Types of routes in transport logistics. On the example of LLC "KF" Slobodskaya "

Transport is a kind of connecting element that is located between the links of great logistics themselves, and most of the cargo delivery operations are carried out with the help of it. This led to the emergence of a separate industry in the logistics system - the so-called transport logistics - the movement of the ordered goods in the required time, by the optimal route to desired point with minimal cash outlay.

Transport logistics broadly covers three main areas:

control over operations with goods that occur along the route of the cargo, using various means of communication and the latest information technologies;
the process of organizing and planning the delivery of cargo with minimal financial costs;
providing the necessary information for the goods owner.

Transport, as an integral part of logistics, consumes about fifty percent of all costs allocated to logistics. He is involved in many logistics processes, therefore, requires consistency between all participants in the transport process. Let's look at the main tasks of transport logistics:

coordination of the transport and storage process;
creation of working systems for the transportation of goods;
selection of the desired type and type of transport;
determination of optimal time and cost routes for the delivery of goods;

To successfully solve the above problems, it is necessary to follow the basic principles of transport logistics: the required cargo of the required quality must be transported at the slightest cost, and it must arrive at the customer at the set time and in the proper amount.

With the development of the logistics system, the role of transport in this system is changing significantly. Nowadays, transport services are determined by the optimal ratio of profit and expenses, taking into account the wishes of the sender and (or) recipient.

Transportation can be internal and external, it all depends on the variant of its use. These types of transportation are interconnected and constitute common system transport type.

Thus, transport becomes the main part of the process of transporting goods. In this system transport logistics functions lie in the successful process of storing and moving cargo. This process should be beneficial both in terms of time and economics. In case of financial savings on re-loading and unloading of goods, the cargo storage function is used, while it is necessary to take into account the increase in the time required to deliver the goods to the consumer.

The following factors contributed to the allocation of transport to a separate area of logistics:

the presence of a huge number of forwarding enterprises that play a major role in the process of optimal delivery of cargo;
the ability of transport to create a sustainable, reliable and stable system for the sale of goods;
the high price of transportation, which in some cases can reach fifty percent of the total logical costs for the delivery of goods;
solving a large number of transport problems.

Logistics is combined into one whole: economy, technology and modern technology. The task of transport logistics is generally a separate difficult process. Among the tasks and goals, one can note the provision of a technological and economic nature.

Technological unity is achieved through the use of a single transportation technology.

Economic unity is the construction of a tariff system based on the results of market research.

Technical unity implies the consistency of all characteristics of the transport system, both in the interspecies reserve and within individual species.

The main principle of logistics is to keep costs to a minimum. In transport, savings can be achieved due to the distance and scale of cargo transportation.

Financial savings due to the range of the transported distance is achieved by the fact that with an increase in the route, the cost of using transport decreases when calculated per unit distance. For example, transporting one product 1,000 kilometers will be cheaper than transporting two goods (or goods of the same weight) 500 kilometers.

Saving Money Due to the scale of the transported goods, it is achieved by the fact that the larger the cargo, the lower the cost per unit of goods (weight), or, the use of powerful modes of transport (water or rail) will be cheaper than the use of air or road transport.

The above principles should be taken into account when looking for alternative modes of transportation. It is necessary to achieve the maximum distance of transportation and the maximum load of vehicles, also taking into account all the wishes of the customer.

The optimality of transport costs should be such that the totality of all logistics costs is minimal. This can be achieved by striking a balance between delivery quality and shipping costs.

When compiling a transport service model, it is necessary to take into account the schedule for the delivery of goods and the route of transport. Creating an optimal route will allow you to accurately calculate the number of vehicles that are necessary for the successful transportation of goods. When determining and observing delivery times and selected routes, it is possible to save consumer stocks several times over.

This can be achieved by following these steps:

drawing up a map of the location of consumers;
forecasting the required number of goods and the volume of traffic;
transfer of information about customers;
scheduling the delivery of goods on time;
fictitious work;
choice of rolling stock;
development of optimal routes.

The basis of transport logistics are vehicles, they must meet the stated requirements and possess certain properties. Transport should have the following ability: in accordance with the small stocks of the user's products, at short intervals to transport the necessary consignments of goods over specified distances. The most popular and main criterion when choosing the type of transportation is considered to be the maximum use of their carrying capacity and capacity, the safety of goods, as well as the reduction of financial costs for the transportation itself.

Transport is a branch of material production that transports people and goods.

For a long time, transport was not given due attention. But with the growth and complexity of world economic relations, transport gradually becomes an important factor in increasing the efficiency of commodity circulation and the entire production as a whole. There is a new look at transport.

In particular, there is a synchronization of the work of transport and production, a lot of attention began to be paid to compliance with time schedules. There has been increased interest in the value of tariffs, the length of routes, and the availability of specialized rolling stock. In some cases, there is an fusion of transport with serviced production. Door-to-door systems are emerging.

In the end, all this leads to the emergence of transport logistics, which began to be understood as a key logistics function associated with the movement of products by vehicles using a certain technology in the supply chain, and consisting of logistics operations and functions, including forwarding, cargo handling, packaging, transfer of rights cargo ownership, risk insurance, customs procedures etc.

The basic concepts of transport logistics were also formulated.

The first concept is a transport corridor. It is part of a national or international transport system that provides significant freight traffic between separate geographical areas.

It includes mobile vehicles and stationary devices of all modes of transport operating in this direction and

a set of legal conditions for the implementation of these transportations.

The next important concept is the transport chain. These are the stages of cargo transportation over certain distances, over a certain period of time, using vehicles of one or more modes of transport. All this time, the goods remain unchanged (for example, a cargo package or a container).

Gradually, the mission of transportation in the logistics service system was formed, which sounds like “deliver desired product required quality and quantities at a given time and at optimal cost.

The transport service began to include not only cargo transportation, but also forwarding services, information support, transaction operations, cargo handling services, insurance services, security services, etc.

Transportation management includes the following main steps:

Choice of transportation method;

Choice of type of transport;

Choice of vehicle;

Choice of carrier and logistics partners for transportation;

Optimization of transport process parameters;

Determination of rational delivery routes;

Joint planning of transport processes on various modes of transport;

Joint planning of the transport process with warehouse and production;

Coordination and planning of the transportation operation together with cargo handling, packaging, etc.

The most important is the choice of vehicle. To successfully resolve this issue, at least you need to know the selection parameters and characteristics of the vehicle itself, its strengths and weaknesses.

The selection parameters include rolling stock parameters, which include:

Technical and operational speed of the vehicle;

Overall dimensions of cargo containers and vehicles themselves;

Gross weight and axle load;

Engine power;

Carrying capacity and overall dimensions of trailers, semi-trailers, wagons, etc.

In addition, be sure to remember the parameters for message paths, which include:

throughput of communication lines;

The width of the carriageway (track), the depth of the fairway;

Permissible load on the roadway.

Finally, it is important to know the parameters for the terminals. This is, first of all, the useful storage area, as well as the number of revolutions (turnover speed).

It should be borne in mind that all transport is divided into two main groups.

Public transport – This is a branch of the national economy that satisfies the needs of all other sectors of the national economy and the population in the transportation of goods and passengers.

Transport is not public - it's inside industrial transport, as well as vehicles of all kinds, owned by transport companies. He is usually integral part any production systems and should be organically inscribed in them.

Each mode of transport has its own advantages and disadvantages.

Rail transport in our country is one of the most common. Its advantages include:

Independence from climatic conditions, time of year and day;

High regularity of transportation;

Ensuring the possibility of delivering cargo over long distances;

Relatively low tariffs and significant discounts for transit shipments;

Relatively low cost of cargo transportation;

High speed of cargo delivery over distances above 1500 km;

Well adapted for transportation various volumes consignments;

The ability to effectively organize the execution of loading and unloading work, etc.

But this species transport has its drawbacks:

Limited number of carriers;

Large capital investments in the production and technical base;

High material consumption and energy intensity of transportation;

Unavailability at end points of sale;

Insufficiently high safety of cargo, etc.

Maritime transport has the following advantages:

Possibility of intercontinental transportation (is the largest carrier in international transport);

Low cost transportation over long distances, low freight rates;

High carrying capacity and throughput;

Low capital intensity of transportation, etc.

It also has significant disadvantages:

Limited geography of transportation;

Low delivery speed;

Dependence on geographical, navigational and weather conditions;

Low frequency of sendings;

Strict requirements for packaging and fastening cargo.

The need to create a complex port infrastructure, etc.

Inland water transport also has its advantages and disadvantages. Its advantages include:

High carrying capacity on deep rivers and reservoirs;

Low cost of transportation, low freight rates for transportation of goods weighing more than 100 tons over a distance of more than 250 km;

And its disadvantages are:

Limited geography of transportation, low availability in geographical terms;

Low delivery speed;

Dependence on uneven depths of rivers and reservoirs, navigational conditions;

Seasonality in many places;

Insufficient reliability of transportation and safety of cargo, etc.

Recently, in our country, road transport has become increasingly popular. Its advantages include:

High availability;

Possibility of cargo delivery “from door to door”;

High maneuverability, flexibility, dynamism;

High delivery speed;

Ability to use different routes and delivery schemes;

High safety of cargo;

Possibility of sending cargo in small lots, regularity of delivery;

Wide choice of the most suitable carrier;

Compared to other types, there are less stringent requirements for product packaging, etc.

But it also has some disadvantages:

Low efficiency;

Dependence on weather and road conditions;

High cost of transportation over long distances;

Relatively low load capacity;

Insufficient environmental cleanliness;

The impossibility of a long wait for unloading, the urgency of unloading;

The possibility of cargo theft and vehicle theft, etc.

In some cases, air transport can become indispensable and preferable due to its advantages, such as:

The highest speed of cargo delivery;

High reliability;

The highest safety of the cargo;

The shortest transportation routes;

Ability to reach remote areas, etc.

And its inherent disadvantages can become problematic in its use:

High cost of transportation, the highest tariffs;

High capital intensity, material and energy intensity of transportation;

Dependence on weather conditions, which reduces the reliability of compliance with the delivery schedule;

Limited geographic availability, etc.

A specific mode of transport is pipeline transport. Its advantages include:

Low cost;

High performance;

High safety of cargo;

Low capital intensity, etc.

At the same time, it can be used to transport only special types of cargo (gas, oil products, emulsions of raw materials) and only in large volumes.

Grade various kinds transport

Logistics comes from the Greek word logistike - the art of calculating, reasoning. The history of the emergence and development of logistics goes back to the distant past. The first positions of logisticians appeared in ancient Athens. During the period of the Roman Empire, there were servants of logistics or logistics who were engaged in the distribution of products, the formation of stocks, and the exchange between provinces. In Byzantium in the 1st millennium AD. the tasks of logistics were arming the army, supplying it with military equipment.
First scientific works on logistics appeared in France at the beginning of the 19th century, the author A. Jomini, a military specialist.
Logistics was especially rapidly developed during the Second World War, when logistics was used to solve strategic problems and clear interaction between the defense industry, supply bases and transport in order to timely provide the army with weapons and food. In the 60s, logistics gradually moves from the military to the civilian, and then to production. At the end of the 20th century, logistics science included purchasing, transport, production, information, and marketing logistics. Thus, logistics seeks to satisfy the needs of the consumer as much as possible with minimal costs for the manufacturer.
Logistics is the science of planning, controlling and managing transportation, warehousing and other tangible and intangible operations performed in the process of bringing raw materials and materials to manufacturing enterprise, intra-factory processing of raw materials and materials, bringing finished products to the consumer in accordance with the interests and needs of the latter, as well as the transfer of storage and processing of relevant information and the corresponding financial flows. Logistics is the science of managing the movement of goods.

Transport logistics

Three secrets to optimal savings

Transport. One of the main issues at the stage of preparing the transportation of goods is the choice of vehicle. There is a simple law here: the heavier the load, the lower the cost per unit of weight. Sending several tons to another continent is much more profitable than sending a box of matches of fifty grams in the same way.

It is logical that from this point of view, the cheapest are sea and railway transport, but cars and planes will require where high costs. Therefore, sometimes it is much more reasonable to sacrifice time and save money by sending cargo on a cruise by sea or land.

Volume. A considerable amount of fixed costs passes from the estimate to the estimate. These are all costs associated with the preparation and clearance of cargo, accounting operations, downtime of transport during loading and unloading, operation and, finally, concern for improving service and maintenance. All these costs are evenly distributed over the entire cargo, so the larger its volume, the lower the cost per unit of weight.

Route. The preparation and use of transport initially cost a lot of money, which is then distributed to the entire cargo. Costs decrease with increasing distance - the farther the destination, the lower the cost per unit of distance. That is why it is more profitable to deliver one cargo over a long distance than two - over a short one.

From logic to logistics

In any business, the main thing is to keep a balance and look for the best options in the golden mean. In the process of international cargo transportation, there are indicators and principles that can be sacrificed, there are those for which it is still not worth cutting costs.

Transport logistics does not promise maximum savings and total budget cuts. She teaches to save wisely and professionally. Freight transport can be fast- right on time. quality- Reliable, accurate, with mutual pleasure from communication. budgetary- rational, with a reasonable price and a reasonable balance between cost and efficiency.

Logistics Road transport

Often, road transport is considered as an element of the logistics system with 100% reliability in fulfilling its tasks, functioning under conditions of certainty. However, this is not the case. One of the difficulties in implementing logistic approach is that Motor transport company(ATP) is a “living” system operating under conditions of uncertainty and risk.
Maintaining the reliability of this system requires large material and labor costs and determines the value of a number of logistical indicators (costs per shipped unit of production; costs per ton-kilometer of transported goods; loading of the fleet of vehicles, etc.).

When modeling the tasks of transport logistics, it must be taken into account that the development indicators of any production economic system in principle depend on its two interrelated characteristics: state and functioning.
The state of the ATP is characterized as a list number of cars, and their most important property - reliability.
System operation - current implementation in specific conditions external environment the possibilities presented by this state for the implementation of the functions of the system for which it was created. The existence of these two interrelated characteristics of the ATP predetermined the division of mathematical methods into methods used to solve particular problems of functioning, and methods that allow optimizing the state of the ATP.

Functioning tasks include choosing the best options for organizing the transportation process, types and types of rolling stock, joint planning of transport, production and storage processes, etc.
The concentration of efforts to improve the efficiency of methods and models for solving only functioning problems is dead end road. Theoretically, an effective management decision taken for implementation without taking into account the possible state of the car park may not have a real practical effect and creates the prerequisites for violating the fundamental principle of logistics - reliability.
When modeling the development of ATP, both its state and functioning, two approaches have been outlined: deterministic-optimal and probabilistic-adaptive.
Deterministic-optimal approach to acceptance management decisions in most cases provides significant economic effect. With optimal planning, one obtains not just acceptable or feasible variants of plans, but the best ones with respect to the accepted method of their evaluation. At the same time, economic and mathematical models are widely used, which allow choosing variable indicators of the plan from the conditions of the extremum of the adopted measure of its effectiveness (for example, profit maximization, cost minimization, etc.).

Optimization of the functioning and state of the system at the same time is the main condition for achieving it. highest efficiency. Another aspect is that it is impossible to solve the problem of ATP development with the help of one model, therefore, it is necessary to divide this problem into a number of local ones that are part of the general system of transport logistics tasks.
The most acceptable approach to modeling the development of ATP as an economic system is a probabilistic-adaptive approach.
As the main characteristics of the probabilistic-adaptive approach to modeling enterprise tasks, the following should be noted:

‰ inclusion of all the advantages of the deterministic-optimal approach;
‰ Creation of man-machine planning systems that allow more complete and efficient use of the experience and intuition of specialists in the planning process;
‰ taking into account a known share of uncertainty in our knowledge of the future, which determines the choice of the most adaptive options for plans;
‰ personification of the plan as a system of interrelated decisions;
‰ consideration of organizational problems.

The need to combine the deterministic and probabilistic approaches to solving the problems of transport logistics is predetermined by the characteristic features of the problems of developing the ATP. These include:

‰ Significant uncertainty of both future situations in which the object may find itself in the course of its evolution, and the uncertainty of the final effects of decisions made;
‰ Incompleteness and significantly low reliability of the initial information, which are sometimes too enlarged, aggregated;
‰ Difficulties of a methodological and computational nature (taking into account fundamentally non-formalizable elements), which do not allow achieving full adequacy of models to real processes of ATP development.

At the same time, transport processes that include an element of chance are not purely random. The role of the organizational component is high in them - the technology of TO and TR, the work schedule, etc. Therefore, formulas (models) developed only on the basis of a probabilistic or deterministic approach to transport processes often do not correspond existing system transport.

Adaptive behavior is manifested in various development trends that reflect the evolution of a particular system in the course of its adaptation to environmental influences. The functioning of road transport is predominantly adaptive. Modeling the development of ATP can be provided by a combination of normative and descriptive models that, on the one hand, develop solutions for active influences on the development of ATP, and on the other hand, describe the processes of adaptation of ATP under conditions of uncertainty and incomplete information. The development and implementation of a probabilistic-adaptive approach can ensure the implementation of the main conditions effective use methods and models in transport logistics, as well as methodological principles of analysis and synthesis logistics systems, such as consistency, reliability, adaptability, stability, etc.
Having determined the place of transport logistics and its relationship with functional and resource logistics, as well as evaluating the level of methodological support and approaches to modeling logistics tasks, it is necessary to draw the following conclusions:
logistics of transport from the point of view of the functioning of production systems can be represented by procurement, in-house and distribution logistics of transport;
The most acceptable approach to combining methods and models for solving transport logistics problems is a probabilistic-adaptive approach.
The combination of methods and models for solving problems of transport logistics should be based on the description of the development of the vehicle fleet as a sequence of phenomena in time using the apparatus of the theory of random processes, i.e. stochastic models.

Freight forwarder or carrier? Three secrets and international cargo transportation

Forwarder or carrier: which one to choose? If the carrier is good and the forwarder is bad, then the first one. If the carrier is bad, and the forwarder is good, then the second one. Such a choice is simple. But how to decide when both applicants are good? How to choose from two seemingly equivalent options? The problem is that these options are not equal.

Scary stories of international transportation

BETWEEN THE HAMMER AND THE ANVIL.

It is not easy to live between a transportation customer and a very cunningly economical cargo owner. One day we received an order. Freight for three kopecks, additional terms on two sheets, the collection is called .... Loading on Wednesday. The car is already in place on Tuesday, and by lunchtime the next day, the warehouse begins to slowly throw into the trailer everything that your forwarder has collected for his customers-recipients.

ENCHANTED PLACE - PTO KOZLOVICHI.

According to legends and experience, everyone who transported goods from Europe by road knows what a terrible place is the PTO Kozlovichi, Brest customs. What a mess they're doing Belarusian customs officers, find fault in every possible way and tear at exorbitant prices. And it is true. But not all...

HOW UNDER THE NEW YEAR WE CARRIED DRY MILK.

Groupage loading at a consolidation warehouse in Germany. One of the cargoes is powdered milk from Italy, the delivery of which was ordered by the Forwarder .... A classic example of the work of the forwarder-"transmitter" (he does not delve into anything, he only passes along the chain).

Documents for international transport

International road transport of goods is very organized and bureaucratic, as a result - for the implementation of international road transport of goods, a lot of unified documents are used. Never mind customs carrier or ordinary - he will not go without documents. Although it is not very exciting, we have tried to make it easier to state the purpose of these documents and the meaning that they have. They gave an example of filling in TIR, CMR, T1, EX1, Invoice, Packing List...

Calculation of axle load for trucking

Purpose - to study the possibility of redistributing loads on the axles of the tractor and semi-trailer when changing the location of the cargo in the semi-trailer. And the application of this knowledge in practice.

In the system we are considering, there are 3 objects: a tractor $(T)$, a semi-trailer $(\large ((p.p.)))$ and a cargo $(\large (gr))$. All variables related to each of these objects will be superscripted $T$, $(\large (p.p.))$ and $(\large (gr))$ respectively. For example, the unladen weight of a tractor would be denoted as $m^(T)$.

Why don't you eat mushrooms? Customs exhaled sadness.

What is happening in the international road transport market? The Federal Customs Service of the Russian Federation has already banned the issuance of TIR Carnets without additional guarantees in several federal districts. And she notified that from December 1 of this year she would completely terminate the contract with the IRU as non-compliant Customs Union and makes non-childish financial claims.
The IRU responded: “Explanations FCS of Russia regarding the alleged debt of ASMAP in the amount of 20 billion rubles is a complete fiction, since all the old TIR claims have been fully settled..... What do we, simple carriers, think?

Stowage Factor Weight and volume of cargo when calculating the cost of transportation

The calculation of the cost of transportation depends on the weight and volume of the cargo. For maritime transport, volume is most often decisive, for air transport it is weight. For road transport of goods, it is important complex indicator. Which parameter for calculations will be chosen in a particular case depends on specific weight of cargo (Stowage Factor) .

The globalization of the economy is accompanied by unprecedented rates of growth in trade. World exports have grown 10-fold in 50 years and continue to grow by more than rapidly than GDP. The daily volume of foreign exchange transactions exceeds $1.5 trillion compared to $15 billion in 1973. Under these conditions, the importance of the global transport network increases to the maximum. Transport serves as the material basis for production relations between individual territories, acts as a factor organizing the world economic space and ensuring the further geographical division of labor.

In structure social production transport belongs to the sphere of production of material services. A significant part of the LP on the way of the movement of the MP from the primary source of raw materials to the final consumer is carried out using various vehicles. The cost of these operations is up to 50% of the total cost of logistics. This determines the importance of optimizing the movement of MPs at the stage of transportation.

Transport solves the following main tasks:

creation of transport systems, including the creation of transport corridors and transport chains;
joint planning of transport processes on various modes of transport (in the case of multimodal transport);
ensuring the technological unity of the transport and storage process;
joint planning of the transport process with warehouse and production;
choice of type and type of vehicle;
determination of rational delivery routes.

The initial data for choosing the optimal mode of transport for a particular transportation is the information:

about the characteristic features of various modes of transport, their pros and cons;
about other logistics tasks related to the transportation of products, such as creating and maintaining optimal level stocks, choice of type of packaging, etc.

There are six main factors in choosing a mode of transport:

Delivery time;
frequency of shipments;
reliability of compliance with the delivery schedule;
ability to carry different cargoes;
the ability to deliver cargo to any point of the territory;
transportation cost.

Automobile transport. The scope of road transport in Russia is intracity, suburban and intra-regional freight and Passenger Transportation, as well as transportation over medium and long distances of low-tonnage valuable and perishable goods.

Advantages: high maneuverability and efficiency; delivery regularity; less stringent requirements for product packaging compared to other types.

Disadvantages: relatively high cost of transportation (according to the maximum carrying capacity of the vehicle); urgency of unloading; the possibility of cargo theft; the possibility of vehicle theft; relatively low payload.

Railway transport. In the conditions of Russia, railway transport is most effective for the transportation of bulk types of cargo over medium and long distances with a high concentration of cargo flows. Advantages: relatively low cost of transportation; well suited for the transport of various consignments in any weather conditions; the possibility of delivering goods over long distances; regularity of transportation; the possibility of efficient organization of loading and unloading operations. Disadvantages: low maneuverability.

Sea transport. It is the largest carrier in international transportation. Maritime transport mainly performs external, export-import transportation (including all freight transportation in intercontinental traffic). Its role is great in cabotage (inland) transportation for the northern and eastern coastal regions of the country.

Advantages: low freight rates; high carrying capacity. Disadvantages: low speed; stringent requirements for packaging and securing cargo; low frequency of sendings; dependence on weather conditions.

Inland water transport. Inland water (river) transport is intended for the transportation of certain bulk types of cargo over medium and long distances, as well as for passenger traffic (especially suburban). However, in recent decades, it cannot compete with other modes of transport and has practically become a specific type of technological transport intended for the transportation of mineral building materials.

Advantage: low freight rates, when transporting goods weighing more than 100 tons over a distance of more than 250 km, this mode of transport is the cheapest.

Disadvantages: low delivery speed; low geographic accessibility due to the constraints imposed by the configuration of the waterways; seasonality.

Air Transport. In terms of its functions, air transport is also highly specialized: it mainly carries out passenger transportation over long and medium distances, although it has great importance in the transportation of a number of valuable, perishable and urgent goods.

Advantages: high speed; Possibility of delivery to remote areas.

Disadvantages: high freight rates; dependence on weather conditions, which reduces the reliability of compliance with the delivery schedule.

Pipeline transport. Pipeline transport is designed for pumping gas, oil and oil products. Pipeline transport, in contrast to the universal modes of transport described above, remains highly specialized, designed for long-distance pumping of liquid and gaseous products of a limited range: gas, oil and oil products.

Advantages: high speed of delivery; the most cost-effective way to transport oil and gas. Disadvantages: narrow specialization; frequent emergencies due to violations of the safety of pipelines, theft of non-ferrous metals, equipment from along-route structures; unauthorized tie-ins in pipelines; acts of sabotage; increased danger of environmental and social consequences of possible failures and accidents: fires, explosions, pollution of the natural environment, a great threat to the population, losses due to theft through unauthorized tapping into oil pipelines; science intensity and capital intensity of defect diagnostics, repair, modernization of equipment, reconstruction and construction of new pipelines.

Industrial firms that have entrusted some of their functions to transport enterprises specialize in their core activities in order to increase its efficiency and are ready to pay for qualified services of third-party firms for the implementation of a number of LFs. Industrial firms see their main benefit in this process - a reduction in total costs and especially a reduction in the fund wages. In addition, along with purely economic factors, cargo owners receive a higher degree of freedom of maneuver. Thus, increasing commercial flexibility is very valuable for industries operating in markets distributed over large areas and suffering losses from untimely switching of commodity flows in accordance with fluctuations in demand.

In order to send the goods from the destination point of delivery, you need to choose the right route. This action will save you time and money. Choosing the right route will help you such a science as transport logistics. Transport logistics is engaged in the systematic movement of goods, objects, goods along the route that is most suitable. The route that will allow you to deliver the goods in the shortest possible time will be the most suitable. This action helps the customer to determine the delivery time to the point of dispatch with maximum accuracy. It is important to note that such a process will help save both time and money, fuel costs.

Transport logistics - the science of drawing up optimal routes for cargo transportation

History of development

For the first time, mankind got acquainted with the concept of logistics during the development of the Roman Empire, when a logistician was accepted for the position of a traffic controller for the transportation of food products. Transport logistics began to develop widely during the Second World War. This term was often used by the military of the American army, which conducted their military operations in Europe. The soldiers were well equipped with food, weapons and everything necessary. Such reserves characterize a well-established transport supply system. Now the sphere of logistics rises all aspects, except for the production of goods. The main goal is to deliver the goods to their destination with minimal costs of money and time. Transportation costs are subject to the distance between the destination and the final delivery point, as well as the inaccessibility of the final destination.

Appointments and responsibilities of logistics

Delivery by transport is a part of material production. Cargo transportation helps to obtain suitable products from raw materials and deliver them to their destination. When transporting goods, the original price of the goods increases. This is due to the fact that logisticians take into account not only the financial aspect, but also the time of transportation. Also, at the time of transportation of the contents of the luggage, the goods are not only delivered from the consignor to the recipient, but also stored in the vehicle during this period. At this moment, the territory of the warehouse is not occupied. The main responsibilities of transport logistics include:

Correctly form a route, develop delivery schemes, take into account transport corridors and chains.
Choosing the right route for a mixed type of transportation.
The safety of the goods. The vehicle plays the role of not only a transporter, but is also responsible for the safety of the goods, as in a warehouse.
Correctly form a route for production features.
Choice of vehicle and means of transportation.
Choosing the right route for baggage delivery.

Transport corridor - used for international transportation or delivery to certain regions.

Transport chain - the delivery of goods over well-defined distances, with the right choice time period and using different types Vehicle.

The work of a logistician is to provide transport corridors for international cargo transportation

The choice of logisticians

In order to carry out cargo transportation, the logistician needs to choose the right vehicle. All of them are divided into such categories as automobile vehicle, railway transport, sea delivery vehicles, air transportation, pipeline type of means. Often used for cargo transportation by car, railway transport and sea vessels. When sending the contents of baggage, specialists need to pay attention to such constituent elements as:

How much weight needs to be transported.
What terms will be required, and what terms are provided by the shipper.
Transportation safety.
Number of deliveries.

When determining these constituent elements, the logistician selects the most suitable type of vehicle.

Changes and current trends

Among all types of transportation of goods, a motor vehicle is often used, since this transport can deliver various kinds of luggage, both large and small. The changes that have taken place in the field of logistics have affected delivery by car to a greater extent. Innovations have taken place in the following direction:

The number of companies that provide transportation services has increased. The number of trucks in private fleets has increased. This is due to the fact that a large number of carriers have become interested in this type of transportation. This applies to private companies. From 1993 to the present year, the number of cargo transportation by private enterprises has increased by 63%.
Delivery by railway transport has decreased. This reduction is due to the use by companies of new types of vehicles that can deliver specific cargo, taking into account all the norms, temperature conditions and components of the goods.
Companies that use for transportation commercial transport faded into the background, as such enterprises have no interest in the process of transporting the contents of baggage.

Freight carriers give preference to those companies where cargo delivery is the main activity. Such indicators, innovations increase the need for logistics, since the shipper has the right to choose how vehicle make delivery.

Freight transport by road is gradually replacing rail

Documentary side

The basis of activity transport companies includes not only the development of schemes and delivery routes, but also the preparation of accompanying documentation. This process requires careful preparation from the shipper, as he is responsible for the documents provided and handed over to the carrier. The measure of responsibility is determined Civil Code Russian Federation and additional regulatory legal acts, contract. The package of documents is different, it corresponds to the type of delivery - within Russia or abroad. Main supporting documents are:

Transport invoice, bill of lading.
Invoice for the performance of cargo transportation.
Cargo Decree, appeal. Such a document is issued when transportation is carried out by one vehicle, mixed types of baggage are delivered to different destinations (several recipients).

Registration of accompanying documentation in the relevant enterprises is beneficial and convenient because the logistician clearly knows what type of documents need to be prepared and, in case of non-standard deliveries, can notify the consignor of the need to issue an additional package of documents. At international shipping the contents of the luggage, the number of documents is extended. Such a need has led to the active development of cargo terminals, which exist and are in demand in all large central cities of Russia. The main task of the complexes and logisticians is the acceptance of cargo, loading and unloading, sorting, legal consultation and legal assistance, provision of customers.

The logistician is well versed in all types of documentation for cargo transportation

Main stream

To carry out cargo transportation, logisticians set themselves the following tasks:

After determining the contents of the baggage to be delivered, the type of transport.
Kind of transport. It is important to correctly determine which vehicle will be the most profitable to deliver the goods, and it is important to take into account the main properties and characteristics of the contents of the luggage.
At the time of preparing the goods for transportation, take into account the requirements and needs of storage facilities.
Choose the right route, coordinate it with the consignor.

For the customer, the main criteria for choosing companies that specialize in organizing the transportation of luggage are the minimum costs of money and time for the delivery of goods. This is especially true if the sender delivers on an ongoing basis, regularly.

Companies also give guarantees and are responsible for the delivery of the contents of the luggage in integrity. Transport logistics allows you to fully control the goods during the transfer. The customer can also track the cargo at any point of movement along the route, this makes it possible to deliver the goods on time, in complete safety, without damage. This is productive for specific and perishable goods.