component base and radio electronics” for 2008-2015, “Development of the infrastructure of the nanoindustry in the Russian Federation” for 2008-2010, “National technological base” for 2007-2011, “Improvement federal system reconnaissance and control of the airspace of the Russian Federation (2007-2010)”, “Research and development in priority areas of development of the scientific and technological complex of Russia for 2007-2012” and some others.
SPECIFIC CASES RNTORES
The reader of this article has a reasonable question: is there an example of a practical case carried out by RNTORES related to today? Yes, there is such an example. As part of the work of the scientific and technical section of the Central Council of RNTORES them. A. S. Popova "Informatization production systems and Quality Management” (scientific leader of the section - Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor Yu. CAD programs ASONIKA. This system is used within the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation to control the correct use of electronic products in special-purpose equipment. It is recommended by the set of standards "MOROZ-6" for use in the design process and replacement of tests at the early stages of design. On July 1, 2000, the relevant guidance document was put into effect, developed jointly by the 22nd Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, KGTA and MGIEM, which regulates the use of the ASONIKA system in design: “RDV 319.01. 05-94, rev.2-2000. Guidance document. Comprehensive quality control system. Apparatura, devices, devices and equipment for military purposes. Application principles mathematical modeling when designing." Currently, the ASO-NIKA system is used at such enterprises of the domestic military-industrial complex as RKK ENERGIA im. S. P. Korolev, Ramenskoye Design Bureau, State Research Institute of Instrument Engineering, Design Bureau for Informatics, Hydroacoustics and Communications VOLNA, Design Bureau of the Izhevsk Radio Plant, Design Bureau of MPEI, JSC VNII Radio Engineering, Research Institute of Applied Mechanics and many others. Due to the application of the ASONIKA program, a significant reduction in the design time for REA and budgetary savings is achieved.
FIGHTING THE DECLINE IN THE QUALITY OF SPECIALISTS
Let us now consider what happens to the personnel of the military-industrial complex not inside it, but “at the entrance”.
The quality of training of graduates of an average level of an average technical university or university continues to deteriorate (and the best students, as noted above, due to brain drain, simply do not reach military-industrial complex enterprises). In order to help advance the advanced scientific and technical youth, RNTORES them. A. S. Popova annually holds All-Russian competition scientific works of students in the field of radio electronics and communications with the publication of the works of the winners in the VAK journals "Radio Engineering" and "Electrosvyaz" (this is in addition to the cash prize). However, in order to solve the problems of domestic radio electronics, it is necessary not only to grow young specialists, but also to attract a new wave of ready-made professionals aged from 30 to 50 years old, who have both Soviet higher education and you -high level of patriotism.
Fresh people should come to RNTORES. Without a doubt, the main component personnel reserve RNTORES are reserve officers of the Russian army - graduates of military schools with radio electronics as one of their majors. Passionarity in the work of RNTORES can be significantly increased by graduates of the physics departments of universities who find themselves in commercial structures. The need to involve them in work in RNTORES is due to the increase in interdisciplinary connections in research in such areas of modern radio engineering as radar with antenna aperture synthesis, optical and quantum computers, nanotechnologies, etc. etc.
It is extremely important to involve programmers involved in supercomputer calculations in RNTORES. A prerequisite for this is the Supercomputer Program SKIF of the Union of Belarus and Russia, during the implementation of which domestic supercomputers appear one after another in our universities (MSU, VlGU, Tomsk State University). Robotics is another potential RNTORES forward detachment associated with the domestic radio engineering cognitariat through a common topic, such as: systems automatic control, digital signal and image processing, semiconductor element base, vision systems, artificial intelligence, etc. etc.
Attracting new people to the RNTORES (whose number is now about 10,000 people) will lead to an intersectoral overflow of capital in the domestic economy, and will help to eliminate pettiness and scientific provincialism even in such scientific centers as Moscow, St. Petersburg and Nizhny Novgorod. A new impetus in the development of RNTORES will lead to the return of the old asset to its regional organizations (we recall that by the beginning of the 90s of the last century, 800,000 people were in the ranks of RNTORES).
TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM OF THE ELEMENT BASE? HIGH HUMANITARIAN TECHNOLOGIES ARE NEEDED!
First of all, RNTORES can and should solve the problem of the element base of domestic radio electronics, which has become a headache for Russian high-tech over the past decades.
Despite repeated targeted attempts by the industry management to improve the situation in this area, the situation remains far from a satisfactory state - see, for example, the article by Yu. I. Borisov “Today, domestic radio electronics is growing. However, at the current pace of development of the industry, Russia’s lagging behind the West is inevitable” in the military-industrial complex No. 14 for 2007. And the point here, in our opinion, is not the severe lack of modern technological equipment and lack of funding, but in the personnel problem, which consists in the absence of active people in the industry. It is thanks to the branched network structure of RNTORES that the problem of recreating the element base of domestic radio electronics can first be discussed by the radio physical community at round tables at numerous forums of the Society, and then brought to a practical solution, taking into account the specific features of the economy of the radio electronic complex in "microelectronic" regions of Russia: St. Petersburg, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod and Novosibirsk.
In order for the updated RNTORES to quickly reorient itself to solving burning problems such as "great challenges", it is necessary best practices pre-training and retraining of specialists. Modern technologies high-hume allow you to spend only a few months on the retraining process (. However, it is quite possible to start these procedures using the funds already available.
The development of technical sciences in the 21st century will be characterized by the expansion of the penetration of methods of theoretical physics and pure mathematics into the applied sphere, which will be reflected in the convergence of polytechnic and university types of education. The physical and mathematical culture of engineering and technical workers will increase dramatically. Appropriate integral courses for students of technical universities will appear. When preparing these courses, the computer mathematics systems MATLAB and Mathematica must be used. This will make it possible to transfer all routine computational work (including symbolic calculations) to a computer, improve the assimilation of the material using the excellent capabilities of 2D and 3D visualization of these packages, and in the future return to the developments of the school of Academician V. M. Glushko in the field of computer algebra (language "Analyst", etc.), destroyed by the late Soviet scientific and technical bureaucracy from computer science.
FULLY ARMED WITH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES
Further, the capabilities of the modern information society in terms of videoconferencing will make it possible to attract well-known scientists from different cities of Russia to read these special courses. Videoconferencing is a technology that allows you to communicate with people who are at considerable distances as naturally as if they were attending a regular meeting in the same room. Videoconferencing saves time and money on flights and travel, and is therefore a powerful way to increase the efficiency of an organization.
Of course, even videoconferencing will never replace personal contacts, but they allow you to achieve a fundamentally new level of communication between specialists, sometimes separated by many thousands of kilometers. Indeed, according to well-known studies, telephone conversation only a tenth of the transmitted information can be transmitted. And in the case when it is possible to follow the gestures and facial expressions of the interlocutor, the efficiency of information transmission reaches 60%. The network of video conference rooms in the regional offices of RNTORES will allow not only to hold seminars, but also to show presentations in real time, connect to major international and national conferences, organize distance defense of dissertations, hold meetings within the university complex, and develop the concept of an open university and distance education.
POSSIBLE ACTION PROGRAM
Such a program may well start now, in the light of the decision of the meeting of the Maritime Board under the Government of the Russian Federation chaired by S. B. Ivanov dated March 28, 2007, on the advisability of holding organizational events in 2009 related to the celebration of the 150th anniversary of the birth of A. S. Popova. It is quite logical to equip RNTORES offices in Russian cities connected with the life and work of the radio inventor with such video-conference rooms: St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod and Yekaterinburg.
In conditions when the problem of creating the aerospace defense of the Russian Federation is buried in an interdepartmental quagmire, the whole complex of the above measures will make it possible to eliminate the boiling of our military-industrial complex specialists in their own juice, which will lead to the accelerated formation of the scientific and technical elite of the national defense industry of the 21st century. We are sure that the updated RNTORES named after. A. S. Popova will eclipse the achievements of the American Science Applications International Corporation and give Russia new Korolevs, Kurchatovs, Keldyshs and Kotelnikovs.
Bochkarev Taras Vladimirovich
In 2008 he graduated from the Moscow state institute international relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. Member of NRO NTORES them. A. S. Popova.
Ivashov Leonid Grigorievich
Retired Colonel General, President of the Academy of Geopolitical Problems, Doctor historical sciences, Professor.
He graduated from the Tashkent Higher Combined Arms Command School in 1964, the Military Academy named after M.V. Frunze in 1974. Service in the army - from the company commander to the deputy commander of a motorized rifle regiment. Since 1976 - Head of the Office of the USSR Minister of Defense Marshal of the Soviet Union D.F. Ustinov, since 1987 - Head of the Affairs Department of the USSR Ministry of Defense, in 1992-1996 - Secretary of the Council of Ministers of Defense of the CIS member states, in 1996-2001 - Head of the Main Directorate of International Military Cooperation of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. Has state awards of the USSR, Russia, Yugoslavia, Syria and other countries.
Rassadin Alexander Eduardovich
Coordinator of the joint scientific and educational programs of the NRO NTORES them. A. S. Popova, Associate Professor of the UIA.
In 1994 he graduated from the Nizhny Novgorod State University them. N. I. Lobachevsky with a degree in theoretical physics. Author over 40 scientific articles. Winner of nominal scholarships to them. V. I. Lenin and Yu. B. Khariton. He was awarded the medal of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences "For merits in the field of invention" named after. A. S. Popova.
Sham Nikolai Alekseevich
Retired Major General.
In 1963 he graduated from the Tula Technical Institute with a degree in cold working of metals by pressure. In 1968 he was called to the service of the state security agencies. He graduated from the Higher Courses of the KGB under the Council of Ministers of the USSR in Minsk and began to serve as an operative in the Orsk City Directorate of the KGB for Orenburg region. Since 1974 in the Central Office of the KGB of the USSR. From 1985 to 1991, deputy, then first deputy head of the 6th Directorate of the KGB of the USSR. In 1991 he became the last deputy chairman of the KGB of the USSR. In 1992, he retired for health reasons.
He was awarded the Order of the October Revolution, the Red Banner of Labor, the Badge of Honor of the League for Assistance to Defense Enterprises, and other state and departmental awards. He is an honorary member of the state security agencies. Member of NRO NTORES them. A. S. Popova.
The concept of "radio electronics" was formed as a result of combining the concepts of "radio engineering" and "electronics".
Radio engineering is a field of science that uses electromagnetic oscillations of the radio frequency range to transmit information over long distances.
Electronics is a field of science and technology that uses the phenomena of movement of electric charge carriers that occur in vacuum, gases, liquids and solids. The development of electronics made it possible to create the element base of radio electronics.
Consequently, radio electronics is the collective name for a number of areas of science and technology related to the transmission and transformation of information based on the use of radio frequency electromagnetic oscillations and waves; the main ones are radio engineering and electronics. Methods and means of radio electronics are used in most areas of modern technology and science.
The main stages in the development of radio electronics
Radio's birthday is May 7, 1895, when A.S. Popov demonstrated "a device for detecting and recording electrical vibrations." Independently of Popov, but later than him, Marconi at the end of 1895 repeated Popov's experiments on radiotelegraphy.
The invention of radio was a logical consequence of the development of science and technology. In 1831, M. Faraday discovered the phenomenon electromagnetic induction, in 1860-1865. J.K. Maxwell created the theory of the electromagnetic field and proposed a system of electrodynamic equations describing the behavior of the electromagnetic field. The German physicist G. Hertz in 1888 for the first time experimentally confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves, found a way to excite and detect them. The discovery in 1873 by W. Smith of the internal photoelectric effect and in 1887 by G. Hertz of the external photoelectric effect served as the basis for the technical development of photoelectric devices. The discoveries of these scientists have been prepared by many others.
At the same time, electronic technology was developing. In 1884, T. Edison discovered thermionic emission, and while Richardson was studying this phenomenon in 1901, cathode-ray tubes had already been created. The first electrovacuum device with a thermionic cathode - a diode - was developed by D.A. Fleming in 1904. in the UK and used to rectify high-frequency oscillations in a radio receiver. In 1905, Hell invented the gastron, 1906-1907. were marked by the creation in the USA by D. Forest of a three-electrode electrovacuum device, called the "triode". The functionality of the triode turned out to be extremely wide. It could be used in amplifiers and generators of electrical oscillations in a wide frequency range, frequency converters, etc. The first domestic triodes were made in 1914-1916. independently N.D. Papaleksi and M.A. Bonch-Bruevich. In 1919, V. Schottky developed a four-electrode vacuum device - a tetrode, wide practical use which began in the period 1924-1929. The work of I. Langmuir led to the creation of a five-electrode device - the pentode. Later, more complex and combined electronic devices appeared. Electronics and radio engineering merged into radio electronics.
By 1950-1955. was created and launched in mass production a number of electrovacuum devices capable of operating at frequencies up to the millimeter wave range. Advances in the development and production of electrovacuum devices made it possible already in the forties of the twentieth century to create quite complex radio engineering systems.
The constant complication of the tasks solved by radio-electronic systems required an increase in the number of electrovacuum devices used in the equipment. The development of semiconductor devices began somewhat later. In 1922 O.V. Losev discovered the possibility of generating electrical oscillations in a circuit with a semiconductor diode. A great contribution to the theory of semiconductors at the initial stage was made by Soviet scientists A.F. Ioffe, B.P. Davydov, V.E. Loksharev.
Interest in semiconductor devices increased sharply after in 1948-1952. in the laboratory of the Bell-Telephone company under the direction of W.B. Shockley created the transistor. In an unprecedentedly short time, mass production of transistors was launched in all industrialized countries.
From the late 50's - early 60's. radio electronics becomes mostly semiconductor. The transition from discrete semiconductor devices to integrated circuits, containing up to tens to hundreds of thousands of transistors per square centimeter of the substrate area and being complete functional units, has further expanded the possibilities of radio electronics in the technical implementation of the most complex radio engineering complexes. Thus, the improvement of the element base has led to the possibility of creating equipment capable of solving virtually any problems in the field of scientific research, engineering, technology, etc. .
The value of radio electronics in the life of modern man
Radio electronics is an important tool in communication and communication technology. Life modern society is unthinkable without the exchange of information, which is carried out with the help of modern radio electronics. It is used in radio communication systems, broadcasting and television, radar and radio navigation, radio control and radio telemetry, medicine and biology, industry and space projects. AT modern world TVs, radios, computers, spaceships and supersonic aircraft.
It should be noted the huge role of radio equipment in the study of the atmosphere, near-Earth space, planets solar system, near and far space. Recent advances in the exploration of the solar system, planets and their satellites is a clear confirmation.