Moscow State University of Printing Arts. Units of measurement used in printing industry Printing unit
For planning and accounting of publishing products developed its own system of measurement values. It is used in determining the quantitative indicators of output, in thematic and production-financial planning, in planning and accounting for cost and face value, in planning the staff of the main (production) categories of editorial and publishing workers, in determining the need for paper and binding materials, in settlements with printing enterprises and for accounting and statistical purposes.
Units of measurement of publishing products according to their purpose are divided into units of measurement: 1) publishing assortment and circulation; 2) volume of the publication; 3) listing of publishing products.
Absolute values. The quantitative side of publishing work is characterized by the following indicators: the range of publications, volume, circulation and listing of publications.
Under the publishing range refers to the number of publications issued by the publishing house for a certain period. On the scale of the publishing industry as a whole, the range is understood as the total number of publications issued by all publishing houses for a certain period.
The publication is understood as a work of printing, printed independently designed, passed editorial and publishing processing, having the established output information and intended for the transfer of information contained in it (output information in publishing products - a set of data characterizing the publication and intended for its design, informing consumers , bibliographic processing and statistical accounting).
Editions are divided into new and repeated.
A new edition for each publisher is considered to be the edition that is issued by him for the first time, or, if it was previously published by him, is issued in new edition or in a new artistic and technical design, different from the previous one.
Re-edition, or re-edition, is the release of a previously published work (except for the cases indicated above) with the obligatory calculation of the previous circulation. If the name is published in a single edition simultaneously in different printing houses or at different times in one or in different printing houses, then each such issue is called a "publishing plant". In these cases, along with a single circulation, the release data indicate ordinal thousands of copies of the printed issue (for example, 150,001 - 250,000 copies).
To characterize published literature, its actual novelty is important, and not only the novelty of publications from the point of view of publishing accounting. Therefore, we should talk about new works that were published for the first time, and about reprints.
New works are divided into original, if they are published for the first time in the language in which they were created, and translated ones.
A copy is understood as each separate, independent unit of a given publication - books, brochures, one issue of a magazine.
Usually all copies of the same publication are identical, but sometimes a part of the circulation is issued in a different design, on better paper or in binding. In this case, such parts of the circulation are not considered separate editions.
Circulation is the total number of copies of the same publication.
The total circulation of books and brochures for a given publishing house is the sum of the circulations of all book products issued by it for a certain period.
The total circulation of the book production of the Russian Federation or a constituent entity of the federation for a certain period is made up of the sum of the total circulations of the book of brochures issued by publishing houses located on the territory of the Russian Federation or a constituent entity of the federation.
Volume units are printed, author's and publishing (or accounting and publishing) sheets.
A printed sheet is a unit of measurement for the volume of a printed publication. There are "physical" printed sheets and given (conditional). A physical printed sheet is equal to half a paper sheet of standard sizes or close to them. Since standard paper sheets differ from each other in area, to determine the total volume of publishing products, a conditional indicator of volume is used - a printed sheet reduced to a format of 60x90 cm, which serves as an accounting unit.
The unit of measurement of a printed sheet is a printed sheet of 60x90 cm format, printed on one side. Volumes of printed works printed on paper of other standard sizes are brought to this accounting unit by means of coefficients. The coefficient determines the ratio of the area of one side of the paper sheet on which printing was made to the area of the accounting unit, equal to 5400 cm 2
Publishing houses and printing companies keep records of printed products in physical terms: a) by individual paper formats, considering a printed sheet equal to half a paper sheet; b) by the total volume of publishing products in the given accounting units in terms of the 60x90 cm format.
In the final data for each type of publishing products, the volume is indicated in conditional printed sheets, i.e. reduced to the format 60x90 cm.
With one-sided printing, iso-editions are taken into account and planned in paper sheets.
The sum of the volumes of all publications in printed sheets issued by the publisher for a certain period forms the total volume of publications in printed sheets.
Since the capacity of the printed sheet, i.e. number of characters per sheet varies depending on the paper sheet format and technical design publications, the volume in printed sheets cannot express the actual volume of the material contained in the book. Therefore, to determine the actual volume of material in the book, other meters are used. As such meters, the author's sheet and the publisher's sheet are taken.
Publishing, or accounting and publishing sheet, is a unit of measurement of the volume of all material printed in the book, both created by the author and placed in the book by the publisher.
Thus, the volume of a printed work, calculated in the publisher's lists, is made up of the volumes of: a) the author's text and illustration material; b) other text material; c) non-author's graphic material.
Other textual material includes: table of contents, epigraphs, dedication, editorial notes and prefaces, annotations, text placed on the title, cover or binding, title, as well as graduation data, which in total are taken as 1000 characters, column numbers, counting each as 0 ,5 lines, and with a movable header - per line, etc.
Both the author's sheet and the publisher's sheet are equal to 40 thousand printed characters. A printed character is understood as visible characters (letters, numbers, punctuation marks, etc.) and spaces between words. An incomplete end string is considered complete. 700 lines of a poetic work are equated to the publisher's sheet. The volume of graphic material is calculated by the area of the rectangle in which this figure can be inscribed in the finished publication; the volume occupied by graphic material includes graphic intros and endings. Blank turns in deposits, inserts, etc. are not taken into account. One publishing sheet is equal to 3000 cm 2 of the area of graphic material.
To determine the number of publisher's sheets of a particular edition, it is necessary to divide the total number of counted characters of all printed text material (poems are counted separately) by 40 thousand and add to the result the volume of graphic and poetic material counted in the publisher's sheets.
The publishing sheet is also a unit of measure for the volume of work of publishing workers of the main categories: editors, technical editors and proofreaders. It is also a costing measure of the cost of publishing products. Based on 1 ed. sheet, separate publishing expenses are planned, depending on the volume of publications, the denominations of book, musical and visual publications are set.
The sum of the volumes in the publisher's lists of all editions of books published by the publisher for a certain period is called the total volume in the publisher's lists. It characterizes the volume of editorial work of the publishing house for the production of products.
An idea of the scale of the work of the publishing house is also given by the general listing of the released products.
The unit of measure for a page is a sheet-print. The listing of a given edition is determined by multiplying its volume by the circulation.
The sum of the pages of publications issued by a publishing house for a certain period is the total page, or the publisher's mass (the total number of sheets, prints), in printed or publishing sheets, prints.
According to the total page length in printed sheets reduced to the 60x90 cm format, the publishing house determines the amount of paper (tonnage) required for issuing publications (based on the average weight of 1 million sheets-prints); by the number of printed sheets-impressions - determines the load of the printing and stitching shops of printing houses, pays off with printing houses for printing publications.
Based on 1 ed. sheet-print (unit of publishing page) or 100 ed. printing sheets, publishing costs are planned, depending on the circulation, and the total cost of production is calculated.
As mentioned above, the capacity of a printed sheet (the number of printed characters in it) is not a constant value. It depends on the format of the dialing strip, the font size, on the size of the spaces in the dialing strip, and some other factors. Therefore, in a book of the same printed volume, there may be more or less publisher's sheets.
To determine the capacity of a printed sheet of a given book, it is necessary to multiply its volume in publisher's sheets by 40 thousand and divide by the number of printed sheets of the book.
By dividing the volume of the book in publisher's sheets by its volume in printed sheets, you can determine the volume of the book in publisher's sheets, and vice versa.
Average values. The absolute values do not fully reveal the nature of book production and trends in the publishing of books by publishing houses in the Russian Federation. Average values come to the rescue - average volumes and average circulations. They give an idea of the state with the release of individual groups of publications and their development. Average values are used in publishing houses in planning and cost analysis, in printing companies - to calculate the load of shops.
Mean values are arithmetic mean and weighted mean. The first are established by the range of publications, the second - by the publishing mass. The assortment averages include the average volume and average circulation of a publication, the average values for the publishing weight include the average volume of a book copy and the average circulation of one sheet.
To determine the average volume of a publication in printed or publisher's sheets, it is necessary to divide the total volume of all publications - respectively in printed or publisher's sheets - by the number of publications.
To determine the average circulation of one publication, you need to divide the total circulation of all publications by the number of publications.
To get the average circulation of one sheet, you need to divide the total page in printed or publishing sheets-prints by the corresponding total volume of all publications.
Of practical importance are also the indicators of the average capacity of the printed sheet (capacity by assortment) and the average capacity of the printed sheet-print.
The first indicator is derived by multiplying the total volume of the assortment in publishing lists by 40 thousand and dividing the result by the total printed volume.
According to the average capacity of the printed sheet (provided that the formats of the printed sheets of all editions of the range are first reduced to the main one - 60x90 cm), one can judge the degree of cost-effectiveness of the design of the publication. By dividing the total volume of the assortment in the publisher's sheets by the total printed volume, the average coefficient of the capacity of the printed sheet is obtained. It is used to convert publishing volumes of books into printed ones, and vice versa.
The average capacity of a printed sheet is determined by multiplying the total publishing page by 40,000 and dividing the result by the total printed page.
The average print sheet capacity factor is used when planning and analyzing paper costs and print run costs.
Average values can be expressed by the following relationships:
The unit of measure for color printing is the ink run. An ink run is called each contact of a sheet with a printing plate in the process of printing; sheet pass - each pass of the sheet in the printing machine, regardless of how many colors the sheet receives per pass. To determine the average color of publications, it is necessary to divide the total number of ink runs of all publications by the number of sheet passes.
A paint run is also called a paint print.
To determine the volume of one copy book edition in the ink prints, it is necessary to add the number of ink prints of all printed sheets of the text of the publication, printed with the main ink (usually black) and printed with additional (color) inks (in excess of the main one), and the number of ink prints: inserts, inlays and capes, covers, dust jackets, printed flyleaf, stickers on type 5 binding cover, all-paper cover for type 7 binding cover.
The volume of the publication is determined in conditional ink prints reduced to the format of 60x90 cm.
101. Planning in the publishing house: goals, types of plans.
Thematic plan is the basis of publishing activity .
The thematic plan consists of a list of titles of literary and other printed works that should be released within a certain period. Of the variety of possible topics, the plan includes the most important and relevant.
In the thematic planning of the release of publications, the creative and organizational nature of publishing activity is most manifested. Forming thematic plans through literary orders to authors, publishing houses thereby actively influence the creation of new literature, its development and direction. At the same time, covering in new literary works the most hot topics, they form the interests of readers.
The thematic plan includes literature that meets the profile of this publishing house - the needs and interests of the contingent of readers that it serves.
Thematic plans of typified publishing houses include works belonging to one kind or type of literature or designed for a certain category of readers.
The thematic plans of the typified publishing houses of the subjects of the federation provide for the release of works of special, sectoral literature, which are mainly related to the development of the national economy and culture of the subject.
The thematic plans of universal publishing houses include works of different types of literature, and its composition and nature are determined depending on who the publishing house serves: the population of the entire subject of the federation or a certain part of it, from the national composition of the indigenous population, from the economic profile of the area (zone) it serves.
The thematic plans of universal publishing houses that serve the population of the entire subject of the federation with books cover different types of literature in terms of content, purpose and readership. A large volume of them is occupied by socio-political literature, works fiction(classics and modern writers); special attention is paid to books on the subject's national economy; much space is given to production literature directly related to agriculture and industry of the subject, books about the economy, about advanced methods of labor and organization of production.
Regional publishing houses include in their thematic plans works of predominantly local significance: works of socio-political, industrial-technical, agricultural and artistic (including for children) literature, mainly by local authors. Regional publishing houses also publish popular science brochures and local history works. Basically, the thematic plan of local publishing houses includes works aimed at raising the local economy and culture, highlighting the work of local party bodies and public organizations. as well as in Russian, in some publishing houses and in other languages.
Types and structure of thematic plans for the release of literature
Thematic planning in publishing houses provides for the preparation of a long-term thematic plan for the release of literature, a plan for editorial and preparatory work, and on their basis - an annual thematic plan for the release of literature of the publishing house.
promising thematic planning defines the main directions for 3 - 5 years.
A promising thematic plan of the publishing house is compiled according to the enlarged thematic sections and subsections of the literature. It includes works already ordered to authors, themes of works for which the publishing house will involve authors, reprints of multi-volume collected works, selected works of fiction, scientific works, reference books, textbooks, works of fiction, as well as other publications that require creation, editing, printing performance for a long time.
In the prospective thematic plan for the release of literature, the surname of the author (compiler, translator), the name of the topic or work, the language of publication, the approximate volume of the work in the author's sheets, the circulation of the publication, the number of printed sheets, prints, the state of the work at the time the plan was developed and the year of publication are indicated. . In the absence of specific data, the surname of the author and the title of the work are not indicated.
On the basis of a perspective thematic plan, publishing houses draw up an internal publishing plan for editorial and preparatory work (abbreviated as a plan for editing). It includes author's proposals and publications planned for release on topical issues according to the profile of the publisher. These are the works that the publisher will work on in the planned year in order to ensure their release in the main year following the planned one.
The number of publications in terms of preparatory work should be greater than in the annual thematic plan for publishing literature (up to 130%). This is explained by the fact that it is necessary to create a rolling stock of publications for the next year.
The plan for the movement of portfolios (stocks of literary material) helps to determine the normal volume of the redeployment plan in publishing lists.
The plan of editorial and preparatory work is drawn up for three sections of publications: 1) books and brochures; 2) periodicals; 3) art publications, music, cartographic and other printed works. The first section "Books and brochures" is divided into three subsections: a) own publications; b) joint; c) custom editions. Subsections are formed according to the intended purpose of publications (scientific, educational, reference, etc.).
Joint publications are such publications that are prepared for release and issued by mutual agreement by two or more publishing houses, and not only domestic, but also foreign publishing houses can be accomplices of the release. The text in the editions is the same. Ownership of the publication is established by agreement.
A custom edition is a work produced by a publishing house on the order of another organization under a contract, and the customer provides custom editions with paper and reimburses the publisher for all actual costs associated with the publication of publications, as well as profit in the contractual amount. The publishing house, along with the customer, is responsible for the ideological and scientific content of custom-made publications.
In necessary cases, the publishing house, by agreement with the customer and the bookselling organization, may transfer part of the circulation of the ordered edition in the prescribed manner for sale through the bookselling network.
Custom editions may have a wholesale price.
The second section of the plan - " Periodicals» - includes publications with a fixed periodicity of release (magazines).
The editorial plan provides the same information (indicators) about publications as in perspective plan and, in addition, along with the surname of the author, his profession, position, place of work, academic degree, title, surname of the compiler or translator are indicated, a brief annotation is given for each edition.
When forming a preparatory plan, it is necessary to take into account the economic results for each planned publication.
The annual thematic plan for the release of publications is formed on the basis of the plan of preparatory work.
The annual thematic release plan is the basis of the current activities of the publishing house. It serves as the basis for planning the production and economic activities of the publishing house.
It includes only those works that will be published in the planned year.
The annual thematic release plan consists of the same sections and subsections as the preparatory plan: its subsections are also formed according to the types of literature. On top of this, separate columns show whether the publication is original or translated, along with the printed page of each publication - the number of publisher's sheets, the estimated quarter of the publication of the publication, the financial result.
Operational planning in the publishing house
Tasks of operational planning
The main task of operational planning in a publishing house is to regulate the timing of the implementation of the release plan for publications by subject and quantitative indicators. Operational planning is aimed at regulating the timing of the implementation of plans for individual processes and operations of the editorial work and the work of the production department of the publishing house, to identify and eliminate the reasons that interfere with planned work, to correct the progress of work to ensure the fulfillment of obligations under contracts with printing companies and bookselling organizations on time.
For operational planning, a well-established organization of work accounting and daily monitoring of the implementation of plans are necessary.
As a result of accounting for work and monitoring the implementation operational plans the management of the publishing house gets the opportunity to timely identify violations in the work of individual editorial offices and the production department and take measures to restore the normal situation.
Operational planning should be thematic and cover the main processes of creating a book, from the conclusion of an agreement with the author to the delivery of the circulation by the printing house, inclusive.
Production and delivery plan
The basis for all calculations of the intra-publishing plan are the quantitative indicators of the release and delivery plan. Released products are products, the first batch of which is handed over to a bookselling organization or other customer. At the same time, in the fulfillment of the release and delivery plan, only the number of publications and the volume in the publisher's lists of the delivered products are counted for the first batch, and the circulation and number of sheets-prints - according to their actually delivered number for the reporting period.
In terms of production and delivery of products, they are shown by their types and sections of literature. The quantitative indicators of the plan - the number of publications, the volume in the publisher's lists and the circulation for each group of products - must correspond to the final data of the thematic plan, taking into account journals; the number of printed sheets-prints (reduced to the format of 60x90 cm) must correspond to the page of the release plan for all publications of the publishing house, approved by the parent organization.
The plan highlights free products as well as bindings. This is due to the fact that the general publishing cost plan is calculated separately for products without binding and for bindings, and the nominal value is calculated for marketable products.
Along with absolute quantitative indicators, average values are given in the plan: the average object of books and brochures in publisher's sheets, the average circulation of a publisher's sheet, the coefficient of capacity of a printed sheet-imprint of the 60x90 cm format. These values are control and serve to analyze the plan.
An important requirement in the preparation of both a plan for the release and delivery of products, and other plans and calculations of the intra-publishing plan is a single grouping of publishing products for all. All products are divided into editions:
1) own, with the allocation of their most important types - educational literature, literature in foreign languages, albums, postcards, etc.; 2) customized. Within these types of publications are grouped:
a) book production - by sections and types of literature, adopted in the thematic plan, with a division into series - publications that are similar in subject matter, artistic and technical design and printing performance; such a grouping achieves the unification of homogeneous publications and in economic terms;
b) magazines - in this plan they are shown separately for each title;
c) art publications - by type: albums, paintings, posters, postcards, etc. - and within each type - by series;
d) musical editions - according to the corresponding types of musical works (textbooks and manuals with notes refer to books).
Labor plan
The composition of the labor plan
In order to determine the number of publishing workers necessary to carry out the planned volume of work for the year, as well as the total cost of payments to all persons who participated in the work of the publishing house, it draws up a labor plan.
The labor plan includes the following indicators: 1) the number of employees; 2) average salary; 3) the payroll fund of the payroll (staff) and non-payroll staff.
Calculation of the number of employees
Full-time publishing workers can be divided into three categories:
The first is editorial staff who are directly involved in the work on copyright and publishing originals. These include: editors, technical and art editors, proofreaders, cameramen, junior editors;
The second group consists of editorial workers who, along with editorial and production functions, perform managerial functions: heads of editorial offices, artistic design department, technical editorial office, proofreading department, original preparation department, original layout preparation areas, graphic department, photographic laboratory, typography, publishers.
In publishing practice, publishing workers of these two categories are called editorial and production workers;
The third category - employees of the publishing house management apparatus: the management of the publishing house (director, editor-in-chief and his deputies, deputy director, chief artist), employees of the accounting department, planning and economic department, supply departments, personnel, advertising and distribution, administrative and production departments (except included in the first two categories).
The number of junior service personnel (cleaners, cloakroom attendants, etc.) is established on the basis of special norms for each profession.
Editorial and production workers are divided, in turn, into workers with standardized work and non-standardized. The former include: editors, technical editors, proofreaders.
The number of main editorial and production workers depends on many factors: the volume of output in the publisher's lists, the nature and complexity of the published publications, the qualifications of employees, the volume and content of the publishing portfolio, the organization of the marketing system, etc.
The number of staff units of editors, technical editors, proofreaders is determined for each year by dividing the total number of accounting and publishing sheets of the release plan by the corresponding annual workload rates for these employees (taking into account vacation time).
It is important for a publishing house to independently set the estimated loading standards for its editors, technical editors and proofreaders, based on the complexity of the published publications, the qualifications and experience of the employees.
The number of core employees is usually 70 - 80% of the total number of employees in the publishing house. Therefore, having determined the number of key employees, it is possible to predict the number of administrative and managerial employees.
Many years of experience in publishing shows that under all circumstances, the publishing house needs the following key employees: a marketing specialist, a production specialist (printer and electronics engineer), a resource specialist (paper and binding materials), an artist (designer, designer) and, of course, an editor, a technical editor and proofreader.
The listed specialists may be on staff or perform their duties under an agreement with the publisher. There are no recommended combinations here, it all depends on the type of publishing house and its tasks, on the capabilities of the specialists who work in the state, and on their versatility. But there is a tendency: the more complex the published editions, the more necessary in the publishing house is a universal editor, a professional artist and a good production worker.
Especially noteworthy is the sharply increased role of the editor in the work of the publishing house, now a lot depends on it. In addition to the traditional duties of “finishing” a book for print, he now needs to master the basics of marketing, understand economics and have a good feel for the subject.
Salaries of publishing workers
The main form of remuneration in publishing houses is time-based. The wages of editorial and publishing workers are established in accordance with the official salaries adopted in the publishing house. The size of official salaries in different publishing houses is different, higher salaries - in commercial publishing houses, lower - in state ones.
Publishing houses have been given the right to establish a piecework form of payment for certain categories of workers (for technical editors, proofreaders, PC operators, etc.). Publishers can also set higher monthly salaries for highly skilled workers (artists, photographers, etc.). Higher wages are received by specialists with an academic degree, and workers who own foreign languages and apply these skills in daily practice.
In addition to wages, publishing houses introduced a bonus system for publishing workers to increase their interest in improving the quality of published publications.
The indicators, conditions and amounts of bonuses are regulated by the publishing house in a special regulation. The regulation is approved by the director of the publishing house in agreement with the trade union of the organization.
Based organizational structure publishing house, in accordance with the states of the editorial and publishing staff and the salary scheme, the publishing house draws up a staffing table.
The annual wage fund is determined by multiplying the monthly fund by 12 and the coefficient taking into account absenteeism for sick leave. The calculation is made according to the formula
FZP (year) \u003d FZP (month) * 12 * k,
where FZP year is the annual payroll fund, thousand rubles; FZP month - monthly fund wages, thousand rubles; k - coefficient taking into account absence from work on sick leave (k = 0.97 - 0.98).
Paper and Binding Materials Plan
Paper requirement calculation
For the release of printed materials, the publishing house must have a certain amount and assortment of paper and binding materials. The need for them is calculated based on the plans for the release and delivery of products. At the same time, they are guided by the plan for the artistic and technical design of publications or the data of the “Standard Documentation Regulating the Production Relations between the Publishing House and Printing Enterprises for the Implementation of the Thematic Plan”.
The need for paper is calculated by types of products, sections of literature, editions or series, respectively, the grouping of publications adopted in the plans for the release and delivery of products, but with greater detail: with a breakdown of publications within types of products and sections of literature by grades (names), numbers and by weight of 1 m 2 paper (separately sheet and role). The calculation is carried out separately -
a) books, art publications, notes and other publications;
b) on inserts, tabs and cards;
c) on the cover, dust jacket and flyleaf -
in printed sheets, reprints reduced to 60x90 cm, and in square meters or in tonnage (usually in tonnage).
The need for paper is determined taking into account the norms of paper waste for the technical needs of production (typesetting, printing, binding and stitching shops).
To determine the need for paper for inserts, tabs need to be set how many times each of them will fit in one paper sheet of a given size. So, for a two-strip pasting in 1/16 of a sheet, paper sheets will be required 16 times less than the circulation. The flyleaf of an edition of the same format will require 4 times less paper sheets (two bookends in the book). When calculating the paper for the cover, you need to take into account the thickness of the spine of the book, and for the dust jacket, in addition, the dimensions of the flaps.
Publishing houses plan the need for paper in different ways. Some calculate paper for each edition separately, others - for groups of homogeneous publications, for series as a whole, using average paper consumption rates (taking into account waste for production needs) according to the report of the previous year, if the planned serial publications do not differ sharply from last year, especially by circulation.
To determine the mass of paper, the counted number of printed sheets, prints, including waste, is multiplied by the consumption rate in tons of 1 million sheets of prints of paper of a given size and a mass of 1 m 2.
The mass of 1 million printed sheets in tons (B) is determined by the formula
B \u003d (MxP) / (2x10 LLC), where M is the mass of 1 m 2 of paper, g; I am square 1 boom. sheet, cm 2.
When drawing up an industrial financial plan, it is recommended to calculate the need for paper according to the aggregated paper consumption rates approved by the USSR State Committee for Publishing. They are set taking into account the norms of waste for the technical needs of production in tons per 1 million printed sheets of prints in the format 60x90 cm.
In cases where publications are issued for which paper consumption is not provided for by the consolidated norms, or when the publisher makes planned estimates for each publication, as well as dust jackets, paper consumption is calculated based on the need for the publication, taking into account the waste rates for the technical needs of production.
Calculation of the need for binding materials
Binding materials included in the industrial financial plan include:
a) stickers on the covers of solid paper and compound bindings;
b) cardboard for binding covers;
c) bookbinding fabrics (endpapers are taken into account in the calculation of paper requirements for publications without bindings).
Calculation of paper for stickers on composite and all-paper bindings is made based on the number of bindings, format, name (grade) and weight of 1 m 2 of paper, taking into account paper consumption for folding and for all-paper bindings - spine thickness - and from the consumption rate in sheets or linear meters per 1000 books. The need for paper for stickers is determined in tons or in thousands of square meters (including waste for the technical needs of production).
The calculation of the need for cardboard is carried out separately by types of binding covers, by brand and thickness of cardboard and based on the consumption rate in sheets per thousand books (including waste for technical production needs).
The need for cardboard is calculated as follows. First, the number of sheets for the planned number of bindings is determined. Since each binding cover consists of two sides, the number of sheets of cardboard (K) is equal to the number of bindings (77) times two and divided by the number of sides cut from one sheet of this size (C):
K \u003d (Px2): C.
To determine the total mass of cardboard, multiply the resulting number of sheets of cardboard given size per sheet weight (in m 2). The mass of 1 m 2 of cardboard in grams is
where in - bulk density, g / cm 3; d - cardboard thickness, cm.
The need for binding fabrics is calculated per running footage. The calculation is carried out for 1000 bindings separately for each type of binding fabric (calico, lederin, etc.), taking into account its width, and also according to the consumption rates of materials at printing enterprises.
Binding fabric consumption rates in running meters for the manufacture of spines of compound bindings and for full-textile bindings depend on the thickness of the book block, i.e. on the number of notebooks in the block, as well as on the format of the edition and the width of the fabrics.
When choosing cardboard formats and widths of fabrics, they proceed from the format of the publication. The most economical are such cardboard formats and such fabric widths that give the least waste when cutting for the manufacture of covers (folders).
The need for paper and binding materials is calculated using the same formula as the cost of them.
Publishing house financial plan
The financial plan is developed on the basis of other sections of the plan. In turn, the development of a financial plan has a significant impact on the formation of a cost plan, the use of material and other resources. When drawing up a financial plan, the existing reserves of production must certainly be taken into account, since it establishes tasks for improving the use of resources and increasing the profitability of production. Therefore, before developing a financial plan, it is necessary to comprehensively analyze the available reporting and other materials on the implementation of the production plan and product sales.
financial planning can be long-term and current. Financial forecasts show the expected level of development of the publishing house, determine the financial guidelines of the enterprise and its capital needs. Current financial plans are drawn up for the year, broken down by quarters or months. The current plan determines the annual income, the amount of profit, the order of receipt Money and order of expenses. To develop a financial plan, calculation financial indicators various methods are used: normative, calculation-analytical, method of assessing fluctuations cash flows, balance.
Structure of the financial plan
The financial plan is drawn up in the form of a balance of income and expenses, which expresses in monetary terms the results of economic and financial activities, relationships with the budget, banks, etc. The financial plan (balance of income and expenses) of the publishing house consists of four sections: income and receipts, expenses and deductions, credit relationships, relationships with the budget. The amount of planned income and expenses is determined on the basis of reasonable calculations that are made for each balance sheet item.
In the section "Income and receipts of funds" income is reflected in the form of profit, depreciation, other internal income of the publisher, as well as various kinds of receipts from external sources. As part of the profit, the main part is occupied by the profit from the sale marketable products. The total balance sheet profit of the enterprise includes profit from the sale of other products and non-operating income (losses). Depreciation planning is carried out for each type or group of fixed assets listed on the balance sheet of the enterprise. The amount of depreciation charges is determined by multiplying the average annual value of these funds by the corresponding rates of depreciation charges.
The section “Expenses and deductions of funds” provides for centralized capital investments, costs for overhaul, the cost of increasing the norm of own working capital, losses from the operation of housing and communal services, expenses for the maintenance of buildings and structures, deductions for the formation of economic incentive funds, expenses for research and development, training and bonuses to employees for the creation and implementation new technology, for financial assistance, other expenses and deductions.
1. Income and receipts of funds.
1.1. Profit from the sale of products, works, services.
1.2. Profit from other sales (fixed assets, other assets).
1.3. Planned non-operating income, including:
Income from equity participation in the authorized capital of other enterprises;
Income received from securities;
Income from keeping funds in deposit accounts with banks and other financial and credit institutions;
Income from the rental of property.
1.4. Depreciation deductions for the full restoration of fixed assets and intangible assets.
1.5. Receipts of funds from other enterprises.
2. Expenses and deductions of funds.
2.1. Taxes paid out of profits (by types of taxes).
2.2. Distribution net profit, including:
For accumulation (by directions of use);
For consumption (by directions of use).
2.3. Long-term investment (by form of investment), including:
Due to depreciation deductions;
At the expense of other sources of financing (by types of sources).
2.4. Other expenses.
To ensure the full interconnection of the financial plan items and determine the final relationship with the state budget, upon completion of the calculation of the balance of income and expenses (in the form of an appendix to it), a check (chessboard) table is drawn up, in which sources of financing are given horizontally (reflected in the subsection “Revenues and receipts ”, and vertically - expense items (from the subsection “Expenses and deductions”), equivalent in total amount by the end.
Thus, the balance of income and expenses (financial plan) of the publishing house practically reflects a wide range of financial relations of the enterprise with the state, the financial and credit system, and with other enterprises and organizations. Because how economically justified financial plan and how it is carried out, largely depends on the position of the publisher, its financial stability, timely fulfillment of obligations for payments to the budget, settlements with suppliers and other costs provided for by the plan.
3.Units of measurement of publishing products
Quantitative units of measurement of publishing products
For planning and accounting of publishing products developed its own system of measurement values. It is used in determining the quantitative indicators of output, in thematic and production-financial planning, in planning and accounting for cost and face value, in planning the staff of the main (production) categories of editorial and publishing workers, in determining the need for paper and binding materials, in settlements with printing enterprises and for accounting and statistical purposes.
Units of measurement of publishing products according to their purpose are divided into units of measurement: 1) publishing assortment and circulation; 2) volume of the publication; 3) listing of publishing products.
Absolute values. The quantitative side of publishing work is characterized by the following indicators: the range of publications, volume, circulation and listing of publications.
Under publishing assortment refers to the number of publications issued by the publishing house for a certain period. On the scale of the publishing industry as a whole, the range is understood as the total number of publications issued by all publishing houses for a certain period.
Under publication means a work of printing that has been printed independently, has undergone editorial and publishing processing, has established output information and is intended to convey the information contained in it (output information in publishing products is a set of data characterizing the publication and intended for its design, informing consumers, bibliographic processing and statistical accounting).
Editions are divided into new and repeated.
new edition for each publishing house, such an edition is considered that it issues for the first time, or, if it was previously published by it, is issued in a new edition or in a new artistic and technical design that differs from the previous one.
reissue, or reissue, the release of a previously published work is considered (except for the cases indicated above) with the obligatory calculation of the previous circulation. If the name is published in a single edition simultaneously in different printing houses or at different times in one or in different printing houses, then each such issue is called a "publishing plant". In these cases, along with a single circulation, the release data indicate ordinal thousands of copies of the printed issue (for example, 150,001 - 250,000 copies).
To characterize published literature, its actual novelty is important, and not only the novelty of publications from the point of view of publishing accounting. Therefore, we should talk about new works that were published for the first time, and about reprints.
New works are divided into original, if they are first published in the language in which they are created, and transferable.
Under instance refers to each separate, independent unit of a given publication - books, brochures, one issue of a magazine.
Usually all copies of the same publication are identical, but sometimes a part of the circulation is issued in a different design, on better paper or in binding. In this case, such parts of the circulation are not considered separate editions.
Circulation is the total number of copies of the same publication.
General circulation books and brochures for a given publishing house is the sum of the circulations of all book products issued by it for a certain period.
The total circulation of the book production of the Russian Federation or a constituent entity of the federation for a certain period is made up of the sum of the total circulations of the book of brochures issued by publishing houses located on the territory of the Russian Federation or a constituent entity of the federation.
Volume units are printed, author's and publishing (or accounting and publishing) sheets.
printed sheet is a unit of measure for the volume of a printed publication. There are "physical" printed sheets and given (conditional). A physical printed sheet is equal to half a paper sheet of standard sizes or close to them. Since standard paper sheets differ from each other in area, to determine the total volume of publishing products, a conditional indicator of volume is used - a printed sheet reduced to a format of 60x90 cm, which serves as an accounting unit.
The unit of measurement of a printed sheet is a printed sheet of 60x90 cm format, printed on one side. Volumes of printed works printed on paper of other standard sizes are brought to this accounting unit by means of coefficients. The coefficient determines the ratio of the area of one side of the paper sheet on which printing was made to the area of the accounting unit, equal to 5400 cm 2
Publishing houses and printing companies keep records of printed products in physical terms: a) by individual paper formats, considering a printed sheet equal to half a paper sheet; b) by the total volume of publishing products in the given accounting units in terms of the 60x90 cm format.
In the final data for each type of publishing products, the volume is indicated in conditional printed sheets, i.e. reduced to the format 60x90 cm.
With one-sided printing, iso-editions are taken into account and planned in paper sheets.
The sum of the volumes of all publications in printed sheets issued by a publishing house for a certain period forms overall volume printed editions.
Since the capacity of the printed sheet, i.e. the number of characters per sheet varies depending on the format of the paper sheet and the technical design of the publication; the volume in printed sheets cannot express the actual volume of the material contained in the book. Therefore, to determine the actual volume of material in the book, other meters are used. As such meters, the author's sheet and the publisher's sheet are taken.
Publishing, or publishing sheet,- this is a unit of measurement of the volume of all material printed in the book, both created by the author and placed in the book by the publisher.
Thus, the volume of a printed work, calculated in the publisher's lists, is made up of the volumes of: a) the author's text and illustration material; b) other text material; c) non-author's graphic material.
Other textual material includes: table of contents, epigraphs, dedication, editorial notes and prefaces, annotations, text placed on the title, cover or binding, title, as well as graduation data, which in total are taken as 1000 characters, column numbers, counting each as 0 ,5 lines, and with a movable header - per line, etc.
Both the author's sheet and the publisher's sheet are equal to 40 thousand printed characters. A printed character is understood as visible characters (letters, numbers, punctuation marks, etc.) and spaces between words. An incomplete end string is considered complete. 700 lines of a poetic work are equated to the publisher's sheet. The volume of graphic material is calculated by the area of the rectangle in which this figure can be inscribed in the finished publication; the volume occupied by graphic material includes graphic intros and endings. Blank turns in deposits, inserts, etc. are not taken into account. One publishing sheet is equal to 3000 cm 2 of the area of graphic material.
To determine the number of publisher's sheets of a particular edition, it is necessary to divide the total number of counted characters of all printed text material (poems are counted separately) by 40 thousand and add to the result the volume of graphic and poetic material counted in the publisher's sheets.
The publishing sheet is also a unit of measure for the volume of work of publishing workers of the main categories: editors, technical editors and proofreaders. It is also a costing measure of the cost of publishing products. Based on 1 ed. sheet, separate publishing expenses are planned, depending on the volume of publications, the denominations of book, musical and visual publications are set.
The sum of the volumes in the publisher's lists of all editions of books published by the publisher for a certain period is called total volume in publisher's lists. It characterizes the volume of editorial work of the publishing house for the production of products.
An idea of the scale of the work of the publishing house is also given by general listing released products.
Page unit - print sheet. The listing of a given edition is determined by multiplying its volume by the circulation.
The sum of the pages of publications issued by a publishing house for a certain period is the total page, or the publisher's mass (the total number of sheets, prints), in printed or publishing sheets, prints.
According to the total page length in printed sheets reduced to the 60x90 cm format, the publishing house determines the amount of paper (tonnage) required for issuing publications (based on the average weight of 1 million sheets-prints); by the number of printed sheets-impressions - determines the load of the printing and stitching shops of printing houses, pays off with printing houses for printing publications.
Based on 1 ed. sheet-print (unit of publishing page) or 100 ed. printing sheets, publishing costs are planned, depending on the circulation, and the total cost of production is calculated.
As stated above, print sheet capacity(the number of printed characters in it) is not a constant value. It depends on the format of the dialing strip, the font size, on the size of the spaces in the dialing strip, and some other factors. Therefore, in a book of the same printed volume, there may be more or less publisher's sheets.
To determine the capacity of a printed sheet of a given book, it is necessary to multiply its volume in publisher's sheets by 40 thousand and divide by the number of printed sheets of the book.
By dividing the volume of the book in publisher's sheets by its volume in printed sheets, you can determine the volume of the book in publisher's sheets, and vice versa.
Average values. The absolute values do not fully reveal the nature of book production and trends in the publishing of books by publishing houses in the Russian Federation. Average values come to the rescue - average volumes and average circulations. They give an idea of the state with the release of individual groups of publications and their development. Average values are used in publishing houses in planning and cost analysis, in printing companies - to calculate the load of shops.
Average values are arithmetic and weighted averages. The first are established by the range of publications, the second - by the publishing mass. The assortment averages include the average volume and average circulation of a publication, the average values for the publishing weight include the average volume of a book copy and the average circulation of one sheet.
To determine average edition in printed or publishing sheets, it is necessary to divide the total volume of all publications - respectively in printed or publishing sheets - by the number of publications.
For determining average circulation of one edition you need to divide the total circulation of all publications by the number of publications.
To obtain average circulation of one sheet, you need to divide the total page in printed or publishing sheets-prints by the corresponding total volume of all publications.
Indicators are also of practical importance. medium-capacity printed sheet (capacity by assortment) and medium-capacity printed sheet.
The first indicator is derived by multiplying the total volume of the assortment in publishing lists by 40 thousand and dividing the result by the total printed volume.
According to the average capacity of the printed sheet (provided that the formats of the printed sheets of all editions of the range are first reduced to the main one - 60x90 cm), one can judge the degree of cost-effectiveness of the design of the publication. By dividing the total volume of the assortment in the publisher's sheets by the total printed volume, the average coefficient of the capacity of the printed sheet is obtained. It is used to convert publishing volumes of books into printed ones, and vice versa.
The average capacity of a printed sheet is determined by multiplying the total publishing page by 40,000 and dividing the result by the total printed page.
The average print sheet capacity factor is used when planning and analyzing paper costs and print run costs.
Average values can be expressed by the following relationships:
The unit of measure for color printing is paint run. An ink run is called each contact of a sheet with a printing plate in the process of printing; sheet pass- each pass of the sheet in the printing machine, regardless of how many colors the sheet receives per pass. For determining medium color editions, it is necessary to divide the total number of ink passes of all editions by the number of sheet passes.
The paint run is also called ink print.
To determine the volume of one copy of a book edition in ink prints, it is necessary to add up the number of ink prints of all printed sheets of the text of the publication printed with the main ink (usually black) and printed with additional (color) inks (in excess of the main one), and the number of ink prints: inserts, tabs and capes, covers, dust jacket, printed flyleaf, stickers on type 5 binding cover, all-paper covering for type 7 binding cover.
The volume of the publication is determined in conditional ink prints reduced to the format of 60x90 cm.
– statistical measuring instrument of printed products. A printed unit is considered to be each independently printed printed work: a book, brochure, newspaper, magazine, sheet printed matter, folded or unfolded. Each volume, issue, part of a work in all editions and reprints, translations and revisions is accepted as a printed unit (in the presence of independent printing design).
Watch value Printing Unit in other dictionaries
Unit- count
Synonym dictionary
Unit- and. one, the first one, and | the numeral sign expressing this number is 1; | any thing or object separately, taken by itself; any measure taken in this case to measure ........
Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
Unit- units, w. 1. figure representing the number one (1). || Mark, the lowest score in the value. "bad" (pre-revolutionary). The student received a unit in arithmetic. 2. trans. About someone who has ........
Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov
Unit- -s; and.
1. The first, smallest integer in ten; number 1 (one), denoting it. // Quantity equal to one. The number of the apartment turned out to be several units smaller than the one ........
Explanatory Dictionary of Kuznetsov
Printing Area- - the volume of a separate number of the periodic printed edition, including used to place advertising information.
Political vocabulary
Administrative-territorial Unit— - structural
part (
element) of the administrative-territorial structure. And those. do not have political independence and are in a certain subordination ........
Economic dictionary
business unit— - separately controlled
subdivision
complex, legally independent or dependent, fully or partially economically separate, responsible ........
Economic dictionary
Exchange Unit— See Transaction Unit
Economic dictionary
Excavation Unit- - a section of a mineral deposit with relatively homogeneous mining and geological conditions, the development of which is carried out by one development system ........
Economic dictionary
Currency unit- - legally established monetary
sign,
serving to measure and express the prices of all goods and services, which is an element of the monetary system.
Economic dictionary
Monetary Unit (Countries)- a banknote legally established in the country, the main element of the country's monetary system, which is a unit of monetary measurement. For example, a monetary unit ........
Economic dictionary
Monetary Unit of the State- Cm.
Unit of money of the state
Economic dictionary
European Currency Unit- - regional international accounting
the monetary unit used by member countries of the European Monetary System (EMS).
Economic dictionary
European Currency Unit (ECU)— currency
unit used in the European currency system. Ratio (
parity)
ECU with currencies of other countries is determined based on the fact that the ECU serves ........
Economic dictionary
European Currency Unit - Ecu- EUROPEAN CURRENCY UNIT `Basket` from certain currency components of den. units of the countries of the European Community. Its rate is determined based on the current market rate of each ........
Economic dictionary
European Currency Unit, Eq— (European Currency Unit) collective
monetary unit of countries - members of the European
union (EU). Created in 1979 within the framework of the European Monetary System (EMS) on the basis of the basket........
Economic dictionary
Unit- - 1. a real number, from the multiplication by which the number does not change, as well as a figure representing this number; 2.
a quantity by which other homogeneous quantities are measured; ........
Economic dictionary
Unit(s) Comparisons- Usually,
a factor generated by two components that reflects the exact differences between the properties and facilitates
analysis, for example
price per square ........
Economic dictionary
Unit Administrative- management position in the staff list.
Economic dictionary
Unit Administrative-territorial— structural
parts of the administrative-territorial structure that do not have political independence. In RF:
district, district in the city, city of district, regional, ........
Economic dictionary
Annuity unit- a unit of accumulation of reserves in the conditions of collective insurance.
Economic dictionary
Unit Exchange- the minimum quantity of goods offered for sale under a standard exchange contract. E.b. matches or load capacity Vehicle(wagon, car, ........
Economic dictionary
Exchange trading unit— TRADING UNIT A trading unit on the New York Stock Exchange is a package of 100 active shares and 10 inactive ones. Packages of less than 100 active shares and less than 10 inactive shares are called INCOMPLETE LOTS
Economic dictionary
accounting unit — -
concept that characterizes the approach to
analytical
accounting material assets and other assets.
Unit accounting financially........
Economic dictionary
Inventory Accounting Unit- - accounting unit
accounting of inventories is selected
item number developed by the organization in the context of their names ........
Economic dictionary
Unit Currency Settlement- an agreed currency unit, according to which, regardless of fluctuations in its exchange rate, settlements are carried out between the states participating in the agreement.
Economic dictionary
Unit Monetary- statutory monetary
sign.
Element of the national monetary system.
Economic dictionary
Unit of Monetary State- legally established in the state monetary
sign, which is a unit of monetary measurement. The monetary unit of the Russian Federation is
ruble, USA -
U.S. dollar,........
Economic dictionary
Unit — -
quantity in which other quantities homogeneous with it are expressed. There are natural, conditionally natural and cost E.i.
Economic dictionary
Production Equipment Power Unit- - values taken as the basis for measuring the performance of equipment per unit of time. Structural form E.i.m.p.o. usually represented by a combination of units of measure, ........
Economic dictionary
Publishing products in all processes of creative activity and production are subject to measurement in terms of the volume of work performed. How to measure the work of an author, editor, proofreader, artist? How to determine the volume of a publication? How to calculate the amount of paper, cardboard, binding materials per edition? How to quantify the activities of a publishing house, printing house? In order to answer all these questions, a number of concepts have been introduced that serve as units of measurement for publishing products.
One author's sheet is equal to 40,000 printed characters, including all letters, signs, symbols, spaces between words. If illustrative material is measured, then the calculation is carried out by area, namely: 1 author's sheet is equal to 3000 sq. see. The volume of the poetic text is calculated on the basis of: 1 author's sheet = 700 lines.
Accounting and publishing sheet - a unit of measurement of the volume of publishing products after editorial and publishing processing, when it is released to the public.
One accounting and publishing sheet is also equal to 40,000 printed characters, 700 lines of poetic text, 3,000 sq. see illustrations. But the volume measured by accounting and publishing lists includes, in addition to the author's text, notes, preface, introductory and concluding articles, reference apparatus of the publication, imprint, etc.
Paper sheet - a unit for calculating the amount of paper per publication. The main characteristics of a paper sheet are the format and weight of one square meter.
The format of a paper sheet is the size of the width and length of the sheet in centimeters.
The formats of paper sheets produced in Russia and approved by the standards are as follows: 60x70, 60x84, 60x90, 60x108, 70x84. 70x90, 70x100, 70x108, 75x90, 84x90, 84x100, 84x108 (see GOST 132-78 Printing paper. Dimensions). Paper nomenclature by weight of 1 square meter of paper in grams: 40, 50, 60, 63, 65, 70, 71, 80, 85, 90, 100, 110, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, 240, 250.
Physical printed sheet - a unit of measurement of the volume of a printed publication, reflecting the surface of a paper sheet with text and illustrations printed on it.
If the printing is done on both sides, then obviously one paper sheet contains two physical printed sheets. In any format, a physical printed sheet contains a number of pages equal to the paper sheet fraction (i.e., with a paper sheet fraction of 1/16, the number of pages per 1 physical sheet is 16; a book of 10 physical printed sheets will contain 160 pages).
A conditional printed sheet is a universal unit for measuring the physical volume of a printed publication, which makes it possible to more effectively evaluate the work of a publishing house and printing company. The essence of the concept of "conditional sheet" is to bring all the numerous formats of products into one.
This makes it possible to quickly calculate paper consumption for products of different formats (for example, when drawing up a production plan). For this, the 60x90 cm format is taken as a unit, the rest are multiplied by a coefficient derived by dividing the areas of other formats by the area of the 60x90 format, that is, by 5400 square meters. see. There is a table of conversion coefficients, for example: with a format of 60x70 cm, the coefficient is 0.78; 60x84 - 0.93; 75x90 - 1.25; 84x100 - 1.56; 84x108 - 1.68, etc. Tables of conversion factors are given in reference books on technical editing.
Edition format - the size of the edition page, measured either in millimeters (width by length) after trimming (for example: 128x200, 143x225, 218x165, etc.), or a fraction of a paper sheet of the chosen format (for example: 60x90 1/8, 70x108 1/ 32, 84x108 1/64, etc.).
Typical, fixed in the standard, shares of a printed sheet - 1/8, 1/16, 1/32. The choice of the publication format depends on the functional purpose, content, volume, readership and is regulated by “GOST 5773-90 Book and magazine publications. Formats. (see Appendix No. 4)
In accordance with this standard, 11 formats are established for books and magazines, including (in ascending order of paper sheet size): 60x84 in 1/16 and 1/32 shares; 60x90 in 1/8 and 1/16; 70x90 in 1/16 and 1/32; 75x90 in 1/32; 70x100 in 1/16 and 1/32; 84x108 in 1/16 and 1/32 of the sheet. For miniature (souvenir editions) in accordance with GOST, the following are used: 1/64, 1/128, 1/256 and 1/512 shares of sheets with dimensions of 60x84, 60x90, 70x90, 70x100, 70x108 and 84x108. Most small size page after trimming for miniature editions is 21x27 mm.
In addition to the concept of "Edition Format", there are the concepts of "Type Format" (the length of the typesetting line in squares) and "Format of the typesetting strip" (the size of the strip in width and height in squares).
Questions for control and in-depth study
- 1. List the units of measurement for publishing products, what is their purpose.
- 2. What is an "author's sheet" ("accounting and publishing", "physical", "paper"), its purpose and parameters.
- 3. What is the essence and meaning of the concept of "conditional printed sheet"?
- 4. The concept of "publication format" and how to measure it.
History of printing
The most ancient printing technique is woodcut (from Greek - to draw on wood). Already in the 9th century AD, this writing technique was widely used.
In 1452, in the first printing house founded by Johannes Gutenberg, a book was first printed on a machine invented by him. Printing was carried out by a new method, using type-setting raised letters.
It was this method of the printing press that became the main platform for creating modern species printing, began to be widely used first in Germany, then in Italy, France, and quickly gained recognition throughout Western and Eastern Europe.
In Russia, the first printing house appeared during the reign of Ivan the Terrible in 1553, and the first book, The Apostle, was printed there, the authors of which were Ivan Fedorov and Pyotr Mstislavets. The book was written very competently, without any errors and blots. The work was excellent!
It is difficult to imagine our life without books, newspapers, magazines, greeting cards and other printed matter. All types of printing are carried out in printing houses, where preparation for printing, printing itself, and processing after printing are first carried out.
Polygraphy - (from Greek - to write a lot) is an industrial and technical branch where they reproduce printed, typographic products. Technical base printing became printing press Johannes Gutenberg. Printing is also considered a set industrial enterprises working on the production of any printed matter.
Polygraphy can be divided into 3 processes: form - the process of making a form for printing; printed - obtaining copies of the original; finishing - completion of the production of printed materials.
The combination of form and printing processes, when using equipment for them (for a small circulation) is called operational printing (fast).
The finishing process depends on the type of printed matter itself. Of great difficulty are the stitching and binding processes that are used in the manufacture of books and magazines.
Also in printing, its special types of technologies are distinguished:
Aromatic printing - this technology based on the addition of aromatic substances to printing ink.
Stereo effect - when viewing the received image, it seems that the object is very close to you. This effect is based on the displacement of several layers of the image relative to each other, and the overlap of one image with another.
Printing services - A combination of printing and printing.
It is their joint application that forms the industry of all printed products.
Nowadays, you can place an order for absolutely any type of printing. A lot of printing houses around the world provide their services, as well as legal entities(enterprises, organizations), and individuals (any capable person).
A wide range of different types and names:
- Information products - books, newspapers, magazines ...
- Promotional products - leaflets, booklets, brochures, posters, catalogs, packaging and labels.
- Artistic (display) products - business cards, folders, envelopes and letterheads, posters, diplomas, invitation cards and postcards.
- Production of calendars (pocket, wall, desktop, etc.), greeting cards.
And many other printing services.
2Typographic measurement system (typometric system)
The size (size) of a typographic font in height is measured in typographic points. The basis of the modern typometric system was laid in the middle of the 18th century. French wordsmith and typographer Pierre Simon Fournier. By the end of the XVIII century. this system was perfected by another French typographer Firmin Didot, and by the end of the 19th century. it was adopted in a modified form in England and America. Now two systems of typographic measurements are used that differ in point size: the Didot point system, where 1 point is equal to 0.376 mm, and the English American point system, where 1 point is 0.351mm. In the twentieth century, both systems underwent some rounding in order to more conveniently convert to the metric system. For example, 1 Didot point became equal to 0.375 mm, and in Anglo-American 0.352 mm. In Europe and Russia, the Didot system is traditionally used, but in computer typing, the Anglo-American system is mainly used by default. Many computer layout programs define a pip as 1/72 inch (25.2 mm) for simplicity. In professional publishing packages, there is a choice of measurement system (metric, inch, Dido or English American).
Units of measurement used in printing.
Author's sheet is a unit of measurement of the volume of text and pictorial material of a literary work (handwritten and printed). It is equal to 40 thousand printed characters (all visible characters are considered to be printed characters - letters, punctuation marks, numbers, etc. and spaces between them). 700 lines of poetic text or 3 thousand cm2 of the area of images used in the finished publication (and not in the originals) are also equated to the 1st author's sheet. The author's sheet serves to measure the work of the author, as well as the work of reviewers, scientific and literary editors. Publishing or registration and publishing sheet - a unit of measurement for the volume of a printed literary work (text and pictorial material) and is equal, like the author's sheet, to 40 thousand characters, or 700 lines of poetic text, or 3 thousand cm2 of images. Unlike the author's sheet, the publisher's lists measure the volume of the entire publication, including the material compiled by the publisher (table of contents, annotations, editorial foreword, etc.). The volume of the publication in the accounting and publishing sheets is always greater than the volume of the same work in the author's sheets. The accounting and publishing sheet serves as a calculation meter for the cost of publishing products and a unit of measurement for the work of the editorial board - publishing workers (editors, proofreaders, technical editors). Printed sheet - a unit of measurement of the volume of printed products, which is expressed by 2 concepts: physical. printed sheet and conditional printed sheet. Phys. a printed sheet is a paper sheet of any format standard for book and magazine production (from 600X840 mm), sealed on the 1st side, or half of it, sealed on 2 sides. Because standard paper sheets differ from each other in area, then in many cases, to determine the total volume of production, it is more convenient to use a conditional printed sheet, reduced to a paper sheet format of 600X900 mm. Reduction to conditional physical sheets. printed sheets with other formats, is produced by coefficients that take into account the area of the given sheets. For example, the conversion factor for the format 600X840 mm is 0.93, for 700X900 mm - 1.17, for 700X1000 mm -1.30, for 840X1080 mm - 1.68. The volume of newspaper publications is usually calculated in strips of the main format of newspapers, i.e. A2 (420X595 mm), as well as in printed sheets.
6 descent lanes
Lane descent- the process of placing the pages of the publication on the installation and printed form, which provides, after folding and cutting prints, the required alternation of pages in notebooks or when printing small format products (for example, business cards) on paper and a large format printing machine (A3, A2 ...) - placing the required number of products in the required proportion.
Imposition operations are the responsibility of preprinters (PrePress).
Technique for preparing printed pages
The picture shows the process of preparing a 16-page notebook for printing. On one page of the printed sheet there are eight pages of the future notebook, and the corresponding eight pages are placed on the reverse side. After printing, the resulting sheet is folded in half vertically so that page 2 is opposite page 3. Then the sheet is folded horizontally so that 4 is opposite page 5. The third fold completes the process when the ninth page is opposite the eighth. The end result of bending and cutting is shown in the bottom picture.
[edit] Software imposition
Currently, imposition can be carried out both from computer layout programs and with the help of separate specialized programs.
Common layout programs such as Adobe PageMaker, QuarkXPress, Adobe InDesign have custom or third-party imposition modules. Also, specialized programs are used for imposition, for example: Inposition (DK&A), Imposition Publisher (Farrukh Systems), Presswise (Luminous), Strip It (One Vision), Preps (Kodak, formerly Creo, before ScenicSoft) and Impostrip (Ultimate) . If the layout is provided in pdf format - imposition can be done in Adobe Acrobat using the Quite Imposing Plus plugin or using the free package impose+
Modern technologies use A complex approach for the preparation of the publication. Part of such a complex is the descent of lanes, taking into account technological features printing production. Fujifilm pioneered this by developing the XMF system, which allows visualization of a computer-generated, three-dimensional model of the descent.
downhill strip- in book business, the first page of a chapter, part or section of an edition, indented at the top compared to the lines of the main text.
7 screening
AT electronic screening the conversion of a halftone image into a raster image is carried out without the use of a photomechanical raster effect, that is, an image of printed elements of a given area is formed in the optical path of the exposure device.
The exposure of the latent image has a distribution of a rectangular shape (in the form of the letter P), which corresponds to a similar distribution of relative densities (blackening) on the photo layer after development. This distribution is formed in various ways, which are based on the continuity or discreteness of the change in the area of the obtained points.
With electronic screening, the dot density is affected by deviations in exposure, sensitivity, contrast of the film, and the mode of its processing. Dot size and sharpness are less susceptible to these instabilities than in optical screening.
Electronic screening uses high-contrast films.
Similar information.