Location factors of the pharmaceutical industry of the world. Territorial structure of the pharmaceutical industry in the post-industrial era Pavel Podgornev
Definition
Chemical industry- This is a branch of the national economy that manufactures products based on the chemical processing of raw materials.
The basis of chemical production is chemical Technology- this is the science of the most economical methods and means of mass chemical processing of raw materials (natural materials) into consumer products and intermediate products used in various sectors of the national economy. The word technology comes from Greek roots.technos- "craftsmanship", "art" andlogos- "science", teaching. Chemical technology is directly related to chemistry.In other words:
Definition
Chemical Technology- the science of how industrial products are produced through chemical reactions.
the main task chemical technology- production of various substances and materials with a certain set of specified mechanical, physical, chemical or biological properties.
Knowledge of the general patterns of the course of chemical reactions allows you to correctly determine the conditions under which a particular process proceeds with a maximum yield.
Structure of the chemical industry
There are about 8,000 enterprises operating in the chemical and petrochemical industry in Russia, in which about 7% of the fixed assets of the entire industry of the country are concentrated. The chemical complex of Russia is base segment economy. The chemical industry has a complex diversified composition. Traditionally, it is divided into mining and chemical industry(produces extraction and primary processing of chemical raw materials - apatites, phosphorites, sulfur, rock salts, oil, gas, coal); main chemical production and production (processing) of rubber and plastic products(uses plastics and rubbers as semi-finished products).
In turn, the main chemical production includes:
production of basic chemicals or chemistry of organic synthesis (fertilizers, synthetic rubber, plastics and synthetic resins, etc.);
production of surfactants (surfactants);
production of pharmaceutical products;
paint production;
production of artificial and synthetic fibers;
production of plant protection chemicals.
There is also a slightly different classification of chemical production, which includes, in addition to the mining and chemical industry, basic chemistry, chemistry of organic synthesis (production of basic organic substances), the chemical and pharmaceutical industry, and the production of household chemicals.
In this classification, the production of synthetic fibers, as well as varnishes and paints, belongs to the chemistry of organic synthesis.
In any case, the division by industry is rather arbitrary, since many modern holding enterprises produce different types products for the purpose of the integrated use of raw materials (an example is the holding "Titan").
Geographic location of the main industrial zones of the chemical industry
The main enterprises of the chemical industry are located in four industrial regions of Russia:
Central(around Moscow), where all types of chemistry are developed and mainly imported raw materials are used. There is a shortage of energy and water resources in the region, but there is a large and diverse consumer. The region produces phosphate fertilizers (Voskresensk), complex fertilizers (Moscow and Tula regions). The central region specializes in the production polymer materials and their processing. Major centers- Yaroslavl and St. Petersburg. Large trunk oil pipelines pass through the territory of the chemical base of the Central Region. Large oil refineries are located here (Moscow, Yaroslavl, Ryazan, Kstovo, Yoshkar-Ola). The central base is a kind of testing ground for testing new materials and creating new technologies.
Ural-Volga where it is especially developed main chemistry (production mineral fertilizers in Solikamsk and Berezniki, production of nitrogen fertilizers, synthetic resins and plastics, synthetic rubber in the Saratov region). The region has an advantageous geographical position, its own reserves of resources, rich water resources and hydropower resources of the Volga-Kama cascade of hydroelectric power stations.
North European a region that provides only 3% of the total Russian production, but has large reserves chemical raw materials: coal, oil, natural gas and apatite, has a favorable geographical position, is well supplied with water and energy. The leading industry here is the mining and chemical industry, the production of apatite concentrate, which is used for the production of phosphate fertilizers, has been established. There are also ample opportunities for the chemistry of organic synthesis.
Siberian region was formed on the basis of the petrochemical industry of Tobolsk, Tomsk, Angarsk, Omsk. The coal chemical industry is located in Cheremkhovo and Kemerovo. Polymer chemistry is located in Krasnoyarsk and Barnaul. Salt production in Usolye-Sibirsky
From the history of the development of the chemical industry
The chemical industry became a separate industry with the onset of the industrial revolution. The first plants for the production of sulfuric acid, the most important of the mineral acids used by man, were built in 1740 (Great Britain, Richmond), in 1766 (France, Rouen), in 1805 (Russia, Moscow region), in 1810 (Germany, Leipzig).
To meet the needs of the developing textile and glass industries, the production of soda ash arose. The first soda plants appeared in 1793 in Paris (France), in 1823 - in Liverpool (Great Britain), in 1843 - in Schönebeck-on-Elbe (Germany), in 1864 - in Barnaul ( Russia). With the development in the middle of the XIX century. Agriculture artificial fertilizer factories appeared: in 1842 in Great Britain, in 1867 in Germany, in 1892 in Russia.
Raw material connections, the early emergence of the industry contributed to the emergence of Great Britain as a world leader in chemical production during three quarters of the 19th century. Since the end of the 19th century, with the growing demand of economies for organic substances, Germany has become the leader in the chemical industry. Thanks to fast process production concentration, high level scientific and technological development, active trade policy Germany at the beginning of the 20th century conquers the world market of chemical products.
In the United States, the chemical industry began to develop later than in Europe, but by 1913, in terms of production of chemical products, the United States occupied and has since held the first place in the world among states. This is facilitated by the richest mineral resources, a developed transport network, and a powerful domestic market. Only by the end of the 1980s did the chemical industry of the EU countries in general terms exceed the volume of production in the USA.
In the 19th century sulfuric acid formed the basis of the entire chemical industry, therefore it was produced in huge quantities and was cheap. In Russia, a kilogram of 92% concentrate was sold at a price of 2 to 5 kopecks. Manufacturers were concerned with completely prosaic things: how to deliver acid to its destination. After all, glass containers were then much more expensive than the acid itself. Therefore, the liquid was transported in six-liter bottles. Each container was packed in wicker baskets with straw. The neck was covered with clay and coated with alabaster.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZING CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES
Creation of optimal conditions for chemical reactions: the choice of temperature, pressure, catalysts, which significantly increase the rate of a chemical reaction. In some specific industries, private principles are possible: the principle of counterflow, cocurrent flow of substances; increase in the contact surface of the reactants;
Full and integrated use of raw materials: circulation, production of fluxed agglomerates (iron and steel production), non-waste production etc.;
Use of the heat of chemical reactions: the principle of heat transfer, utilization of the heat of reactions in the needs of production and locality;
The principle of continuity: ensuring full automation of mechanization, computerization;
Protection environment and human: automation hazardous industries, equipment sealing, production waste disposal, neutralization of emissions into the atmosphere. See topic " Scientific principles of organization of chemical production"
TECHNOLOGICAL COMPONENTS OF THE PRODUCTION PROCESS
1) Hardware - technological equipment for the processing of raw materials and waste disposal, as well as the implementation of all stages of obtaining the product itself. The equipment is installed permanently and works for a certain period of admission:
2) Raw material- it's either natural material, which has not undergone chemical processing, but is used to obtain various products, or a product obtained in chemical production. Raw materials can be production waste, as well as products that have served their time.
3) Secondary raw materials. In addition to natural substances, chemical plants use secondary raw materials: intermediate products and production waste. Chemistry uses waste from many industries, so an important factor in its placement is the combination of production, especially with metallurgy. The possibilities of combining and using a variety of raw materials are so great that they make it possible to build chemical plants almost everywhere. But this is impractical due to the high energy and water intensity of production.
4) Auxiliary materials: water, fuel, oxidizers, solvents, catalysts.
Water plays a very important role in chemical production. In some processes, it plays the role of a forming medium - that is, it is used to prepare solutions and suspensions (for example, pulp in mineral processing), in other chemical processes, water plays the role of a reagent involved in chemical reactions(for example, hydrolysis reactions). Water is a good heat carrier, as it has a high heat capacity (heat exchange processes). Cold water cools the reacting masses heated as a result of exothermic reactions, and hot steam or hot water heats the interacting substances to accelerate reactions, especially endothermic ones.
The value characterizing the cost of resources (water, raw materials, energy) for the production of a unit of output is called resource intensity production.
The water intensity of production is a special case of resource intensity. Water consumption for modern enterprises huge. For example, to get 1 ton of ammonia, 1500 cubic meters are required. m of water. Therefore, all enterprises are built near water sources. One of the main tasks modern production-reducing the consumption of clean water by creating water recycling systems. This can be done if the resulting production wastewater is cooled and cleaned at modern cooling and treatment plants. As a result, water consumption is reduced and hazardous waste is prevented from being dumped. In some technological operations, it is also possible to replace water cooling with air cooling.
5) Energy. Most chemical processes require energy. It is used to transport raw materials and finished products, gas compression, crushing of solids, the operation of instrumentation, the occurrence of endothermic reactions.
The value characterizing the energy costs per unit of output is called energy intensity production.
For example, the production of 1 ton of ammonia requires 3200 kWh of electricity, and the production of 1 ton of aluminum requires 1900 kWh. This means that ammonia production is more energy intensive than aluminum production. Energy intensity is also a special case of resource intensity.
The chemical industry uses electrical, thermal, nuclear, chemical and light energy. electrical energy used for electrolysis of melts and solutions of substances, heating, in operations associated with electrostatic phenomena. Electricity is generated by thermal power plants, nuclear power plants, hydroelectric power plants. Thermal energy is needed for heating reactants, for drying, melting, distillation, evaporation, etc. Nuclear energy is mainly used to generate electricity. But reactions such as polymerization, the synthesis of phenols and aniline are carried out using radioactive radiation. Chemical energy is released in the form of heat as a result of exothermic reactions. It is used for preliminary heating of starting materials, obtaining hot water, water vapor. Upon receipt of 1 ton of sulfuric acid, 5 MJ of heat is released from sulfur, and the total cost of its production is only 0.36 MJ. The surplus goes to other consumers in the form of steam and electricity. Light energy (ultraviolet, infrared, laser radiation) is used in the synthesis of hydrogen chloride, halogenation of organic substances, isomerization reactions.
Raw material classification
Raw materials used in industry are classified according to the following criteria.
1. According to the state of aggregation distinguish
hard (ores, rocks, solid fuel)
liquid (oil, brines),
gaseous (natural and associated gases, air) raw materials.
2. By composition raw materials are divided into mineral and organic (vegetable and animal).
to minerals include all types of ores, as well as non-metallic minerals: sulfur, phosphorites, potassium salts, salt, sand, clay, mica (non-metals, fertilizers, soda, alkalis, acids, ceramics, cement, glass, etc. are obtained from them).
To organic raw materials include fossil fuels: peat, coal, oil, natural and associated petroleum gas. Organic raw materials also include raw materials of plant and animal origin, it is provided by agriculture, forestry and fisheries.
RAW MATERIALS FOR CHEMICAL PRODUCTION
Depending on the type of products produced, the raw materials for the chemical industry are:
mineral raw materials (sulphur, phosphorites, salts);
mineral fuel (oil, gas, coal);
vegetable raw materials (timber industry waste, cellulose)
water and air;
waste from metallurgy and oil refining enterprises (coke oven gas, sulfur dioxide);
agricultural products processing waste (alcohols, oils)
FACTORS AFFECTING THE LOCATION OF CHEMICAL PRODUCTIONS
Factors that determine the location of any production traditionally include:
raw materials;
resource (water, fuel and energy, labor);
consumer;
infrastructural;
ecological.
Unlike reactions carried out in laboratories, large-scale industrial production is primarily focused on making a profit. Therefore, it is obvious that the determining factor in the construction of new enterprises or the reconstruction of already functioning industries is the group economic factors, which include the factors of providing raw materials and resources (water, energy, labor), infrastructure and consumer. It is these factors that determine production profitability, because they affect the cost of production. Let's take a closer look at these factors.
For accommodation chemical enterprises the cost of transportation, the cost of fuel, water and electricity has a great influence. That is why, for example, electrolytic production, consuming a large number of electricity ( energy intensive production), are located near hydroelectric power plants, blast furnaces are located near deposits of iron ore and coal, and consuming large volumes of water ( resource intensive production) - next to rivers or reservoirs.
Consumer Factors also affect placement. chemical industries, whose products may be hazardous during transportation (acids, alkalis), or consumed in specific areas (for example, fertilizers or pesticides). The same factor is important for industries that produce products whose transportation is more expensive than the transportation of raw materials for its manufacture (tires, plastic products).
infrastructure factors include the availability of utilities (roads, electricity, sewerage and water supply, etc.) and ensure the stable functioning of the production itself and its connection with suppliers of raw materials and consumers of finished products.
All economic factors are interconnected and represent production management logistics.
Logistics- This is the management of all processes of the movement of raw materials. materials, goods and products into production, within production and out of production.
When operating production, it is also necessary to take into account environmental factors. All enterprises of the chemical industry belong to hazardous industries, as they have a negative impact on all components of the environment. During the operation of any industrial enterprise formed waste- gas-air emissions, sewage and industrial solid waste. After the necessary neutralization, gases are released into the atmosphere, liquid waste is discharged into the sewer, solid and some liquid combustible waste is burned in special furnaces or buried at specially equipped solid industrial waste (SW) landfills. Chemical production wastes contain substances of I-III hazard classes, so the problem of ensuring environmental protection from negative impact production should be decided by the enterprise itself using modern methods purification of generated air-gas emissions and waste waters. The enterprise is also responsible for the disposal of generated solid industrial waste.
The scale of chemical production
The production of the main inorganic substances is distinguished by the largest scale: sulfuric ($H_2SO_4$), nitric ($HNO_3$) and phosphoric ($H_3PO_4$) acids, ammonia ($NH_3$), nitrogen ($N_2$) and oxygen ($O_2$) , quicklime CaO, sodium hydroxide NaOH, gaseous chlorine ($Cl_2$) and hydrogen chloride HCl. These substances are used in large quantities, including for the production of plastics, synthetic fibers, medicines, fertilizers, detergents, perfumes, cosmetics, food products.
For example, the production of nitrogen fertilizers in Russia is concentrated mainly at 19 mineral fertilizer plants (MFU), the first 13 of which produce 87% of fertilizers:
petrochemical industry- branch of the chemical industry, part oil industry Russia. Today in Russia there are 32 large oil refineries with a total oil refining capacity of 262.65 million tons (2012), as well as 80 mini-refineries with a total refining capacity of 11.3 million tons. The oil refining industry in Russia is highly consolidated, which means that about 90% of the oil refining capacity is under the control of ten oil and gas companies, such as Rosneft, Lukoil, Gazprom, Tatneft, etc. Almost all petrochemical industries are integral part production facilities of these companies (part of holdings) or are independent production complexes.
For example, the largest petrochemical production association is a group of companies "Titan" - a Russian corporation, which is one of largest companies in the countries of the former CIS. The company is engaged in the production and marketing of phenol, synthetic rubber, as well as developments in the field of biotechnology. Today, the enterprise occupies more than a quarter of the all-Russian phenol market and about 30% of the Russian rubber market.
The petrochemical industry is a branch of heavy industry that covers the production of synthetic materials and products based on the products of processing natural combustible gases and oil. The petrochemical industry produces basic organic synthesis products (propylene, ethylene, polyethylene, detergents, surface-active substances (surfactants), some types of mineral fertilizers), synthetic rubber, rubber products (rubber products, tires, consumer goods), asbestos technical products, soot.
Any chemical production is created and operates on the basis of scientific principles of production organization (see the topic for details). "Scientific principles of organization of production").
Definition of pharmaceutical industry
Over the past few years, the volume of the global pharmaceutical industry is estimated at 640 billion dollars, 50% of the volume refers to the United States. This industry is the most profitable today, the return on sales is 17%.
The market of the pharmaceutical industry in Russia in terms of sales at a certain stage of development was rapidly growing, but at the present stage of development, the share of manufacturers is 3%, which does not give the right to talk about its innovative development.
Definition 1
Pharmaceutical industry - an industry engaged in the development, production, promotion of drugs and medicines that have passed the license. This industry differs from others in that it is saturated with legislative and government regulation in relation to patenting, testing and ensuring the safety of medicines.
In order to understand the characteristics of the pharmaceutical industry, it is necessary to understand key features(discovery of new drugs and their development)
Drug discovery refers to the process of discovering or designing a potential drug product.
Most of the drugs came about as a result of the isolation of active ingredients or accidental discovery. At the present stage of the development of drugs, biotechnology has concentrated its research on the metabiological processes that occur during the development of the disease. In the process of research, modern scientists are based on molecular biology and biochemistry.
Most discoveries happen at universities or research companies.
Leading global pharmaceutical companies
To date, the leading pharmaceutical companies are:
- Pfizer (USA) - $59.0 billion
- Novartis (Switzerland) - $56.7 billion
- Roche Holding (Switzerland) - $49.7 billion
- Merck & Co (USA) - $47.3 billion
- Sanofi (France) - $46.1 billion
Pfizer is an American company that manufactures Lipitor, a cholesterol-lowering drug.
Novartis is the second company in the world to develop and sell drugs used in oncology, dermatology and many other medical fields
Roche Holding (Switzerland) is engaged in the production of drugs for oncology, transplantology, rheumatology and virology.
Merck & Co manufactures pharmaceutical products in the areas of oncology. In 2013, the company took second place in the production of a drug for diabetes. In addition, the company is engaged in the production of vaccines against human papillomavirus. Other areas of the organization is the production of veterinary products
Sanofi's main activity is the production of vaccines and drugs for diabetes, in parallel with this, the production of veterinary products is developing.
In the United States, in order to establish the production of drugs, they must be tested by the Food and Drug Administration. The company must provide information on developments.
The first stage of testing includes the determination of the toxicity of the drug on volunteers. The second step determines the acceptable dosage and duration. The third stage involves testing the effectiveness on sick people. This stage usually takes place simultaneously with the fourth stage - the post-marketing stage, which fixes the side effects.
The American government is investing in the development of drugs aimed at treating rare diseases, which cover about 200 thousand people. Absolutely any company can apply to special government agencies that issue a patent for research. The patent system reimburses the costs of research and development of drugs.
Pharmaceutical companies are seriously recruiting medical workers, practicing doctors. But the main players in the pharmaceutical industry market are medical representatives, who cooperate with doctors, have a kind of influence, the so-called active key element of the sales process.
On the Russian market mainly represented by drugs of foreign manufacturers. Among domestic manufacturers The main companies in the pharmaceutical market are:
- Moscow Endocrine Plant
- Moskhimfarmpreparaty them. Semashko
- Microgen
- National Immunobiological Company
- Bryntsalov
The Moscow Endocrine Plant is engaged in the production of drugs that are successfully used in cardiology, endocrinology and other branches of medicine.
Moskhimfarmpreparaty them. Semashko has a wide-range production, including providing the state with medicines included in the list of vital ones.
Microgen is engaged in the production of immunobiological preparations.
The National Immunobiological Company was established to provide Russian Federation independence from foreign manufacturers of pharmaceutical products.
Bryntsalov is engaged in the production of drugs for the dental industry, in addition to this, he produces immunostimulating drugs, hormones, antispasmodics, etc.
The production of pharmaceutical products is capital intensive. Therefore, almost all pharmaceutical companies looking for sponsors or partners. In addition, for the production of medicines, it is necessary to obtain approval government agencies. Every day about 25 medicines receive accreditation. This approval is obtained only after huge investments in development and preclinical studies.
Remark 1
If we consider the financial component of development, then the cost of producing one drug can reach $ 2 billion. The data are approximate, since this amount does not include the cost of state regulation, subsidies from the state, grants.
Currently, pharmaceutical industry enterprises of various types are located in almost all constituent entities of the Russian Federation, most of which are concentrated in the Nizhny Novgorod, Kursk, Kurgan, Penza regions, Altai Territory, the Republic of Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, in Western Siberia with centers in the cities of Novosibirsk, Tomsk and Omsk . In general, the pharmaceutical industry provides 60,000 jobs.
The Moscow, Novosibirsk and St. Petersburg regions should be singled out as areas with a large concentration of research centers and high-tech research and production companies specializing in the biotechnological and pharmaceutical fields.
Figure 8.1. Territorial location of enterprises
pharmaceutical industry
Localization in one region of production, scientific and educational, financial, managerial, infrastructure centers makes it possible to use the cluster policy of development of the pharmaceutical industry that has proven itself abroad.
A pharmaceutical cluster is a group of geographically localized interconnected innovative firms - drug developers, manufacturing companies; suppliers of equipment, components, specialized services; infrastructure facilities: research institutes, universities, technology parks, business incubators and other organizations that complement each other and reinforce competitive advantages individual companies and the cluster as a whole. A distinctive feature of effectively operating clusters is the output of innovative products.
The strategy for the development of innovative pharmaceutical clusters in the Russian Federation should rely on large universities as the main sources of innovative entrepreneurs and consist of three main elements:
1. improvement of framework conditions;
2. development key factors success;
3. launch of cluster initiatives.
Within the first element, improving framework conditions, five thematic groups recommendations, namely: (1) intellectual property issues; (2) issues of registration, certification and quality control of biopharmaceutical products; (3) issues of foreign trade regulation; (4) conditions of competition; (5) public procurement issues. The overall goal of the first element is to reduce the level of administrative and other barriers to the development of the industry and clusters in the Russian Federation.
The second element of the strategy for the development of pharmaceutical clusters can be a comprehensive improvement of the key success factors for the development of clusters through the creation of: national grants, funds, seed funding programs for development; startups, incubators, technology parks, etc.; centers of competence / excellence / (Center of Excellence) of various organizational and legal forms in the field of biotechnological R&D; centers for the promotion of domestic medicines in the federal districts; bilateral international funds to finance biotechnology R&D. The goal of the second element of the strategy can be defined as the creation of potential for the development of pharmaceutical clusters in the Russian Federation.
The third element of the strategy for the development of pharmaceutical clusters - the launch of cluster initiatives - is to stimulate and support projects for the development and implementation of business plans for the development of individual potential pharmaceutical clusters in the Russian Federation. Taking into account the analysis of international experience and best practice four options for initiating cluster initiatives can be distinguished: (1) hold a competition between several regions to develop business plans and programs to accelerate the development of pharmaceutical clusters; (2) initiate and support the development of business development plans for several pilot clusters; (3) focus on developing and implementing a business plan for one pilot, potential cluster; (4) initiate the release of medicines included in the strategic list by regional pharmaceutical clusters.
COMPANIES - HEALTH
A.V.BATUROV, Ph.D., L.V.MOSHKOVA, Ph.D., head. Department of FPC MR RUDN University
Influence of placement factors
FOR THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE ENTERPRISE1
The location of pharmaceutical industry enterprises depends on the influence of many factors: raw materials, energy, labor, environmental, infrastructure, etc. The role of each of them is different depending on the specifics of production.
FACTORS OF PLACEMENT OF PRODUCTION
When evaluating production, it is necessary to take into account the total influence of all factors, the effect of which may manifest itself differently for enterprises in the same region.
Pharmaceutical and chemical industries are characterized by multi-stage technological processes and their energy and material consumption. In this regard, production data must be placed near sources of cheap energy, significant water resources, etc. A feature of modern pharmaceutical production is a small dependence on labor resources. Automation production process, the introduction of new technologies contribute to reducing labor intensity, increasing labor productivity.
The regional location of the pharmaceutical industry in Russia has developed under the influence of a whole range of multidirectional factors. AT Soviet times the pharmaceutical industry developed within the framework of the division of labor that had developed in the CMEA, a significant part of the capacities on the territory of the USSR was oriented towards the production of substances. The production of innovative drugs was concentrated on the territory of the European CMEA member countries (GDR, Hungary, Poland).
For the placement of pharmaceutical enterprises for the production of medicinal substances based on chemical synthesis during the period of industrialization
tion was influenced by the following factors: raw materials (binding to the places of production of inorganic chemistry, processing of waste from metallurgy, coke chemistry, petrochemical production (Irbitsky KhPZ; Asfarma, Anzhero-Sudzhensk; Organika, Novokuznetsk, Uso-lye-Sibirsky HFC"), water, infrastructure, to a lesser extent energy, environmental, labor (production is not labor-intensive, but requires highly qualified personnel). Enterprises were located mainly in the Urals, Siberian and Central federal districts.
The geography of the location of enterprises producing medicinal substances based on microbiological synthesis is very diverse: they are located in the Central Federal District (Shchelkovo Vitamin Plant, Schelkovo, Belvitamins, Polisintez, Belgorod), North-West, Volga (Marbiopharm , Yoshkar-Ola; UfaVita, Ufa, Biosintez, Penza, Biokhimik, Saransk), Urals (Sintez, Kurgan) and Siberian Federal Districts (Krasfarma, Krasnoyarsk).
The placement of enterprises for the production of FPPs is primarily influenced by infrastructural, labor, environmental factors, and sales markets. The transport factor has lost its decisive importance due to the low-tonnality of production. Significant influence on the development of pharmaceutical production is exerted by political (the introduction of GMP in preparation for WTO accession) and macroeconomic factors (GRP, its structure, in-
The article considers the main factors of manufacturing locations and the indicator method of estimation of the region attractiveness.
A.V. BATUROV, PhD in Pharmacology; L.V. MOSHKOVA, Doctor of Pharmacology, the head of the Medical Postgraduate Department, Russian Peoples’ Friendship University. The influence of the factors of manufacturing locations on the siting of pharmaceutical enterprises.
investment attractiveness, quality of labor resources).
The absence of strategic goals aimed at capturing most of the domestic and foreign (former CIS countries) markets, the focus on the production of generics reduces the requirements for knowledge-intensive products. The development and production of original drugs is very expensive and is the main reason for the concentration of pharmaceutical production in the developed countries of the world.
Currently, there are four large holdings on the Russian pharmaceutical market: Pharmstandard, PHARM-CENTER, Veropharm and Domestic Medicines. In addition, created state enterprise Federal State Unitary Enterprise NPO "Microgen" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, uniting a number of enterprises of the microbiological industry. Thus, in last years concentration processes in the domestic pharmaceutical industry are suspended, because. the enterprises necessary to create a technological chain have been exhausted. Prerequisites for saving are not currently preserved organizational structure in the form of production
INDUSTRY. COMPANIES - HEALTH
TABLE 1
Comprehensive assessment attractiveness of the region for the location of pharmaceutical industry enterprises
Indicator Interval scale Indicator value, score
Concentration of the urban population of the region (cities with a population of 100,000 or more) Less than 0.2 1
Over 0.5 5
Gross domestic regional product per person, rub. Up to 20000 1
Over 50000 5
Economically active population employed in the manufacturing industry, % Up to 10 1
K industry structure Up to 0.2 1
Over 1.1 5
To the structure of the pharmaceutical industry Up to 0.2 1 (no 0)
Over 1.1 5
The volume of investments in fixed capital in the region per 1 person, rub. Up to 5000 1
Availability of pharmaceutical industry enterprises in the region (infrastructure) 1 enterprise 1 (none 0)
2 enterprises 2
3 enterprises 3
The presence of a transport "hub" Zh.D. Large airport, seaport Federal Highway 3
J.D. Major airport Federal Highway 2
J.D. - Federal Highway 1
Summary indicator: interval scale in points Up to - 11 Unfavorable
11 - 16 Satisfactory
16 - 21 Good
21 - 26 Very good
26 37 Favorable
THE INFLUENCE OF LOCATION FACTORS ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY ENTERPRISES
natural chain "parent company - subcontractors", the purchase of substances in small batches can be made both from domestic manufacturers and foreign ones. It should be noted that the substances of foreign manufacturers are cheaper, which reduces production costs.
INDICATOR METHOD FOR ASSESSING THE ATTRACTIVENESS OF A REGION
We propose an indicator method for assessing the attractiveness of a region for the location of pharmaceutical industry enterprises based on 4 groups of indirect macroeconomic indicators (Table 1):
« socio-economic (GRP per capita, investment in fixed capital per capita);
Assessment of labor resources (level of population living in cities with a population of 100,000 people;
Ф the level of the economically active population employed in the manufacturing
industry), structural indicators industrial production(the share of industrial production and pharmaceutical production in the structure of GRP, standardized in relation to the average level for the country);
Infrastructural indicators (the presence of pharmaceutical enterprises in the region and the presence of a transport hub).
Indicators characterizing the microeconomic characteristics of the development and location of industries, the technical level and economic efficiency we have not considered.
The assessment of each indicator on an interval scale is evaluated in points, which are then summed up:
M = A + B + C + D + E + G + I + K
K = ^ g = a/b,
where: a - population j of the city; b - population of the region; B - economically active population employed in the manufacturing industry%; A - con-
centralization of the urban population of the region (cities with a population of 100,000 or more); C - structural K industry; D - structural To the pharmaceutical industry; G - the volume of investments in fixed capital in the region per 1 person, rub.; E - GRP per person, rub.; I - availability of pharmaceutical industry enterprises in the region; K - the presence of a transport "hub". Thus, this technique will allow taking into account the regional factor for building an organizational and economic development model pharmaceutical market Russia in order to attract investment in the industry.
The regions of the European part of Russia remain the most promising in terms of the location of pharmaceutical enterprises, with a high concentration of industry that produces science-intensive products that are attractive for investment, the availability of qualified labor resources, developed infrastructure, and promising sales markets.