Electronic cartographic navigation information systems. Abstract: Geographic information systems electronic cartography

1. Fundamentals of electronic cartography

1.1. Basic concepts

The name of this discipline consists of three concepts; cartography, electronic, fundamentals. Cartography - this map and everything connected with it. Fundamentals - this is the basic knowledge about electronic cartography. The concept of "electronic" is difficult to attach to the map. It is easier to understand when the card is called digital. But that's how the concept came to be.

Fundamentals of e-cartography is the basic knowledge of e-cartography.

The structure of electronic cartography is shown in Fig.1.

Legislation and regulations
Data source requirements	Data processing requirements	Requirements for data before presentation in a display system	Requirements for data display systems	User Requirements
Possibility of use in electronic cards	Can be used after processing existing systems display	The need to convert data into a format corresponding to the data display system	Compliance with the requirements of relevant organizations	Basic knowledge of e-cartography

Data sources for electronic maps

Display Data Processing

Display data

Display systems

Electronic card user

Nav.systems

GPS, GLONASS, AIS, naz. tr-t, etc.

Systems arr. data

Panorama,

Usage: sea and land navigation,

geodata processing, science, education, various fields

Data carrier
Paper, photographic paper, electronic (digital, anal. camera, TV camera)	Paper, photo paper, electronic (digital camera, TV camera)	electronic
Type of data
Raster, vector	Raster, vector	vector bitmap
Data format
	Raster and vector formats	in display system format

Rice. 1. The structure of the electronic card

In paper cartography, symbols are applied to a paper base. At the same time, the symbols are understandable to a person and meet certain requirements. In an electronic map, it is similar, but instead of a paper basis, there is a display system in the form of a display.

The sources for creating electronic maps are the same as those for paper ones, plus data in digital form. In the process of development of electronic cartography, it turned out that the data in various systems displays have different formats, making it difficult or impossible to use the data in other display systems.

There is a need for data processing before their presentation in the display system.

Data sources for e-cartography, data processing systems, data before presentation in the display system, the display systems themselves and the user of electronic charts must meet the relevant requirements determined on the basis of normative documents and legislative acts.

In addition, to work with electronic cartography, knowledge of data formats, types of graphics (vector, raster), the design of display systems, methods of processing and presenting data, and other knowledge related to electronic cartography is required.

To obtain this knowledge, cadets determined a list of lectures and laboratory work required for a cadet with the development of the discipline "Fundamentals of electronic cartography"

According to GOST 21667-76 Cartography. Terms and Definitions,

Cartography is a field of science, technology and production, covering the study, creation and use of cartographic works.

Initial cartographic material- cartographic material that is used to create or update a map.

Map - built in a cartographic projection, a reduced, generalized image of the surface of the Earth, the surface of another celestial body or extraterrestrial space, showing the objects located on them in a certain system of conventional signs.

According to GOST 28441-99 DIGITAL CARTOGRAPHY, digital map; CC: Digital cartographic model, the content of which corresponds to the content of a map of a certain type and scale.

In simpler terms, a map is a paper carrier with symbols printed on it, which, according to regulatory documents, is necessary for a person for his activities.

Digital map - information that meets the standard. S57,

In the ECDIS display system, the digital card complies with the S57 standard in terms of data exchange between systems and a certain standard in the system itself.

The main purpose of electronic charts and navigation systems built on their basis is to simplify the daily work of the navigator and increase the safety of navigation.

The first electronic cards appeared in the 90s and were scanned copies of paper cards. Such cards are called raster electronic maps. However, it turned out that simply scanning paper maps often makes them impossible to use in conjunction with modern navigation devices. In addition, the use of raster electronic charts (RENC) makes it difficult to automatically analyze the navigation situation.

Based on a thorough study of modern information technologies and their specifics in the field of maritime navigation, the IMO / IHO Harmonization Group developed an operational standard for the display system of electronic charts and information ECDIS based on usage vector electronic cards S-57 format. The main purpose of the standard S-57- standardization of the exchange of hydrographic data between Hydrographic Services, Agencies, manufacturers of cartographic products and ECDIS-systems.

According to S-57, hydrographic information is structured into data sets, which, in turn, can be combined into exchange sets. The S-57 data set can be considered as an object-oriented database that obeys the semantic rules listed in the standard (objects, attributes, relationships between them, etc.) and written (encoded) in accordance with the syntax described in the standard.

The semantics of the standard is based on the fact that any cartographic object has both spatial-geometric and functional-descriptive properties. In accordance with this map S-57 consists of two types of objects: spatial (spatial) and descriptive (feature). Spatial objects (for example, node - node, edge - segment, face - area) are characterized by coordinates that define their location on the Earth's surface. Feature objects have a certain set of attributes and describe some natural or artificial object, for example: LNDARE - land area, DEPARE - depth area, BOYCAR - cardinal buoy, etc. Between objects there can be connections of various types, allowing you to model an arbitrarily complex essence of the real world. A detailed description of the standard can be found in IHO Transfer Standard for Digital Hydrographic Data Edition 3.0 -

We are currently moving from version 2 of the S-57 standard (known as DX90) to the latest S-57 edition 3. It should be noted that due to significant changes in the semantic model, data conversion from DX90 to S-57 ed. 3 is quite a challenge. Programs dKart Inspector and dkart office allow you to automate the process of data conversion and creation of digital exchange sets, providing tools for quality control of manufactured products.

As a hydrographic data exchange standard, S-57 is not optimal for direct use in ship navigation systems. Navigational electronic chart systems can use the internal data presentation format - SENC(System ENC). The SENC format is more compact and is specifically designed to present cartographic information on a monitor screen.

One of the widely used S-57 compatible SENC formats is C-Map's CM93 map data format.

Navigational electronic chart systems dKart Navigator and dkart explorer focused on the use of S-57 compatible data, including CM93 and DCF.

For purchase of electronic navigation charts CM93, please refer to the section electronic cards.

in addition to the data contained in traditional nautical charts, electronic charts contain data from other sources - books of lights and signs, sailing directions, etc. - no

Compared to traditional paper charts and publications, electronic charts have a number of advantages that increase the safety of navigation and make it easier to navigate in the current navigation situation:

in addition to the data contained on traditional sea charts, electronic charts contain data from other sources - books of lights and signs, sailing directions, etc. - there is no need to search for navigation information in disparate sources - all data is concentrated in an electronic chart;

the vector data structure (which is standard for electronic charts) allows for a quick analysis of the navigation situation, informing the navigator about possible dangers;

the procedure for updating an electronic chart is much easier than the traditional one and can be done within minutes, directly at sea. Using electronic charts and digital corrections, the navigator gains confidence that the cartographic information available to him reflects the latest changes;

together with external navigation devices ( GPS, sarp, AIS transponder) electronic charts provide real-time display of the navigation situation, including the ship's own position, the position of radar and AIS targets.

General principles for constructing navigation information display systems used in electronic cartography

Now IHO is coordinating the standardization of electronic charts in cooperation with IMO. Electronic card. covers as a term three concepts:

description of the data;

software for their processing;

electronic data display system.

1.2. Scope of electronic cards

Scope of electronic charts: sea and river navigation, road transport, the Ministry of Defense, various areas science and technology

1.3. Electronic card users

Users of electronic cards; captain, navigator (sea and river shipping); drivers, dispatcher (land transport); captain, navigator air Transport; astronauts; surveyors; geographers; etc.

1.4. test questions

1. What is a paper card?

2. What is an electronic card?

3. What is cartography?

4. What is electronic cartography?

5. What are the main reasons for the transition from paper to electronic cards?

6. What is the scope of electronic cards?

7. Who are the users of electronic cards?

Unlike a paper card, an electronic card contains hidden information that can be used as needed. This information is presented in the form of layers, which are called thematic, because each layer consists of data of a specific topic (Fig. 1). For example, one layer of an electronic map can contain information about roads, the second - about the population, the third - about firms and organizations, etc. Each layer can be viewed separately, combine several layers at once, or select individual information from different layers and display it on the map.

An electronic map can be easily scaled on a computer screen, moved in different directions, draw and delete objects, print any territory on a printer. In addition, the computer map has other properties. For example, you can prevent (or allow) certain objects to be displayed on the screen. By selecting an object with the mouse, you can request information about it, such as the height and area of the house, street names, etc.

It was with the advent of electronic maps that another term “geographic information systems” (GIS) appeared. There are dozens of definitions for geo information systems(they are also called geographic information systems). But most experts are inclined to believe that the definition of GIS should be based on the concept of a DBMS. Therefore, we can say that GIS is a database management system designed to work with territorially oriented information.

Rice. 1. Most modern GIS applications are based on information layers

The most important feature of a GIS is the ability to associate cartographic objects (i.e., objects that have a shape and location) with descriptive, attributive information related to these objects and describing their properties (Fig. 2).

As noted above, the GIS is based on a DBMS. However, due to the fact that spatial data and various relationships between them are quite difficult to describe with a relational model, the complete data model in a GIS is mixed. Spatial data is organized in a special way, and this organization is not based on a relational concept. On the contrary, the attribute information of objects (semantic data) can quite successfully be represented by relational tables and processed accordingly.

Rice. 2. In electronic maps, even an ordinary point can be accompanied by a collection of photographs that give an idea of this area

The combination of data models underlying the representation of spatial and semantic information in a GIS forms a georelational model.

Any geographic information contains information about the spatial position, whether it is binding to geographic or other coordinates or links to an address, postal code, identifier of a land or forest plot, road name, etc. (Fig. 3). When using such links, a geocoding procedure is used to automatically determine the location of an object. With its help, you can quickly determine and see on the map where the object of interest to you is located.

More promising is a layerless object-oriented approach to representing objects on a digital map. In accordance with it, objects are included in classification systems that reflect certain logical relationships between objects. subject areas. Grouping objects of different classes for different purposes (display or analysis) is done in a more complex way, however, the object-oriented approach is closer to the nature of human thinking than the layered principle.

Rice. 3. Modern GIS applications can produce necessary calculations cargo transportation

For several millennia, the main instruments for navigation were the compass, map, and sextant. Having reached perfection in the course of development, these three whales, on which rested navigation, nevertheless, became an obstacle to technological progress in navigation. The increased size and speed of ships, the increase in the intensity of navigation required the introduction of new navigation technologies, the automation of navigation, and the improvement of ship safety - something that traditional navigator's tools could not provide.

In order to overcome the impasse, a qualitative leap in cartography was required, and it occurred at the end of the last century. New high-performance computers made it possible to digitize paper maps, store them, record them on compact media, transmit over communication lines, and restore them again on computer displays.

The pinnacle of modern navigation and computer technology was the creation of the brain of a modern ship - electronic cartographic information system, displaying charts and the position of the vessel, laying the route and controlling deviations from the given route, calculating safe courses, warning the navigator about the danger, keeping the ship's log, autopilot control, etc.

A modern electronic-cartographic navigation information system consists of three main elements - digital maps recorded on any media (mainly on CDs), a satellite navigation receiver, a computer and an appropriate software. Such a system is used on large ships of the professional fleet and is capable of performing the following functions:

Carrying out various operations with cards;
Automatic logbook keeping;
Obtaining information on navigation objects;
Transition planning;
Accounting for currents and weather conditions;
alarm;
Creation of plans for search and rescue operations;
Work with automatic vessel identification equipment (AIS);
True/relative motion mode;
Work with automatic radar plotting systems (ARPA);
Displays a three-dimensional display of the bottom topography.

The system has the ability to connect various navigation sensors of the log, echo sounder, wind sensor, drift, etc.

ECDIS has very high capabilities for navigation, but on small vessels - boats, motor and sailing yachts, small fishing boats - its use is associated with great difficulties, as a rule, due to lack of space and the need to protect the computer from water, moisture, sea salt .

Therefore, for the small fleet, special devices were created that have different names - chartplotters, navigation-cartographic systems, navigation centers containing in their hermetic case a GPS receiver, a computer with a program installed at the factory and a miniature carrier of cartographic information (cartridge).

Cartographic information carriers for navigation systems small craft (chartplotters) are mini-cartridges. Whereas laser CDs typically contain the world's largest database of electronic kart, then a set of maps of different scales of individual regions is recorded on mini-cartridges, the volume of which depends on the capacity of the cartridge.

There are several electronic cartographic systems used to record charts on cartridges - St. Mar NT+, St. Mar NT MAX, Blue Chart, Navionics Nav-Charts™ and some others. The collection of C-Map NT MAX cartridges has the greatest coverage of the World Ocean and, most importantly, it includes electronic maps of domestic water areas - Ladoga and Onega lakes, the Gulf of Finland, the Barents, White, Azov, Black and Caspian seas, etc.

There are similar maps of inland waterways in the Blue Chart collection. The sources of electronic chart data are official charts produced by hydrographic offices, own production data under contracts with hydrographic services, digitization of survey materials of small harbors in the absence of official paper maps (by order of local authorities).

Modern technical means make it possible to determine the position of the vessel and conduct automatic calculation of coordinates with high accuracy (up to tens or hundreds of meters), updating the current coordinates of the vessel almost continuously (with a discreteness of up to several seconds). However, traditional methods of "manual" processing of navigation information do not allow to fully realize the possibilities technical means because graphic plotting of observations on a marine navigation chart not only causes a significant delay in information, but also inevitably reduces the accuracy of the data obtained due to plotting errors. The need to ensure continuous and objective monitoring of the position and movement of the vessel and observed targets, to automate measurements and their processing, to provide the navigator with clear and reliable information in a form suitable for immediate use, ultimately led to the development and use of electronic charts.

Currently, integrated navigation systems are becoming more and more widespread in navigation, the main component of which is the electronic charting navigation information system (ECDIS) or ECDIS (Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems). In these systems, navigation charts are displayed on the ECDIS display screen and operations are performed on them to ensure navigation safety in various conditions, plan the referee's route and maintain an executive laying.

ECDIS has a very high level integration with the ability to connect various information sensors:

positioning systems,

radar-sarp, transponder,

Information about the operation of the propulsion system,

Alarm and control systems, etc.

Integrated automated navigation system- a system characterized by the integrated use of technical means of navigation to display the location and parameters of the movement of the vessel, the environment against the background of an electronic navigation chart, and also designed to automate the solution of the main tasks of navigation.

The main component of such a system - electronic cartographic navigation information system - ECDIS (ECDIS)- a navigation system that meets the relevant standard and combines information from technical means of navigation (TSN) and other systems (radar, ARPA, AIS) to display navigation parameters of the vessel's location and movement, navigational-hydrographic, hydrometeorological and other conditions on an electronic navigation chart, as well as designed for automated solution of the main tasks of navigation.

ECS (Electronic Chart System) - An electronic cartographic system is a system associated with navigation information sensors (gyrocompass, log, PI GPS). The ECS system does not provide for work without a paper card.

Electronic Navigational Chart (ENC or ENS)- a database standardized in content, structure and format, created for use in ECDIS and containing all the cartographic information necessary for safe navigation and additional information related to navigation.

System Electronic Navigation Chart(SENC or SENC) a database obtained by transforming (converting) the ENC into the internal ECDIS format in order to facilitate its use by the system and take into account the corrections, as well as the use of other information added by the navigator with its help. SENK is used in ECDIS to form an image of an electronic map on the screen and to automatically solve navigation problems. It may include information from other sources.

Format - a certain sequence and type of presentation of information on the media. The main format for presenting cartographic information at present is the DX9 format, intended for encoding, decoding and exchange of digital cartographic data between the hydrographic services of the IHO member countries and for transmitting data to ECDIS manufacturers. Due to certain inconveniences of working in this format inside electronic charting navigation systems when performing operations with ENC, ECDIS manufacturers create their own in-system formats for SENC that are most appropriate for the tasks to be solved by a particular ECDIS.

Electronic card (EC) - displaying the map on the ECDIS screen in the appropriate standard, obtained from the information contained in the system electronic map. Such a display should be the equivalent of an updated navigational chart meeting the requirements of chapter V of SOLAS-74, as amended in 1995.

Special database- a database stored separately from the SENC, the information of which is displayed on the ECDIS screen at the request of the operator or under certain circumstances.

ECs can be displayed on the ECDIS screen both in the scale that corresponds to its data in the CBD, and in other scales.

Scale of the electronic navigation chart is the compilation scale of the ENC, i.e. the scale encrypted in the ENC and set by the manufacturer, while the cartographic information meets the requirements of the IHO standard for the accuracy of the original map.

In a simplified form, this can be explained as follows. If we imagine an electronic navigation chart as a file of a strictly defined size, then in this file, in one case, information about a vast area of the world ocean can be placed. Obviously, this information will not contain detailed information about the area and corresponds to a small scale map. In another case, information about a smaller area can be placed in the same file size. Now this information will be more detailed. corresponding to a larger scale.

CI display scale- the ratio between the distance on the ECDIS screen and the true distance, normalized and and expressed in conditional form. We can say that this scale is similar to the concept of the scale of a paper map. If the display scale is larger than the ENC scale, then this is called overscaling, if it is smaller, underscaling. In both cases, the ECDIS issues an appropriate warning.

Recall that the load of the map is the total number of symbols and other information contained on the map.

For ECDIS, the standard defines the following levels of information presentation on the screen and the content of these levels (information load of the display).

Base- the amount of data displayed by the electronic map, which under no circumstances can be reduced by the navigator-operator. This amount of data is constantly displayed on the ECDIS screen in any navigation areas, but is not considered sufficient to ensure navigational safety.

Coastline (for high water);

Safe isobath for own ship, chosen by the navigator;

Separate underwater hazards with depths less than safe, within the area bounded by the safe isobath;

Separate hazards that lie within the area bounded by the safe isobath.

data on the displayed map - its scale, type of map orientation and display mode; units of depths and heights;

Standard- information displayed at the first call of the electronic map on the screen. The standard load consists of information:

base load;

Drying (drying) lines;

Stationary and floating aids to navigation;

Borders of fairways, canals, etc.; visual and radar perceptible objects;

Prohibited and restricted areas for swimming;

Boundaries for slicing marine navigational charts;

Warnings to Mariners;

At the request of the boatmaster-operator, the amount of standard load information used to perform preliminary and executive laying can be changed.

Full- all possible information displayed on the electronic map, called at the request of the operator and including:

Standard load, depth values;

Submarine cables and pipelines;

ferry routes;

Details of all individual hazards;

Details of aids to navigation;

Elements of the geodetic basis of the map;

Magnetic declination;

Geographical names, etc.

Currently, there are practically no ships equipped with ECDIS that fully meet the requirements, but there are many ships on board with such systems that do not fully meet the requirements. This is what ECS systems are. Such systems are subject to international requirements and their national requirements of maritime administrations.

In Russia, "Technical and operational requirements for cartographic systems" (TET) have been introduced. They are developed in accordance with the "Rules for Conventional Equipment of Sea Vessels" of the Register and " General requirements to electronic navigational equipment" contained in IMO Resolution A.694(17). The requirements provide for checking the system for all parameters of operation and display before installation on ships.

1.11.1.6 List of basic requirements:

1. Power off.

The system must provide for the restoration of work with the preservation of all previously contained information when the main power supply of the system is turned off for no more than 45 seconds.

2. Information display:

a) the ability to remove information from the screen,

b) map scales must be from 1:10,000 to 1:50,000,000 with the possibility of moving from one to another,

c) a list of sailing data displayed on the screen,

d) the ability to orient to the north,

e) ECS must have at least 2 sets of colors (day and night).

3. Proofreading.

The date of the last revision must be indicated. Applied automatically and manual mode, Orange color.

4. Alerts and warnings.

a) information about the discrepancy between the scale of the image and the scale Database,

b) about modes of operation - navigation and planning,

c) alarms:

PI failure

Course deviation limit, track lines,

Specified distance to the turning point,

Specified distance to the dangerous area,

5. Additional Information on the screen:

a) the coincidence of the scale and orientation of the radar and ENC,

b) on the map screen, you can display and remove radar information, including information about targets.

6. Display requirements:

a) the height of letters and digital characters must be at least 2 mm,

b) the size of the symbols when changing the scale should remain unchanged,

c) the diagonal of the image must be at least 300 mm with a resolution of 640 x 480

pixels.

7. Operating modes.

a) there should be 2 modes: navigation and planning,

b) the memory must store at least 10 routes with 100 points each,

c) coordination data is displayed every 5 seconds with a delay of no more than 2 seconds,

d) information about 30 minutes of sailing or 6 miles must remain in memory. The trajectory should remain on the screen displaying 1 point in 30 seconds or after 0.1 miles,

e) location data are archived at intervals not exceeding 60 minutes.

8.Calculation accuracy:

a) distances - the highest of:

1 meter for distances up to 1000 meters or

D / 1,000 at distances over 1,000 meters,

b) bearing - 0.1 °,

c) accuracy of removal from a paper map for drawing on an electronic one:

Linear objects (shores, isobaths) - 1 mm,

Point objects (buoys, lighthouses) - 0.5 mm.

9. Screen rebuilding time should not exceed 5 seconds.

Abstract on the topic

Geoinformation systems: electronic cartography

Introduction

1.What is electronic mapping

2.GIS models

3. Tasks to be solved

4. Who needs a GIS

5. Brief overview of GIS development tools

6. Some Ukrainian developments

Literature

Introduction

Information about real objects and events to some extent contains the so-called spatial component. Buildings and structures have a spatial aspect, land, water, forest and others Natural resources, transport highways and engineering communications. It has long been proven that 80-90% of all data is geodata, that is, not just abstract, impersonal data, but information that has its own specific place on a map, diagram or plan.

Each of us at least once in his life worked with a paper map. With the advent of computers, computer cards also appeared, which have many additional and useful properties.

1. What is electronic mapping

It was with the advent of electronic maps that another term “geographic information systems” (GIS) appeared. There are dozens of definitions of geographic information systems (they are also called geographic information systems). But most experts are inclined to believe that the definition of GIS should be based on the concept of a DBMS. Therefore, we can say that GIS is a database management system designed to work with territorially oriented information.

Rice. 1. Most modern GIS applications are based on information layers

Rice. 2. In electronic maps, even an ordinary point can be accompanied by a collection of photographs that give an idea of this area

The combination of data models underlying the representation of spatial and semantic information in a GIS forms a georelational model.

More promising is a layerless object-oriented approach to representing objects on a digital map. In accordance with it, objects are included in classification systems that reflect certain logical relationships between objects of subject areas. Grouping objects of different classes for different purposes (display or analysis) is done in a more complex way, however, the object-oriented approach is closer to the nature of human thinking than the layered principle.

Rice. 3. In modern GIS applications, you can make the necessary calculations of cargo transportation

2.GIS models

Since a GIS can work with two significantly different types of data - vector and raster, there are two GIS models.

In a vector model, encoded information about points, lines, and polygons is stored as a set of X, Y coordinates (some GIS often add a third spatial and fourth, for example, time coordinate). The location of a point (point object), such as a building, is described by a pair of coordinates (X, Y). Line features such as roads or rivers are stored as X, Y coordinate sets. land plots or service areas are stored as a closed set of coordinates. The vector model is especially suitable for describing discrete objects and less suitable for describing continuously changing properties, such as population density.

The raster model is optimal for working with continuous properties, since a raster image is a set of values for individual elementary components (cells), it is similar to a scanned map or picture.

3. Tasks to be solved

GIS general purpose usually performs several tasks:

Data input;

Manipulation and management of them;

Information request and its analysis;

Data visualization.

To be used in a GIS, the data must be converted to a suitable digital format. The process of converting data from paper maps into computer files is called digitization. In modern GIS, this process can be automated using scanner technology, which is especially important when performing large projects, or with a relatively small amount of work, data can be entered using a digitizer. Some GIS have built-in vectorizers that automate the digitization process. bitmaps. Often existing map data needs to be modified to complete a particular project. For joint processing and visualization, it is more convenient to present all data on a single scale and the same map projection. GIS technology provides a variety of ways to manipulate spatial data and extract the data needed for a specific task. In smaller projects, geographic information may be stored as regular files. But with an increase in the amount of information and an increase in the number of users for storing, structuring and managing data, it is more efficient to use a DBMS, special computer tools for working with integrated data sets. With the availability of GIS and geographic information, you can get answers to both simple questions and more complex queries that require additional analysis. Queries can be set both by a simple mouse click on a specific object, and through advanced analytical tools. The overlay process (spatial association) includes the integration of data located in different thematic layers. For many types of spatial operations, the end result is a representation of the data in the form of a map or graph. GIS provides amazing new tools that expand and advance the art and science of cartography. With its help, the visualization of the maps themselves can be easily supplemented with reporting documents, three-dimensional images, graphs, tables, diagrams, photographs and other means, such as multimedia.

4. Who needs a GIS

1. Entrepreneurs.

Business people can use GIS in various areas of their activity to analyze and track the current state and trends of the market area of interest to them.

2. Heads of enterprises.

With the ability of a GIS to link production flow diagram objects to anything at the click of a mouse button, effective management production process, accident prevention minimizes operation, improves reliability and reduces the need for personnel.

3. Oil and gas workers.

4. Security services.

GIS will allow you to determine the optimal location of surveillance cameras and other devices, issue their messages in real time, and print reports at a specified time.

5. Transport services.

Thanks to GIS, at any time you can find out where the trucks are, the condition of the road surface, information about traffic jams, more efficiently calculate traffic congestion and optimize the route.

6. Firefighters.

Fire brigades get a powerful tool for coordinating the actions of individual units, for covering and monitoring a larger area, calculating the direction of fire and predicting the speed of its spread.