The concept of joint activity. The concept of “joint activity Arise in the process of joint activity

Analyzing the literature on the phenomenon of "joint activity", we see that there are several different approaches to the interpretation joint activities, which depend on the belonging of the authors to different branches of psychology. But the greatest attention is paid to the phenomenon of "joint activity" in social psychology. Here the term "joint activity" is considered as the main condition for the socio-psychological integration of the individuals included in it. Joint activity objectively has a multi-purpose character, which is due to its intra- and inter-system links. The fact that acts of individual activity are a condition for the existence and reproduction of both the individual himself and the processes of group activity as a whole indicates the interpenetration and mutual enrichment of individual and joint activities, and the interaction of individual and social normative conditions of the joint process (Rubtsov V. V. 1989; dictionary, 1999).

So, joint activity is an organized system of activity of interacting individuals, aimed at the expedient production (reproduction) of objects of material and spiritual culture, and where the hallmarks of joint activity are:

In addition, the literature indicates the presence psychological structure joint activities. For example, Zhuravlev A.L. (2000) argues that the main components of the psychological structure of individual activity, previously identified in the general theory of psychology by Ananiev B.G., Zinchenko V.P., Leontiev A.N., Lomov B.F., Rubenshtein S.L. and many other researchers can be used to analyze the structure of joint activities. The description of the psychological structure of an activity usually begins with the identification of its goals. The overall purpose of the joint activity is an essential component of the structure of the joint activity. It is understood as an ideally presented future result, which seeks to achieve a community of individuals, that is, a collective subject. The common goal can be described in the form of more specific joint tasks, the gradual solution of which brings the collective subject closer to achieving the common goal.

An obligatory component of the psychological structure of joint activity is a common motive. This is what induces the community of individuals to perform joint activities, that is, the direct motivating force.

The next component in the structure of joint activities is joint actions aimed at the implementation of current and future tasks of joint activities and carried out with the help of numerous means of joint activities, both individual and group means, methods, and techniques.

The structure of joint activities is completed by the overall result obtained by a group of participants in joint activities. Here, not only the general objective result is important, but also its subjective reflection by individual and collective subjects. The end result of joint activities can be expressed through subjective individual and group assessments of what has been achieved in joint activities.

In addition, one of the most important components that have a direct impact on the effectiveness of joint activities is communication. Communication is organized in the course of joint activity, “about” it, and it is in this process that people need to exchange both information and the activity itself, that is, to develop forms and norms of joint actions (Lomov B.F., 1975, p. 132; reader , 2000). In the course of joint activities, it is extremely important for participants not only to exchange information, but also to organize an “exchange of actions”, to plan common activities.

The most important condition for the implementation of joint activities are the processes of distribution, association (integration), consistency (coordination) and management of individual goals, motives, actions and results, that is, all of these processes are related to all the main structures that make up the activity.

It is also important to emphasize that if a particular type of activity of the group does not correspond to any characteristic or it lacks separate structural components of joint activity, this does not mean that this type of activity completely lacks the properties of joint activity. An activity with an incomplete structure is considered by many authors to be a kind of joint activity. BUT empirical research joint activities of A.L. Zhuravlev (2000) showed that in real life there may be a so-called joint activity with an incomplete structure - not a complete joint activity. Activity with an incomplete structure, in his opinion, remains at the same time a kind of joint activity. Moreover, the absence of one or another element of the whole can lead to a large number of varieties of such joint activities, for example:

In addition, it is necessary to note the role of interaction in the process of joint activities. And so, in the process of joint activity, there is a unity of two directions of influence of its participants: firstly, these are joint actions on a common subject of labor, which cause the need to use the main structural components of the activity (goals, motives, actions and results, etc.). ); secondly, these are the mutual influences of the participants in joint activities, which are generated by the relations of production and which necessitate the selection and use of new elements in the analysis of joint activities. Such constituent components of joint activities are interactions between participants in joint activities, but not all, namely those that are determined by the focus on the common subject of joint activities, that is, subject-oriented interactions. Under the interaction here Zhuravlev A.L. (2000) understands such a system of actions of participants in joint activities, in which the actions of one person or a group of persons determine certain actions of other people, and the actions of the latter, in turn, cause certain actions of the first persons. The presence of interactions between people is the main distinguishing feature of joint activity compared to individual. However, they differ not only and even not so much in the presence or absence of interactions between participants in the activity, but in the nature of the inclusion of interaction in the structure of the activity itself.

In fact, the structure of joint activity is formed, functions and develops precisely through the subject-oriented or target interaction of participants in the activity, which, in turn, are included in the psychological structure of joint activity, on the one hand, and on the other hand, change the structures of individual activities of its participants, subordinating them to common goals and objectives of joint activities. Subject-oriented interaction as one of the real manifestations of social relations between the participants in the activity leads to the formation of some of their commonality in the form labor collective or a group of meditative training as a subject of joint activity or a collective subject.

After analyzing the literature we have read, we see that currently in social psychology there are structural and dynamic or procedural approaches to the analysis of joint activities that complement each other.

In accordance with the structural approach, researchers focus on the analysis of the structural components of joint activities. Thus, having made a theoretical analysis of the works of supporters of this approach (Abulkhanov R.F., Vostroknutov A.I., Golovakha E.I., Zhuravlev A.L., Lomov B.F., Nikolov L. et al., 2000) the following signs of joint activity can be distinguished, where signs are understood as distinctive features, properties that make it possible to determine the specifics of joint activity as an integral and relatively independent phenomenon:

In accordance with the dynamic approach to the analysis of joint activity, the attention of researchers is concentrated on studying the processes of its change and development (A.L. Zhuravlev, 2000). This is the basis for the search for the specifics of joint activity in comparison with individual activity. In fact, the dynamic approach is the essence of the social-psychological theory of activity, namely: joint activity unfolds in a set of group processes that allow us to analyze the content of joint activity and the forms of its organization in the tables below (Tables 1, 2):

Table 1

The main features and dynamic properties of joint activity and its collective subject:

Sign of joint activity (SD)

Socio-psychological process (SD)

1. Having a common goal

goal setting

(goal setting)

Purposefulness

2. Motivation to work

together (general) motivation

Motivation

(motivation)

motivation

3. Division of activities into functionally related components

Distribution of functions between participants

Structured

(distribution)

4. Consolidation

individual activities

Union

(combination)

Integration

(unity)

5. Coordinated execution of distributed and combined individual

activities

Coordination

(coordination)

Consistency

(coordination)

6. Availability of management as

attribute function of SD

Control

(regulation)

Organization and manageability (adjustability)

7. Single end

result

Evaluation of group results

Productivity

(performance)

8. Having a single

space and

simultaneity of execution

individual

activities

Functioning in a single space and time

Conditions (spatial and temporal) SD group

table 2

The main properties of joint activities are their empirical manifestations (referents):

Characteristics (property) of the SD and the collective subject	Empirical manifestations of the properties of SD and the collective subject
1. Purposefulness	The ratio of individual and group goals: compliance, mutual complementation, discrepancy, contradiction, etc.
2. Motivation	Active, interested implementation of the SD, focus of work, similarities - differences in the focus of the SD participants, the intensity of involvement of the SD participants, etc.
3. Structured (distribution)	The nature of the distribution of functions, rigor, clarity, the presence / absence of duplication, partial overlap of functions, insurance
4. Integration (unity)	The level of interconnectedness of participants, the degree of their dependence on each other, the density of functional connections
5. Consistency (coordination)	The sequence of activities, rhythm, correspondence of individual activities to each other, the presence of connectivity between the stages of work, discipline of activity
6. Organization and controllability (adjustability)	Following control actions, promoting control, counteracting it, avoiding control actions, self-government
7. Productivity (performance)	Joint Outcome Indicators (quantitative, qualitative)
8. Conditions (spatial and temporary) SD	Location of workplaces of participants in the activity, features of the territory (zone of work), distribution in time of individual activities performed

According to Zhuravlev A.L. (2000), socio-psychological processes are built on three foundations: 1) structural elements of joint activity; 2) a group of people - participants in joint activities; 3) on the subject-directed (target) of their interaction, including both the impact of each other's participants, and their joint impact on the common subject of activity. That is, in object-directed interaction, two main properties of joint activity are simultaneously integrated: objectivity (through orientation to the object of activity) and subjectivity (in the form of compatibility, collectivity).

Briefly summarizing, it can be argued that the main theoretical scheme for analyzing the psychology of a group in the process of joint activity should be the following sequence: subject-oriented (target) interaction - socio-psychological (group) processes - joint activity - psychology of the group itself.

The very same socio-psychological analysis of joint activity, regardless of the approach to the analysis of the phenomenon of "joint activity", should be carried out in close connection with the study of the subject of joint activity or a collective subject. However, the analysis of theoretical and experimental studies of joint activity demonstrates a wide range of ideas about its subject. However, behind all this diversity, two schemes for its description are visible:

1. The subject of joint activity is an individual. In a number of works, this paradoxical situation is declared directly: these are the cases when the authors talk about a joint-individual model of joint activity (Dontsov A.I., Dubovskaya E.M., Ulanovskaya I.M., 2003), about an individual type of problem solving in joint activity (Shcherbo N.P.) or the term “joint activity” denotes the situation of an individual solution of a problem in the conditions of silent co-presence of another person (Obozov N.N., 2000). a similar view of the subject of joint activity is characteristic of many Western works, in which joint and individual activity are considered as two poles of the same continuum. Silverman J. and Dzheringer I. believe that in a joint activity a subject with a higher level cognitive development as if "absorbs" the activity of an individual with a lower level, so that in the end only one partner acts, and the other agrees with him.

2. The subject of joint activity is a set of individuals who solve one “common” problem in “the same space at the same time” (Umansky L.I., Dontsov A.I., Dubovskaya E.M., Ulanovskaya I.M. , 2003). Researchers who adhere to this idea of the subject of joint activity build their research according to the scheme: two or more participants are offered a certain task, and the process of solving it is interpreted based on the a priori belief that it is implemented by a group, collective, cumulative subject (these terms are used as synonyms). ).

In addition, it is known that back in the 20th century, such researchers as V. Mede, F. Allport and V.M. Bekhterev established a difference in the course of human mental processes in conditions of individual and joint activity. And it was found that comparative analysis mental processes and functions in conditions of individual and joint activities, a clear distinction is possible, taking into account the interconnectedness of subjects. Thus, two levels are conventionally distinguished:

Obozov N.N. (reader, 2000) systematized some experimental data and analyzed the differences in the dynamics of mental processes and functions in conditions of individual and joint activities, taking into account the level of interconnectedness of subjects. His analysis of the study of mental processes and functions in conditions of the first level of interconnectedness or "silent co-presence" showed that the presence of other people leads to an increase in the strength of muscle tension and memory productivity, in particular, an improvement in long-term memory and an increase in the number of directed (by similarity) and free associations. At the same time, under these conditions, the subject experiences a decrease various kinds sensitivity; deterioration of attention and indicators of simple mental actions that require concentration of attention; a decrease in the number of directed associations (by contrast); decrease in the quality of results when solving "abstract" problems. Also Obozov N.N. argues that a detailed analysis of the data accumulated on this issue suggests that the joint stay causes the co-excitation of subjects who solve individual problems, which affects the dynamics of mental processes and the level of manifestation of functions, and also contributes to the little-conscious "rapprochement" of subjects in the dynamics of mental processes and functions , as well as in assessments, opinions, judgments.

In the conditions of the second level of interconnectedness or “mutual influence”, changes in mental processes and functions compared to individual activity are recorded according to the following parameters: the increase in the accuracy of perception of simple objects (number of details, size), as well as the perception of time, the increase in the accuracy of perception of complex objects during long periods of time. exposure, improvement in the definition of similar elements in objects, but at the same time, there is a deterioration in performance in the conditions of "interactions" in terms of the quality parameter of complex intellectual activity. Thus, the strengthening of mutual dependence causes significant changes in mental processes and functions of subjects.

An important condition for more effective joint activities is teamwork. Workability is defined as the unity (optimality) of interacting people in the performance of joint activities. The signs of workability are: high productivity of group members, accuracy and consistency of actions, favorable interpersonal relationships, reliability of teamwork, speed of mastering new joint actions, stability of their implementation. That is, we can assume that the workability depends on the level of empathy. Workability, as a rule, does not lead to the emergence of such phenomena of interpersonal communication as emotional closeness, identification, orientation towards intimate-personal communication of partners. Rather, it is the result of the successful implementation by the group of its instrumental functions, which makes it possible to achieve high productivity of activity, high satisfaction of group members with their work and group membership, and also generates a good level of mutual understanding, an adequate reflection by the participants of communication of everything that happens in the group (Babushkin G.D. ., Kulagina E.V., 2001).

In addition to all of the above, it is important to mention that the effectiveness of joint activities and the formation of optimal interpersonal relationships are due to three types of compatibility - social, psychological and psychophysiological, where "compatibility" refers to a multidimensional and multilevel phenomenon of intragroup interaction and relationships, which reflects the state of mutual satisfaction of group members , as a result of the optimal combination of their individual psychological characteristics and interpersonal roles. And on the basis of compatibility and operability, various strategies for the behavior of participants in joint activities are formed (Babushkin G.D., Kulagina E.V., 2001). So, in joint activities, the following strategies of behavior of participants in relation to each other are possible:

promotion as effective assistance to others, active contribution to the achievement of common goals;

counteracting the achievement of goals by other participants in joint activities, the commission of actions that are not coordinated with them;

avoidance of interaction, active withdrawal, avoidance of interaction with partners even in cases where circumstances not only facilitate interaction, but also require it.

A different combination of these three strategies determines the possible situations of interaction. If we consider dyadic interaction as its simplest variant, and used in the practical study described below, then we can distinguish the following series of socio-psychological types of interaction:

Collaboration - both partners assist each other, actively contribute to the achievement of the individual goals of each and the common goals of joint activities.

Confrontation - both partners oppose each other and impede the achievement of the individual goals of each.

Avoidance of interaction - partners try to avoid active interaction.

Unidirectional assistance - one of the participants in the joint activity contributes to the achievement of the goals of the other, and the second evades interaction with him.

Unidirectional opposition - one of the partners prevents the achievement of the goals of the other, and the second evades interaction with him.

Contrasting interaction - one of the partners tries to assist the other, and the second resorts to a strategy of actively counteracting him.

Compromise interaction - both partners partly contribute, partly oppose each other.

Summing up the review of the literature on the phenomenon of "joint activity", we can briefly characterize it as a process of group achievement of goals, where the group acts as an aggregate subject of joint activity with certain motives, methods and interpersonal relationships. Common knowledge, views and ideas form a group consciousness, which reflects the essential features of joint activity. And the achievement of positive results of joint activity is influenced by: the significance of its goals, the distribution of roles in accordance with group norms of behavior and the claims of individuals, the organization of self-government, the ethical regulation of interpersonal relations, and the psychological compatibility of group members. Internal solidarity, coordination of individual actions, mutual support, optimal management are the conditions for the successful implementation of joint activities.

N. Defoy

P.S. Modified and edited this article was included in the book: Natalia Defoy "The influence of meditation training on the level and channels of empathy"

Literature:

Babushkin G.D., Kulagina E.V. Psychological compatibility and teamwork in sports activities. - Omsk: SibGAFK, 2001.

Gulenko V.V., Tyshchenko V.P. Jung at school. Socionics - inter-age pedagogy. - Novosibirsk: NGU, 1997.

Dontsov A.I., Dubovskaya E.M., Ulanovskaya I.M. Development of criteria for analysis of joint activities. - M., 2003.

Brief psychological dictionary. - R-on-D .: "Phoenix", 1999.

Lomov B.F. Communication as a problem of general psychology // Methodological problems of social psychology. - M., "Science", 1975, p.124-135

Obozov N.N. Are we a match for each other at work and in our personal lives? - S.-P.: "Perseus", 1997.

Obozov N.N., Ovchinnikova V.S. Installation for the study of sensorimotor compatibility. //Electronics and sports.// - L., 1968.

Rubtsov V.V. Joint activity as a problem of genetic psychology // Psychological journal. No. 3, 1989.

Socio-psychological problems of joint activity in stressful and extreme situations // Actual problems psychology: traditions and modernity. Abstracts of international Kostyukov readings: In 2 vols. - Kyiv, 1992. T. 2.

Reader: Social psychology in the works of domestic psychologists. - S. - P., 2000.

Shevandrin N.I. Psychodiagnostics, correction and personality development in pedagogical practice. - Rostov - on - Don, 1992.

When using an article or part of it, a valid link to

The concept of "joint activity"

Domestic and foreign psychology unanimously confirms the vital role of the adult at this stage of development (L. Vygotsky, D. Elkonin, A. Zaporozhets, M. Lisina and others). Young children are especially susceptible to the style of interaction with an adult, they are very sensitive to the opinion and assessment of an adult and defenseless against their favorite forms of pressure and aggression from his side. Each child should be recognized the right to go through their own path of self-improvement, self-realization, the formation of his ability to be "the subject of his own life in the world."

One of the main conditions for the child to assimilate the position of the subject of activity is such a joint activity, where each of its components from the goal to the result is formalized jointly (by the teacher and children), where the educational content carries an element of open problematicness for both the child and the adult.

Pedagogical principles, methods and techniques set only guidelines for activities. For the child, the principle of solving the task assigned to him - a new general way of action - is unknown; for the adult, the specific ways of searching and discovering this principle by children are unknown. In line with this type of joint activity, the "exchange of information" gives way to a specific "exchange of opportunities" between the child and the adult.

The psychological dictionary practices the concept of "joint activity" in this way - it is an organized system of activity of interaction between individuals, aimed at the expedient production of objects of material and spiritual culture.

When organizing joint activities, the teacher should reflect the following characteristics:

1. spatial and temporal co-presence of participants, creating the possibility of direct personal contact between them in terms of exchanging actions and exchanging information.

This characteristic directs the teacher to create conditions for joint interaction in this space. The transition from independent children's activities to motivated joint activities with a teacher should be natural. Someone responds right away. Someone later, the main thing is the voluntary participation of children. Therefore, the reflection for the teacher will be how much he knows his children. Knows himself and his reactions to their possible actions. The presence of material, the thoughtfulness of its placement, taking into account the individual and gender and age characteristics of the pupils, will help the teacher to attract children.

2. The presence of a common goal that meets the needs and interests of all participants, anticipates the result, communication experience, interests and ways of fulfilling the needs of each of the participants.

This characteristic implies activity design. Setting a common goal of joint activity that satisfies the interests of all participants includes two levels of tasks:

setting and solving pedagogical problems;
Setting a practical task for children.

Setting a task for children should be motivated in accordance with the age and individual interests of the children. In joint activities, the leading psychological tasks are tasks with the help of which the teacher studies the capabilities of children, searches for a solution by children to the task in the models "adult - child", "child - child", "child - character", "adult - child - character ", etc. And also, depending on the stage of mastering knowledge:

acquisition - information;
exercise - consolidation;
generalization - systematization;
independent use;

Pedagogical tasks can be tasks for consolidation, tasks of a generalizing nature, creative nature, etc.

The nature of the tasks affects the organization of joint activities.

3. The presence of organizational and management bodies, which are embodied in the person of one of the participants in the activity, or distributed.

The teacher thinks over who and how will lead the process of joint activities. The teacher - a participant in joint activities not only organizes and directs, but also acts. A full-fledged participant in a joint activity can be a game character who acts through a letter, parcel, etc.

4. The division of the process of joint activity between the participants is due to the nature of the goals, means and conditions, the composition and skill level of the participants.

The teacher chooses the optimal form of organizing activities with the optimal number of participants, depending on the purpose and content, the capabilities of children.

Psychologist L.I. Umansky identifies 3 possible forms of organizing joint activities:

Jointly - individual activity - each participant does his part of the common goal independently of each other (the whole group can participate)
Jointly - sequential activity - the common goal is carried out sequentially by each participant (the whole group is divided into small groups)
· Jointly - joint activity - simultaneous interactions of each participant with all the others.

In conditions of collective and individual joint activities, small groups (6-8 people) or couples and triples of children are optimal. On what basis can children be united? The choice of association will depend on the purpose, objectives, content, age and capabilities of the children. It is important that this association be successful.

The most famous were associations of children: by interests, by likes, by gender, by tasks, around characters, around leaders, based on didactic material.

The teacher is looking for a set of options for associations that are successful for the development of children, offering children the opportunity to “try on” different social roles: idea generator, performer, instructor, controller, etc.

5. The emergence of interpersonal relationships.
5This characteristic helps the teacher to establish the rules of dialogue

interactions between participants in joint activities:

· If you ask a question, wait for the child to answer it.
· After expressing your opinion, take an interest in the opinion of the children.
· If you do not agree - argue, encourage children to search for arguments.
· "Keep a pause" - do not allow yourself to capture the entire communicative space.
Look your interlocutor in the face (eye to eye) more often.
· Say the name of the interlocutor more often.
Use phrases more often: prove me wrong; how do you think; this is interesting your opinion etc.

Thus, the role played by joint activities in the social and personal development of the child is very important. In such activities, the formation of personality takes place. Here, between its participants, communication is carried out, aimed at coordinating efforts to achieve a common goal. It acts as a condition for the formation of a complex system of communicative activity interaction and speech in childhood. This makes it possible to connect the dialogic form of verbal communication in ontogenesis with the activity and cognitive aspects of the child's development.

1. The concept of joint activity

The main factor generating and determining the content and process of joint activity is the communication of people.

Exist various concepts joint activities. It depends on what side of a person's life this term affects. In accordance with civil law, a joint activity is an agreement in accordance with which the parties undertake to act together to achieve a common goal. Under a joint activity agreement, the parties (participants) undertake to act jointly by combining property and efforts to achieve a common economic or other goal that does not contradict legislative acts. Russian Federation Monetary or other property contributions of the parties to the agreement, as well as property created or acquired as a result of their activities, are their common shared property. A participant in a joint activity agreement is not entitled to dispose of a share in common property without the consent of the other participants in the agreement, with the exception of that part of the products and income from this activity that is at the disposal of each participant. The participant who is entrusted with the conduct of common affairs acts on the basis of a power of attorney issued by the other parties to the agreement. The property united by the participants in the agreement for joint activities is recorded on a separate (separate) balance sheet for that participant who, in accordance with the agreement, is entrusted with the conduct of common affairs of the participants in the agreement. The data of a separate (separate) balance sheet shall not be included in the balance sheet of a participating enterprise conducting common business. The distribution of profits, losses and other results between the parties to the agreement is carried out in the manner prescribed by the agreement. Each participant includes his share of the profit received as a result of joint activities in the composition of non-operating income when forming financial results.

From a psychological point of view, joint activity is an organized system of activity of interacting individuals, aimed at the expedient production (reproduction) of objects of material and spiritual culture. The hallmarks of collaboration are:

1) spatial and temporal co-presence of participants, creating the possibility of direct personal contact between them, including the exchange of actions, the exchange of information, as well as mutual perception;

2) the presence of a single goal - an anticipated result of joint activity that meets the common interests and contributes to the realization of the needs of each of the individuals included in the joint activity,

3) the presence of organizational and management bodies, which are embodied in the person of one of the participants, endowed with special powers, or distributed between them;

4) division of the process of joint activities between the participants, due to the nature of the goal, means and conditions for achieving it, the composition and skill level of the performers. This implies the interdependence of individuals, which is manifested either in the final product of joint activity, or in the very process of its production. If in the first case individual operations are carried out in parallel and do not depend on the sequence of actions of others, then in the second they are interdependent (specialized and hierarchized), since they must be implemented simultaneously as functionally different components of a complex operation or in a strict sequence, when the result of one operation serves as a condition for the beginning another. An example of a highly specialized joint activity is a collective scientific activity, which involves an extensive system social roles its members;

5) the emergence of interpersonal relations in the process of joint activity, which are formed on the basis of subject-specific functional-role interactions and acquire a relatively independent character over time. Being initially conditioned by the content of joint activity, interpersonal relations, in turn, have an impact on its process and results. In social psychology, joint activity is considered as the main condition for the socio-psychological integration of the individuals included in it. Joint activity objectively has a multi-purpose character, which is due to its intra- and inter-system links. The fact that acts of individual activity are a condition for the existence and reproduction of both the individual himself and the processes of group activity as a whole indicates the interpenetration and mutual enrichment of individual and joint activities, the interaction of individual motivational and social normative conditions for joint activity.

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Introduction

The study of human relations, which has become, according to prominent scientists, the "problem of the century", is a key problem for social psychology. The current level of development of production and large-scale changes in the economic and social spheres society place higher demands on the individual in his professional activity. Including joint activities. The significance of the social consequences of human decisions is growing.

When analyzing various theoretical approaches to the study of joint activity, attention is drawn to the fact that, postulating its most important significance in the development of other processes and the mutual influence of the psychological phenomena of joint activity, most authors, in principle, do not discuss the question of the psychological essence of the latter. An analysis of the specific texts of descriptions of experimental procedures and interpretation of their results shows that at the level of empiricism, researchers study actually different realities, united only by the common name “joint activity”. This leads to the formation of a very mosaic picture, in which individual studies of joint activity, instead of deepening, developing and supplementing each other, for the most part coexist independently, having practically no points of intersection. Although it is obvious that if the initial foundations of joint activity are not revealed and indicated, then the question of the comparative effectiveness of different types of its organization, as well as the influence of various psychological factors on it, largely loses its meaning.

In this regard, it becomes clear that the issue of studying joint activities and factors affecting its effectiveness is quite relevant.

The concept of joint activity

The main factor generating and determining the content and process of joint activity is the communication of people.

There are various concepts of joint activity. It depends on what side of a person's life this term affects. In accordance with civil law, a joint activity is an agreement in accordance with which the parties undertake to act together to achieve a common goal. Under a joint activity agreement, the parties (participants) undertake to act jointly by combining property and efforts to achieve a common economic or other goal that does not contradict the legislative acts of the Russian Federation Cash or other property contributions of the parties to the agreement, as well as property created or acquired as a result of their activities are their common share property. A participant in a joint activity agreement is not entitled to dispose of a share in common property without the consent of the other participants in the agreement, with the exception of that part of the products and income from this activity that is at the disposal of each participant. The participant who is entrusted with the conduct of common affairs acts on the basis of a power of attorney issued by the other parties to the agreement. The property united by the participants in the agreement for joint activities is recorded on a separate (separate) balance sheet for that participant who, in accordance with the agreement, is entrusted with the conduct of common affairs of the participants in the agreement. The data of a separate (separate) balance sheet shall not be included in the balance sheet of a participating enterprise conducting common business. The distribution of profits, losses and other results between the parties to the agreement is carried out in the manner prescribed by the agreement. Each participant includes his share of the profit received as a result of joint activities in the composition of non-operating income when forming financial results.

3) the presence of organizational and management bodies, which are embodied in the person of one of the participants, endowed with special powers, or distributed between them;

4) division of the process of joint activities between the participants, due to the nature of the goal, means and conditions for achieving it, the composition and skill level of the performers. This implies the interdependence of individuals, which is manifested either in the final product of joint activity, or in the very process of its production. If in the first case individual operations are carried out in parallel and do not depend on the sequence of actions of others, then in the second they are interdependent (specialized and hierarchized), since they must be implemented simultaneously as functionally different components of a complex operation or in a strict sequence, when the result of one operation serves as a condition for the beginning another. An example of a highly specialized joint activity is a collective scientific activity, which implies an extensive system of social roles for its participants;

I. First, collaboration is unity of all group members place, time and action.

II. Secondly, All participants joint activities united by a common goal its implementation. This means that the individual goals of each must coincide, or the group goal must become the goal of each participant.

III. Thirdly, collaboration the presence of a given network of responsibilities group members.

IV. Fourthly, joint activity involves connections its participants among themselves, their interdependence in the process of activity. These connections exist in the form of verbal contacts, exchange of actions and assessments.

v. Fifthly, joint activities in the children's group take place against the background of joint experiences , thanks to which in the children's group the socio-psychological effects of imitating adults and peers, likening oneself to them and their own, achieve special strength.

Signs, structure and dynamics of joint activities (Shevandrin)

Under signs joint activity (JA) is usually understood as its distinctive features as a holistic and relatively independent phenomenon. To the main featured joint activities include:

1) a single goal for the participants included in the activity;

2) general motivation;

3) unification, combination or conjugation of individual activities (and the individual), understood as the formation of a single whole;

4) division of a single process of activity into separate functionally related operations and their distribution among participants;

5) coordination of individual activities of participants, which provides for a strict sequence of operations in accordance with a predetermined program. Such coordination is usually carried out taking into account the numerous characteristics of the activity: spatial, temporal (tempo, intensity, rhythm), etc. It is achieved through management;

6) management - the most important feature and attribute of SD;

7) a single end result (cumulative product),

8) common space and simultaneity of individual activities performed by different people.

Psychological structure SD includes a number of components: common goals, motives, actions and results. The overall goal of a joint activity is a central component of its structure. The goal is understood as an ideal, presented general result, to which the community of individuals (group subject) strives. The general goal can be divided into more specific and specific tasks, the gradual solution of which brings the collective subject closer to the goal. An obligatory component of the psychological structure of SD is a common motive that encourages the community of individuals to work together (i.e., direct motivating force). The next component of joint activity is joint action, i.e. such elements of it that are aimed at fulfilling the current (operational and fairly simple) tasks of the SD. The structure of joint activities is completed by the overall result obtained by its participants.

A.N.Leontiev singles out individual (special) activities in the "general flow of activity" according to the criterion of the motives that motivate them. Next comes the level of actions - processes that obey conscious goals. Finally, this is the level of operations that directly depend on the conditions for achieving a specific goal.

Targeted or object-directed interaction between individuals (and, therefore, between individual activities) can, in the first approximation, be taken as a "unit" of psychological analysis of SD, which reveals its qualitative specifics (similar to how an objective action makes up the specifics of an individual).

In joint activities, as a rule, several of the most typical strategies behavior of its participants in relation to partners:

a) assistance as effective assistance to others, active contribution to the achievement of the overall goals of the SD;

b) opposition to the achievement of goals by other participants in the SD, the commission of actions that are inconsistent with them, going against the desires, opinions, behavior of partners in interaction;

c) avoidance of interaction, i.e. active care, avoidance of interaction with partners, even in cases where the situation and circumstances not only facilitate, but also require the interaction of participants in the SD to achieve common goals.

Researchers identify a number of socio-psychological types interactions. Let's list them.

1. Cooperation: both partners in interaction actively help each other, actively contribute to the achievement of the individual goals of each and the common goals of the Board of Directors.

2. Confrontation: both partners oppose each other and impede the achievement of the individual goals of each.

3. Avoidance of interaction, i.e. both partners try to avoid active cooperation.

4. Unidirectional assistance, when one of the participants in the SD contributes to the achievement of the individual goals of the other, and the second evades interaction with him.

5. Unidirectional counteraction, i.e. one of the partners hinders the achievement of the goals of the other, and the second evades interaction with the first.

6. Contrasting interaction: one of the participants tries to assist the other, and the second resorts to a strategy of actively counteracting the first (in such situations, such
resistance may be masked in one form or another).

7. Compromise interaction, when both partners show separate elements of both assistance and opposition.

The main features of joint activities and subject properties SDs are closely related to each other. Among the main characteristics of the subject of joint activity, it is necessary to single out purposefulness, motivation, the level of integrity (integration), structuredness, consistency, organization (controllability), performance (npoductivity), spatial and temporal features of living conditions.

Purposefulness group subject of activity represents the desire for the main goal.

motivation as a property of a group subject of activity, it characterizes an active, interested and effective attitude (motivation) to joint activities.

Under integrity(or integration) of a collective subject of activity is understood as the internal unity of its constituent elements. Integrity is evaluated by a set of the following parameters: the density of functional connections between its members, the indicators of which are the frequency and intensity of contacts between them; level of functional interconnectedness; the ratio of the number of jointly performed functions to their total number; type of integrity of the collective subject, manifested in the nature of the dominant links between members of the team.

An important property of a group subject of activity is its structuredness, which means the clarity and rigor of the mutual distribution of functions, tasks, rights, duties and responsibilities between members of the team, the certainty of its structure. Empirical indicators of structuredness can be the dominant ways of distributing functions (mutual complementation, safety net, duplication), ways of taking responsibility for the performance of functions in a team (concentration, distribution, diffusion of responsibility), characteristics of business mutual influence, etc.

Consistency is a harmonious combination of group members, the mutual conditioning of their actions. The consistency parameter is primarily the type or nature of the coordination (correlation) of the actions of the group members, which can be assessed using the following indicators: the dominant ways of resolving disagreements and contradictions, the leading "zone" of coordination of the group members' actions, the level of conflict and the typical ways of behavior of its members in conflict situations. situations, etc.

organization generalized subject of activity means orderliness, composure, subordination to a certain order of joint activities, the ability to act accurately, in accordance with a predetermined Plan (plannedness).

An integral property of a collective subject of activity is its performance, characterizing the ability to achieve a positive outcome