Washing technology. Technology for the production of washing powders
AT Everyday life modern man There are some things you just can't do without. For example, is it possible to imagine our life today without washing machines, and therefore without washing powders? Detergent, of course, is not the first vital necessity, but it is far from the last. It is no coincidence that washing powder is invisibly present in every home and is used almost as often as toothpaste or shampoo. Meanwhile, back in the 60s, we washed mostly with soap, but today the use of powder in Russia is growing from year to year.
Will there be a "big wash" in Russia?
Indeed, the Russian laundry detergent market has shown steady growth in recent years. According to Masterforex-V Academy experts, this is due to a number of changes that are taking place in the life of Russians:
- mass use of powder. Today, the proportion of households using laundry detergent is approaching 100 percent. That is, absolutely any Russian can afford this tool;
- growth in the income level of the population. Thanks to this circumstance, we gradually get used to not saving on laundry detergents;
- changes in the culture of consumption of goods household chemicals . Russians have become accustomed not only to washing powders, but also bleaches, stain removers, conditioners, etc. We already need not only a good washing powder, but also one that preserves the color and shape of our favorite things.
Already these changes indicate that the Russian market for laundry detergents has a serious potential for growth. It can be said that it is:
- promising market. Despite a significant increase in sales detergents in recent years, the level of their consumption in Russia is still 2-3 times lower than in European countries (in Europe, an average of 12-16 kg per person per year). In addition, we still sell little washing gels, concentrated powders, special tablets, products with environmentally friendly components, which are so popular today in the West. In this sense, the Russian market has yet to grow and grow, which means that a stable rise is ensured for it in the coming years;
- large capacity of the Russian market. Here it is enough to recall that our country is in 9th place in the world in terms of population (more than 143 million people), and our consumption of powder is less than 6 kg per capita. It is clear that the demand for household chemicals will increase, and the market will grow accordingly;
- stable sales. Since people will not stop washing even in a crisis, there is little threat to the sales of these products in Russia, and, consequently, their production remains sufficient. profitable business.
So, the domestic market of washing powders is not yet properly saturated, and its players have every opportunity for further growth. In that case, what is going on today Russian market washing powders? How strong is the competition in this market, and what determines the market share of its main players? And finally, how marketing strategy and advertising policy help them to keep the won positions, analysts of the Market Leader magazine dealt with these and other questions.
Who "washes" Russia?
As you know, in order to achieve real success, you must certainly be on the pedestal, all other places mean that it will be extremely difficult to recoup investments, innovations and advertising costs. Who is included in the first echelon of players in the Russian laundry detergent market?
American company Procter & Gamble(brands - Tide, Ariel, "Mif", Dreft, Tix) occupies a leading position in our market. Its share is about 44 percent.
Ask, what predetermines such a success of the company in Russia? It can be explained by the fact that Procter & Gamble:
- owns the largest range of consumer goods, among its 22 brands with a turnover of more than 1 billion dollars, there are well-known brands Tide and Ariel;
- one of the first to enter the Russian market. Last year, the company celebrated the 20th anniversary of its work in our country;
- has its own production in Russia, back in the 90s it bought out the largest domestic enterprise for the production of detergents - Novomoskovskbytkhim. After a recent modernization, this production should increase its capacity to 700 thousand tons of powder per year;
- the success in Russia of such brands of laundry detergents as Ariel and Tide, together with "Myth" they are in the Top 10 most purchased powders from us;
- the first of the international corporations to launch its own online store in Russia;
- is the largest advertiser in the Russian advertising market. As you know, the appearance of the expression "soap opera" is associated with Procter & Gamble. As far back as 1933, her laundry detergent sponsored the radio series Ma Perkins, and the series' wild success led to the company sponsoring other soap operas. By the way, it was this company that topped the rating of the 100 largest advertisers in the UK (in 2010 it spent $326.5 million on advertising);
- has its own charity program "Live, Learn and Prosper", within the framework of this program, the company, for example, provides vaccinations in Africa and delivers clean drinking water, provides support to countries in the disaster zone, etc. By the way, P&G was the only company invited to present its charity program to the administration of President Barack Obama.
German concern Henkel(brands - Persil, Laska, Losk, Deni, Pemos) holds a share of the Russian laundry detergent market of 26 percent.
Among its advantages over its competitors are the following:
- has its own production capacity on the territory of our country - the enterprises "Era" and "Pemos";
- its products cover all price categories of powder - from premium to lower (in premium - Persil, medium - Losk, lower - "Pemos");
- strong international brands. In the top ten most expensive brands of washing powder in Russia, three brands belong to this company;
- creates local brands. For example, in the 1990s, the concern supplied the old German brand Perwoll to the Russian market, later the Laska brand was developed on its basis;
- almost 30 percent of Russians prefer to buy Persil powder, which is produced by this very company;
- great attention to innovation, constant introduction of new products to the market.
JSC "Nefis Cosmetics"(brands - BiMAX, AOS, "Biolan", Sorti) - the largest domestic manufacturer. The company occupies almost 10 percent of the laundry detergent market.
Nefis successfully took advantage of the crisis by doubling its share in 2008-2009. In the end, those who are lucky are really lucky. Today it is the only Russian company, which manufactures products in the high price segment, we are talking about Bi-Max powder. In contrast, its Sorti powder is one of the leaders in the lower segment of this market.
Reckitt Benckiser Multinational Corporation(brands - Dosia, Lanza) with a 5 percent market share in Russia. The company has with us own production in Klin, and the popularity of its washing powder Dosia is associated with its slogan, which has become widely known here - "If you can't see the difference, why pay more?". By the way, it will be said that this brand is presented only in Poland, the Czech Republic, Russia and other CIS countries. By the way, Reckitt Benckiser pays great importance Internet advertising opportunities and social networks. In the US, it has already shifted 20 percent of its budget from television advertising to the Internet.
JSC "Soda"(a series of washing powders "Zifa") has about 5 percent of the market share. This year the enterprise has started production of powders under the new brand "Ekol". This remedy, as the name implies, is declared as an ecological one, created on the basis of soda.
CJSC "Aist"(brands - Cashmere, Aist, Yat, Kapel, Lumix) has about 4 percent of the market share. Specializes in products of medium and low price category.
JSC "Nevskaya Cosmetics"(brand - "Eared Nyan", "Max", "Index", "Sarma", "Vorsinka", "Lotos", "Normal", etc.) occupies about 4 percent of the Russian market. The advantages of the company include:
- own niche in the market - children's washing powder in the middle price segment;
- a strong brand - "Eared Nyan", specializing in children's goods;
- produces some of the safest laundry detergents. It is alleged that the proportion of dust in the powder of its production is no more than 0.7 percent (according to GOST, this figure should not exceed 5%);
- optimal price-quality ratio.
If we talk about the most popular brands in sales, then the Top 10 includes in alphabetical order: Ariel (Р&G), Deni (Henkel), Dosia (Reckitt Benckiser), Persil (Henkel), Sorti (Nafis Cosmetics), Tide ( P&G), Gloss (Henkel), Myth (P&G), Pemos (Henkel).
Thus, we can conclude that there is a high degree of presence of foreign players in the Russian market of washing powders. If in 2000 domestic enterprises owned more than two thirds of the market for synthetic detergents, and foreign - a third, now this ratio has changed in a mirror way. We can say that the Russian market is monopolized by two leading foreign companies– Procter & Gamble and Henkel. Against this background, the results of individual domestic companies- Nefis Cosmetics, Aist, Nevskaya Cosmetics. But without serious advertising support, it will not be easy for them to gain a foothold in this market.
Beware: washing powder... or bolder?
If some 20 years ago, the set of washing powders in our country was not very diverse, and their names could be easily listed ("News", "Astra", "Era", "Lotus"), today manufacturers are trying to respond quickly for all consumer needs. In this case, it would be worthwhile to figure out what are the main problems of this market and the main trends recent years? Companies operating in the laundry detergent market operate in several directions at once:
- production of new types of detergents. Of course, powder detergents continue to dominate our market. Till. The fact is that since 2010 the share of dry powders in the Russian market has been gradually falling, for example, washing gels are becoming more widespread. By the way, in some Western countries they make up more than half of the market. As for the Russian prospects for these funds, the experts could not agree and differed in their forecasts. Some believe that gels will never take root with us, they say, we have a completely different approach to washing. Due to our habit of dosing the powder "by eye", the liquid remedy will quickly run out, causing only disappointment. Others note that the gel has a significant advantage over the powder - it does not produce dust, which means it does not cause allergies, and it also completely dissolves in water. Interest is also growing in concentrated washing powders, which Europe has already been able to appreciate, because they are 30 percent more economical than traditional ones. And then there are pills, which are still an exotic product for us;
- expansion of the product range. What kind of laundry detergents you can see today on the shelves of our stores - for white, colored, delicate laundry, "two in one", for sensitive skin, baby clothes, products with bioadditives, etc. But manufacturers continue and continue to expand their portfolios;
- creation of new market segments. Experts consider the development of a niche of hypoallergenic laundry detergents, powders for people with sensitive skin, for washing in cold water, which is important for expensive items, as well as for children's underwear, to be a current trend. Or another example. Nefis, wanting to attract the attention of a young audience, has released Sorti Sport powder - for those who go in for sports. And there are more than enough such examples today;
- quality powders. Each of us wants to have a washing powder that can not only remove stains, but also retain colors, leave fabrics soft and smelling good. Unfortunately, today it is not easy to find such a powder with us. The fame of a second-class product has firmly entrenched behind domestic laundry detergents (they say, what kind of laundry is it when there is a hole on the hole). As for foreign brands, for example, the same Tide, at first, really washed well without boiling, and over time, its quality began to decline;
- environmentally friendly products. Today we are much more concerned about our health and safety. Meanwhile, science considers washing powders as the most dangerous (!) chemicals for human health and the environment among all the substances that we come into contact with in everyday life. Claims from scientists and physicians, first of all, to surfactants and phosphate additives, which are part of the washing powder. With prolonged contact, they can cause allergies, impaired immunity, and even damage to the lungs, liver and kidneys. According to biologist Vladimir Melnikov, in order to get rid of phosphates in washed linen, you need to rinse it at least ten times in running water, while our washing machines are programmed for 3-4 cycles of rinsing clothes. However, try to find a powder in Russia without these same phosphates. And this despite the fact that already in a number of countries of the world the production and use of phosphate powders is prohibited. Austria, Belgium, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and other countries have switched to the use of phosphate-free SMS. An interesting story is obtained with these phosphates. The same Procter & Gamble and Henkel have been producing powders without phosphates in their homeland for many years, and in our country they are produced under the same names with phosphates.
And yet, despite the importance of new technologies and the production of high-quality goods, in order to survive in the laundry detergent market, you need multimillion-dollar advertising budgets, competent marketing policies and creative advertising.
PR ... or how not to "wash dirty linen in public"
| p/p | Popular brands | Number of requests to Yandex, per month | The number of mentions in Yandex. News, per month |
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 |
Ariel |
28235 |
44 |
As you can see from the presented table, the TOP-5 washing powders, namely Ariel, AOS, Tide, Deni, Tix are represented mainly by foreign manufacturers Procter & Gamble and Henkel.
Outsiders in terms of popularity among users in the Russian segment of the Internet, namely, in terms of the Yandex search engine, are the following washing powders:
- Villus - 81 requests
- Max - 65
- Cashmere - 50
- Yat - 43
- Lumix - 0
The number of requests and, accordingly, popularity with foreign analogues, Russian are incomparably few.
Why is that? Yes, because the PR departments of foreign companies have long understood the importance of advertising and promotion. After all, brand promotion using Internet advertising methods has long proved its effectiveness in the global global market both abroad and in Russia. And given the high activity of Russian Internet users and advanced indicators in terms of the amount of time, use this opportunity becomes extremely useful.
So that we are not talking here about advertising that is boring and disgusting to the end, according to sociologists, we make up to 90 percent of purchases, sometimes without even realizing it, under the influence of ... advertising. Here is a business and does not spare money on it. For example, in 2010, the volume of advertisements for household chemicals in monetary terms increased by 32 percent compared to the previous year. This increase in the advertising budgets of the main players in the laundry detergent market is just logical and understandable. The question is different, namely, how effectively are these huge funds being used? Alas, in advertising we most often encounter outdated stereotypes and utterly hackneyed images. Admittedly, advertising such a prosaic thing as laundry detergent is extremely difficult. It is not easy due to the obvious uniformity of household chemical products. After all, at first glance, all powders seem the same, no matter how much they cost and no matter what manufacturer they belong to. By and large, almost all of them contain the same components - surface-active substances (surfactants), phosphates, bleaches, enzymes (enzymes), flavors, dyes and some other additives. The quality of the powder depends only on how competently these components were selected and mixed, as well as on their chemical purity.
It is extremely difficult to invent something fundamentally new in the chemical composition of the powder, but even if its composition changes, the main players in this market do it almost simultaneously in order not to let the opponent get around them at the turn. It is not easy to advertise detergents because of the low emotionality of this product, if you like, its "boringness". Usually, advertisers try to get around these problems in several ways and with several images.
Let's call them:
- intrusive advertising. Laundry detergents today are perhaps one of the most aggressively advertised products. Who only from the TV screens does not tell us about the secrets of the snow-whiteness of their previously dirty linen - movie and pop stars and stars, housewives and mothers of many children, pensioners and doctors, etc. Everyone calls us: buy, buy, buy! It is believed that the appeals of an ordinary consumer - a neighbor (advice of Aunt Asya) are especially effective, this increases the credibility of the brand, gives the advertisement a shade of non-engagement, as it were. That's it - as it were. How can one not recall the "soapy" classics - the Tide advertisement "Are you still boiling? Then we are going to you." The daily hammering of this product led first to irritation, then to rejection, a desire to immediately switch to another channel, and also to the appearance of a mass of parodies - "You don't have democracy yet? Then we're flying to you", "Are you on vacation? Then we're going to you" or "Do you have currency? Then we'll go to you", etc., etc. It is unlikely that the authors of this slogan wanted such a result;
- clarity of the result of using the powder. As there is a slogan for BiMax: "Concentrated on the result." To do this, a certain video sequence is usually built in the commercials - "before" and "after" washing. At the same time, they certainly exaggerate consumer properties some kind of powder. In reality, the results almost always turn out to be different from those stated in the commercial;
- stain removal. As a rule, spots are visualized in videos on this topic and the mystical process of their disappearance from clothes begins. In general, “Losk is. No stains”, “Mom has no problems - mom has Denis or, in worst case, Ariel. Flawless view clothes". Well, the fact that "Denis", which really washes soiled stains well, but can stretch the fabric, is not gu-gu in advertising. Or take BiMAX powder, which does not care much about things, and even with many stains it does not copes. It turns out like in that joke. Have you heard? Lux-granules have been added to the new washing powder! Now, in place of the old stains, there will be new holes in shape repeating the removed stains. And most importantly, new stains do not form in these places!
- sterile whiteness. Here is a whole series of videos in which the heroine, burying her face in a washed towel (duvet cover, sheet, shirt, etc.), greedily sucks in air with her nose and rolls her eyes in bliss! Like, snow-white purity and freshness. But at what cost and by what means this frosty freshness is achieved, we will not hear in the video. Just buy, for example, the same Tide. "Purity is pure Tide." You can remember and not very aesthetic ads powder BiMAX "Check to believe!", In which the hero in the restaurant knocks over wine on himself. The voice-over reassures, "the one who uses BiMAX will not worry about some stain", and our hero soils his shirt with everything he can reach on the table. Advertising spells about the extraordinary properties of this powder will be left to the conscience of the manufacturers;
- saving money. It makes sense to return to Dosia powder again with its slogan "If you can't see the difference, why pay more?" A few years ago in Russia, this advertisement was recognized as unreliable, it was proved that it has no advantages over powders of a higher price category. Well, a cheap powder cannot be effective, and therefore economical.
In general, as you can see from this short review, traditional advertising for laundry products looks, as a rule, formulaic, trite and untruthful. Advertising washing powders is really not an easy task, here a share of imagination, ingenuity and humor will not be superfluous at all. It's foolish to approach her with deadly seriousness. And in advertising it is necessary to talk not about stains, but about care - about your family, its health and happiness. And also about the fact that laundry detergents are really necessary things, every day and in every family. Everyone loves cleanliness and order in the house. How is it in the film "An Ordinary Miracle" - "Who saves on cleanliness is either a thief or a pig!" That's when it will be possible to say about the work of manufacturers and advertisers - purely worked out. And further. After all, cleanliness is not only a guarantee of health, but also a guarantee of income for manufacturers of washing powder.
washing powder is a synthetic powdered synthetic detergent designed for washing. Washing powder refers to household chemicals.
In 2010, almost 1 million tons of washing powders were produced in Russia. A quarter of this volume was exported to Kazakhstan, Ukraine and Belarus. Exports of washing powders exceed imports; powder consumption by Russians is less than 6 kg per capita. The share of automatic washing powders in the market exceeds the share of hand washing powders and is constantly increasing: according to AC Nielsen, in 2007 the share of automatic washing powders was around 70%, and by the end of 2010 - more than 80%.
It should be borne in mind that since 2010 in Russia the share of washing powders in the laundry detergent market has been gradually falling, as washing gels are becoming more common, the production of which consumes less electricity and does not require the inclusion of ballast salts.
Technology for the production of washing powders
Raw material
Modern washing powders contain a mixture of anionic and nonionic surfactants, soda, sodium silicate (adds alkalinity to the powder and binds dust into granules), as well as salt ballast as a diluent (usually sodium sulfate (about 40% of the composition of a non-concentrated washing powder with a dosage of 150 g. per wash in a washing machine) or, less often, sodium chloride) in an amount of not more than 5% -10%.
Also, washing powders may contain other components: cationic surfactants, chemical and optical brighteners, fragrances, substances for binding calcium and magnesium ions: (sodium tripolyphosphate) zeolites, citrates, Trilon B). Also, the composition of the powder may include enzymes, soap, color additives to give a beautiful color to the powder itself, substances that prevent dirt from settling on the surface. To keep the pH of the washing powder solution within the specified limits, appropriate additives, most often citric acid, may be included in its composition.
Phosphates in the composition of the washing powder eliminate the hardness of water, thereby enhancing the action of surfactants and increasing the effectiveness of the washing powder. Phosphates have been banned for use in many countries since 1983. In the CIS countries, phosphates are still used without restrictions in the production of washing powders. Only in Ukraine, a program to limit the use of phosphates has been legally adopted since 2014. Phosphate-free washing powders have become very popular in Western countries, both due to restrictions on the use of phosphates, and due to voluntary care for environment.
Detergent for automatic washing contains substances that suppress foam formation.
Since the raw material is in a loose state, the raw material is transferred from the container intended for the transportation of bulk materials directly to special tanks. Such tanks can be of enormous capacity. Their task is to store raw materials so that they do not lose their physical properties and flowability. Conditions are created with a suitable percentage of moisture and a suitable temperature regime.
Process description + video
Powder production technology provides for the need to use, in addition to bulk raw materials, also liquids. This is sulfuric acid and alkaline liquids. Such raw materials are delivered to the plant in specially designed tanks. Pipelines are connected to them and with the help of the injection process, which is provided by pumps, the liquids are transferred to special tanks. There are also special aids, without which production is impossible; they are fed directly by the labor force directly into the bunker. There is at this stage specialized control over everything that happens. The dosage and selection of the necessary substances for the next production process is controlled by the software.
The selected components for the recipe enter the tank for the dosing process. Liquid soda is mixed first with sulfonic acid. When the mixing step has taken place, the other liquid as well as the solid components of the formulation are added to the batch tank. The necessary mixing takes place in it so that the necessary homogeneous mass is obtained. It turns out a solution that must be passed through a special magnetic filter. After that, the contents enter the holding tank. The solution is in a state of calm for some time, and then it is delivered to the homogenization stage. Vasya can still be in a solution of various kinds that have not completely dissolved substances. It is important at this stage to eliminate particles that have a non-uniform concentration. At the end of this stage, the solution will have the homogeneity that is required for the further course of the production process.
Next, the substance passes for spraying and drying. From below, hot air is supplied. It is formed directly in the air-heating equipment, which works on the principle of a furnace. It is intended for drying. The dried mixture leaves the dryer in the form of a powder on a belt conveyor pulling out of it. In this process, the formation of volatile gases is caused, which must be captured and diverted. Therefore, there is a cyclone-type separator on top. It captures gases that urgently need to be removed. These gases are no longer needed. Because they have the status of fulfilled. The separator collects the powder and sends it to the tower. The powder leaves the tower with a moisture content of about seven ten percent and is sent to the pipeline. It feeds the powder pneumatically. Further, the resulting powder is accumulated using compressed air. A settling process takes place, as well as a separation process. At this stage, a kind of future powder is obtained. The dust that arises is captured by a cyclone separator. Also, the powder is aged and the temperature decreases. Water also changes from an ionic state to a crystalline state.
Next comes the addition excipients. They usually come in a solid bulk state and liquid. The process of loading excipients into the tanks occurs with the help of the physical strength of the plant employees. Accumulation takes place in storage tanks. Of these, a portion is taken automatically, according to the specified standards in the software, with the help of dosing pumps and the auxiliary components enter the mixer.
Video of the production:
At each stage of the production of washing powder, automatic control takes place. With the help of the loaded formula parameters for the preparation of washing powder in software, it is possible to achieve the most accurate performance of all important operations and a clear dosage of components for the production of washing powder.
Business in the segment of cleaning products, according to experts, is considered a fairly promising area. According to surveys, this market is in constant development today, as the consumer tries to choose products that are characterized by excellent quality and good use effect. And without a doubt, powder can be attributed to this niche - they wash everything and always, despite the economic crises. These are excellent prerequisites for opening the production of washing powder in Russia.
Having decided to organize a business for the production of synthetic detergents (SMC), you need to be prepared for the fact that in the first couple of years a novice entrepreneur is unlikely to be able to “conquer” the entire niche. The fact is that the lion's share of all powders presented on store shelves belongs to foreign brands. As for domestic products, here the market is "captured" by several big producers. Of course, it is unlikely to compete with them, and therefore, at first we rely on budget products, which will be produced by a mini-workshop and delivered to small Retail Stores in a specific region.
It is also beneficial to launch a mini plant for the production of washing powder for the following reasons:
The production technology is simplified to the maximum.
If you buy semi-finished raw materials, it will be possible to produce a wide range of products.
Mini-automatic machines are reconfigured in such a way that in the shortest possible time you can re-profil your workshop, starting to produce a completely different type of cleaning products.
And in order for the washing powder production workshop to function without failures in the future, it will not hurt to work out its business plan, which will reflect all upcoming expenses and a marketing scheme will be thought out.
Documentation of business
It is impossible to start the manufacture of washing powders until the enterprise is documented. And it's quite a hassle.
What will be required for this?
Pass an inspection by representatives of Rospotrebnadzor.
Based on the results of the check, obtain a certificate of state registration.
Through sanitary supervision, obtain a declaration for all raw materials used.
To certify products that will be manufactured within the walls of a mini-factory.
In order not to waste your own strength, you can connect a qualified lawyer to the case, who will collect all the necessary documents.
Washing powder manufacturing process
The technology for the production of washing powder is complex only in terms of formula development. This is what needs to be given special attention, since its detergent and cleaning properties will depend on the composition of the product. Enterprises keep their recipes in the strictest confidence, and therefore, at this stage of business planning, the services of a qualified technologist cannot be dispensed with.
Various surfactants, binders, detergents and bleaching agents are used as raw materials in the manufacturing process of washing powder.
The following main components are used here:
sulfanol powder,
surfactant,
soap bar.
Raw materials are quite expensive in price, but despite this, it is quite affordable. And it is better to choose the supplier that is closest to the factory.
The production of phosphate-free washing powder is as follows:
All ingredients are mixed.
The resulting paste is sprayed through special spray nozzles.
Dried drops of liquid instantly turn into dry powder granules.
The remaining dry ingredients are added to the powder.
The finished product is packed.
Technical equipment of the workshop
If you buy equipment for the production of washing powder, fully automated and equipped, then there should not be any problems with the implementation of the process. There are a lot of options for all kinds of workshop equipment on the market, which vary in productivity and degree of automation.
What especially pleases many novice entrepreneurs is the relatively low cost of equipment. A line with a capacity of up to 500 kg / day costs no more than 250,000 rubles. And the price of more powerful equipment (up to 1.5 tons / day) is 500,000 rubles.
Low-power equipment is equipped almost identically. And the "middle" laundry detergent production line consists of the following sections:
Area for storage of liquid and dry raw materials.
Dosing area for liquid and dry components.
Powder spraying and drying area.
To the main machine for the production of powdered SMS, you will also need to purchase a packaging machine. But this is only if you plan to pack finished product for individual packages. But in order to avoid additional expenses, many do it easier - they sell the powder mass by weight. But finding buyers for such products will not be easy.
Profitability of the planned business
The mini-workshop will only start to make a profit when the produced powder wins the trust of consumers. And it is still unknown how long it will take. If funds are available, advertising on TV, radio and newspapers can be considered. But it doesn't make sense for a young enterprise to invest in large-scale marketing campaigns.
Taking into account the price of equipment, raw materials and rent of premises, it will take at least 1,000,000 rubles to organize a business. The main items of expenditure will fall on the purchase of components, the development of recipes and the preparation of the premises for operation.
If we talk about the profitability of a business, then it all depends on pricing policy specific region. Budget powder supplied outlets at a price of at least 50 rubles / kg. At the same time, the cost of production is less than the selling price by 30-50%. And these are good indicators of profitability.
Laundry detergent is an all-purpose household detergent. It consists of a variety of synthetic substances and compounds. The chemical composition of the washing powder depends on its type and purpose (for colored fabrics, wool, bleaching). Therefore, powders are universal or special.
Chemicals required for all types of powders
The basic basis of all washing powders is surfactants (surfactants). These active ingredients are used for the production of not only washing, but also cleaning powders. The surfactant not only removes contamination from the surface, but can also be used as a deactivator. They decontaminate radioactive elements on various items: clothes, dishes, premises.
Surfactants are organic compounds that, by their properties, are both safe for humans and pose a threat to human health by accumulating in high concentrations in water. internal organs and systems.
The most common surfactant in laundry detergent is alkylbenzenesulfonate. It is a free-flowing powder in the form of granules, without a pungent odor, yellow or light brown in color. The substance belongs to the non-ionic surfactant group, which makes the washing powder “gentle” when washing and gives it the following advantages:
- immunity and resistance to water hardness;
- high quality washing when using a small amount of powder;
- effectiveness of synthetic detergent at low water temperatures;
- containment of large foaming;
- providing an antistatic effect;
- preventing color loss
- hypoallergenic (compatibility with the skin).
The second important component of washing powder is salts - complex substances that, in aqueous solutions, ensure the breakdown of chemical compounds and their dissolution. In the production of detergents, two types of salts are most often used - sulfate and sodium chloride.
Sodium sulfate in washing powder is no more than 10% and acts as a thinner. It is the sodium salt of sulfurous acid in the form of colorless crystals. It is used only for non-concentrated powders.
In the production of compact synthetic detergents, salt is used in small quantities or not at all.
The composition of the powder includes sodium silicate - a finely dispersed substance white color, odorless and tasteless. Its main function is to bind contaminants (dust) and create an alkaline pH environment. Sodium silicate is an effective adsorbent. But the salt of silicic acid, when it comes into contact with the skin, can cause allergic reactions, and inside - eating disorders.
Another element that is used in the manufacture of synthetic detergent is soda. Its species, which are included in chemical formula washing powder:
- sodium bicarbonate (baking soda);
- sodium carbonate (soda ash or laundry);
- sodium hydroxide (caustic soda).
Soda helps to remove fat from tissues, softens water, reduces its hardness.
Additional components in the composition of the washing powder
Laundry powder consists of a variety of additional chemical components that determine its narrow application.
Cationic surfactants
It is an ammonium salt based on natural fatty acids. She does not have pronounced detergent properties, and is used as a potent bactericidal additive. Therefore, cationic surfactants are added to the composition of powders for washing baby clothes.
Moreover, they are compatible with various fragrances, make all types of fabric fibers soft. When re-moistened, the fabric absorbs water well.
Substances that bind magnesium and calcium ions
Zeolites are glassy minerals with a pearlescent sheen. They are able to absorb and release water depending on the conditions. external environment(humidity, temperature).
Zeolites are substitutes for phosphates in powder, act as adsorbents and catalysts for chemical reactions.
Sodium tripolyphosphate is an additive for synthetic detergents. Fluffy white powder or in the form of granules. Freely soluble in water. Its properties:
- regulates the pH environment;
- prevents the formation of sediment in hard water;
- deactivates toxic substances;
- disinfects fabrics and surfaces;
- cleanses and whitens.
Trilon B or disodium salt of acetic acid - white powder or crystals. Soluble in alkali and water. The chemical provides the formation of foam and the cleansing of dirt from the fibers of the fabrics. This is an important additive that creates the right soapy environment for any water hardness. The additive discolors stains on various types of fabrics.
Citrates are salts of citric acid. Substances prevent changes in the pH environment.
Polycarboxylates
Polycarboxylates are water-soluble polymers of carbon. They are part of phosphate-free washing powders. Possess active cleaning and washing ability. Substances eliminate dirt, easily transfer it, prevent darkening of paint on fabrics. Polycarboxylates prevent the formation of sediment and scale.
Defoamers
Defoamer is an antifoam agent of high activity and compatibility with other components of the powder. It is used in the manufacture of detergents for automatic washing with subsequent use in front (horizontal) loading washing machines.
Positive qualities of defoamers:
- interact with different types surfactant;
- active at any temperature;
- operate in water of varying degrees of hardness;
- quickly distributed over the entire surface, do not precipitate;
- do not accumulate in the body, as they have low parameters of chemical and physical oxygen consumption.
Antiresorbents
These are chemical compounds that, when washed, prevent the reverse penetration of dirty particles from water into fabrics. They also prevent dullness and discoloration, and on whites they prevent graying.
Polymers increase the permeability of tissues with air, thus reducing the accumulation of static electricity.
Enzymes
Another name is enzymes. This is a bioadditive that is a catalyst for chemical and biological processes. With the help of enzymes, stubborn stains and dirt are removed.
Protein enzyme classes:
- proteases (alkaline enzymes) - remove protein contaminants;
- lipases - neutralize oils and fats;
- amylase - remove stains containing starch;
- cellulases - saturate the color of the fabric, remove the smallest particles of dirt, soften the fibers, retain whiteness;
- keratinases - remove the remnants of the skin epithelium.
Fragrances and fragrances
These are synthetic or semi-synthetic compositions with a complex chemical composition. They complement and enrich the laundry detergent with fragrance and freshness. Dry fragrance is presented in the form of granules on a water-soluble basis. The color of the granules is varied. He defines appearance powder. The fragrance retains the smell of the detergent unchanged throughout the entire shelf life.
Bleach powder
The powder may contain bleach. They are of two types - optical and chemical. They create a convenient function - simultaneous washing and bleaching.
Optical brighteners
These are fluorescent bleaches. The essence of their action is the absorption of ultraviolet rays and their transformation into light waves of violet or blue.
Scope of optical brightener in washing powder:
- cotton fabric;
- natural silk;
- synthetics;
- fur;
- leather.
Optical brightener is suitable for fabrics of any color. It gives whiteness to colorless fibers, and fabrics with prints acquire a bright, saturated and contrasting color. Its content in the powder is from 0.01 to 0.1%, depending on the type of bleach.
Oxygen-containing bleaching agents
Another name is peroxide bleach. Types of chemical compounds:
- perhydrol - hydrogen peroxide;
- persalt - sodium percarbonate;
- hydroperite - potassium peroxodisulfate.
These compounds contain oxygen atoms. When water is heated, the bleach releases O 2 atoms, which oxidize the dirt and discolor the fabric. T water heating temperature for maximum peroxide activity is 80-90°C. Therefore, this type of bleach is intended for those types of fabrics that are subject to washing at high temperatures (boiling) - cotton, linen.
TAED
It is a whitening activator. It is actively used to remove contaminants from a wide variety of fabrics. TAED effectively removes stains from tea, coffee, wine, grease, coloring vegetables and fruits. The mechanism of action is the chemical decomposition of contaminants on the fabric surface due to the oxidation reaction.
Previously, when washing at high temperatures, such activators were used: PBS (sodium perborate) and PCS (sodium percarbonate). At low temperatures they are not effective.
TAED (tetraacetylethylenediamine) exhibits chemical activity already at a water temperature of 20-40°C. The pH conditions for the action of the activator is 9-10.5. With a decrease in these indicators, the bioavailability of the substance does not decrease. The higher the concentration, the stronger the whitening effect.
TAED removes impurities without affecting the natural color of fabrics. Activators are used for both hand and machine washing.
According to the formula tables for washing powders, the content of activators is different:
- detergent with low education of the European type for automatic machines - 1.7 parts by weight;
- highly concentrated laundry detergent - 3.8 parts by weight of TAED;
- universal powder - 1.7 parts by weight.
On average, the number of activators in weight percent in the production of powder is from 1.5 to 5. This does not affect the cost of production, but improves consumer qualities.
The chemical composition of a synthetic detergent has a similar consistency, regardless of what substances were used in production. The density of the washing powder is 900 g per 1 liter. When choosing products, it is necessary to take into account the direction of use - the type of fabrics, the degree of contamination of the fibers, the washing mode (manual or automatic). The average dosage of powder for cleaning 5 kg of laundry is 120-150 g.
In this basement there is a workshop for the production of fake powder. After the complaint of Margarita Vasilievna (read about the story with her -) the policemen carried out a special operation. The counterfeit manufacturer was found in the Tula region. The swindlers observed strict secrecy: they entered the workshop from the back door, worked quietly, and the finished goods were taken out at night. Operatives calculated them by smell.
This room was camouflaged, in general, there were no traces nearby. Already when we arrived for the third time, by indirect signs - namely, by smell - we felt it.
Eugene Sardin,
An unpleasant chemical smell emanated from the basement of this building. Behind the door, the police found a warehouse of counterfeit washing powder and dishwashing detergents.
damp basement, no fan, no windows, dirt, bedbugs and cockroaches everywhere. Just like in a horror movie. Here the powders were packed in boxes. The product was in great demand. A box of fake powder cost only 30 rubles, the powders were sold in the markets in the Tula and Moscow regions. They were even delivered to Belarus and Poland.
Ironically, literally across the street from the underground plant is another enterprise - also for the production of detergents, one of the largest in Russia. Only here they made real powders. The police found out that the director of the underground factory had once worked here. After his dismissal, he literally crossed the road and opened the production of fakes.
Where is the enterprise that produces legal products located, usually next to them, in the immediate vicinity, there are small workshops. Former employees enterprises, having acquaintances there, whom they acquired during their work. They use these connections to obtain, again, components, again, raw materials and to monitor the market.
Eugene Sardin,
Deputy Head of Department
department economic security Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.
They took a written undertaking not to leave from all the employees of the underground enterprise and let them go home. By law, they are only threatened small fine– for work without registration and medical book. In very rare cases - a suspended sentence.
Here the situation can also be completely different: they can receive both a fine and a suspended sentence, depending on what this person did at the enterprise.
Who then guilty that Margarita Vasilievna ruined her hands and ruffled her nerves? From a legal point of view, director underground workshop.
Directors of the underground workshop can be held accountable immediately under several articles of the criminal code– copyright infringement, sale of life-threatening goods and forgery of documents.
The most serious article here, of course, is the sale of goods that do not meet safety requirements, that are dangerous to life and health. It could be a fine, it could be imprisonment.
Irina Volk, press secretary of the UBEP of the Main Department of Internal Affairs of Moscow.
True, it is very difficult to prove that the harm came precisely from a fake powder. Almost impossible. The only thing left for the police to do is to open a criminal case under the article " Illegal use trademark."
The law strictly establishes compliance for the commission of this type of crime - this is according to article 180 of the criminal code "Illegal use of a trademark". This is a sanction of up to 6 years in prison. However, such sanctions are now rarely applied.
Eugene Sardin,
Deputy Head of Department
Department of Economic Security of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.
According to the police, this problem has a solution. Fake household chemicals should fall under the article "Fraud". Then the owner of the underground plant will face a real term, and not everyone will dare to risk freedom.
This underground shop closed, and all the products that were in the warehouse were destroyed. But fake washing powders made in Tula are still found on the shelves, and no one can guarantee that counterfeit products are not sold in the market near your house. Therefore, you need to know how to distinguish a fake from a real powder.
