Research and assessment of working conditions at the workplace of a carpenter. Safety of technological processes and equipment at the workplace of a carpenter at the enterprise LLC "TD Igrinsky lespromkhoz"

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Introduction

1.3 Description of the technological process

4. Fire safety

5. Security environment

5.1 Enterprise emissions

5.2 Wastewater characteristics

5.3 Suggestions for protecting the environment

6. Socio-economic justification

6.1 Determination of the economic efficiency of measures to improve working conditions

6.2 Economic analysis losses from industrial injuries and occupational diseases

Conclusion

Bibliography

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The course work on the topic "Safety of technological processes and equipment at the workplace of a carpenter at the enterprise OOO TD Igrinsky Lespromkhoz" was completed by a student of the group 10-17-6z Agafonova D. A. and presented in the form of a settlement and explanatory note on 58 pages and has 18 sources literature.

The course work contains the following sections:

1. Characteristics of the production facility;

2. Ensuring the safety of the technological process;

3. Assessment and improvement of working conditions at the carpenter's workplace;

4. Fire safety;

5. Enterprise environmental protection;

6. Socio-economic substantiation of the proposed measures to improve working conditions at the carpenter's workplace.

In the first part term paper describes the production facility LLC "TD Igrinskiy lespromkhoz", ensuring the safety of the process. As well as the workflow of a carpenter, his working conditions, the assessment data of his workplace. The second part of the work presents the fire safety of the enterprise and the characteristics of its emissions into the environment. The final part of the course work describes the activities and recommendations for the prevention occupational injury and occupational diseases at the carpenter's workplace, as well as the socio-economic justification of the proposed measures to improve working conditions at the carpenter's workplace.

Introduction

The topic of the course work is "Safety of technological processes and production at the workplace of a carpenter at the enterprise LLC PF" Igrinsky Lespromkhoz ". The most harmful factors in the workplace of a carpenter are increased noise levels and insufficient lighting of the workplace.

When I analyzed the working conditions at the carpenter's workplace, when it was detected that the normative noise level of the working area was exceeded, measures were proposed to reduce noise by introducing a noise-protective design of resonators of the same type. This design can be used in a wide variety of industries as the most effective and affordable passive design method available today for noise control. For most industrial processes where noise is a harmful production factor, the construction of this design is one of the few methods that provide optimal noise reduction at minimal cost of its construction and further operating costs.

Thanks to this method of noise suppression, the propagation of high-frequency noise in the working area is not allowed. The intense noise that occurs when cleaning metal with waterjet equipment contributes to a decrease in attention and an increase in the number of errors in the performance of work, noise has an exceptionally strong effect on the speed of reaction, information collection and analytical processes, due to noise, labor productivity is reduced and the quality of work deteriorates. Noise makes it difficult for workers to respond in a timely manner to warning signals from internal transport (forklifts, overhead cranes, etc.), which contributes to the occurrence of accidents at work. Noise exposure can lead to a combination of occupational hearing loss (acoustic neuritis) with functional disorders of the central nervous, autonomic, cardiovascular and other systems, which can be considered as an occupational disease - noise disease. Hence, the expediency of capital investments in the equipment of the production facility of this design of resonators is obvious.

If a violation of the illumination of the workplace was detected, additional artificial lighting was proposed using fluorescent lamps. Lowering the norms of illumination can lead to visual impairment, to injuries at work and the quality of manufactured products.

The purpose of the course work is: To improve the working conditions at the workplace of a carpenter at the enterprise LLC "PF" Igrinsky lespromkhoz.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks are solved in the work:

1. Brief analysis of the technological process of wood processing.

2. Analysis of actual working conditions at the carpenter's workplace, identification of harmful and dangerous factors that determine working conditions and analysis of their impact on the health of the carpenter.

3. Development of measures to improve the working conditions of a carpenter.

1. Characteristics of the production facility

1.1 General characteristics of production

The logging and woodworking industry begins to develop in the Igrinsky district during the Great Patriotic War, when the Game becomes one of the key points of construction railway Izhevsk - Balezino. Igry logging station, from which the timber industry enterprise began, was formed in 1942 - 70 years ago. The lumber station, and since 1943 the timber industry enterprise, worked to provide military factories in Udmurtia: firewood was prepared for the operation of workshops and mechanisms, a weapon blank was made from birch. AT post-war years The Igrinsky timber industry enterprise launched the production of building logs, boards, plywood, joinery - these products were used in almost all parts of the country. In the 1970s and 1980s, the organization became the largest enterprise in the timber industry complex of the republic. The timber industry has built many social facilities in the village of Igra. The economic upheavals of the 1990s had a negative impact on the enterprise; it was in a severe crisis for some time, but retained great potential and reached a new level of development. Today LLC "PF" Igrinsky Lespromkhoz "is an enterprise with modern technologies, which has a completed production cycle from the development of cutting areas to the complete processing of wood.

Igrinskiy lespromkhoz is an enterprise with advanced technologies, which has a complete production cycle from the development of cutting areas to the complete processing of wood. Logging is carried out in the Igrinsky, Krasnogorsk and Balezinsky districts. Lespromkhoz produces a large range of products, the main ones are plywood, lumber, lining, log cabins, products from logs. Plywood production has been modernized and today is one of the most highly efficient in the region. Extensive production facilities located at the intersection of railways and highways, with its own railway siding, provide the company's customers with convenient ways to transport products. The enterprise has a technological transport division, its own energy facilities and a security service. Trading House "Igrinsky Lespromkhoz" introduces modern forms of doing business, which are used in marketing, planning, and working with partners.

As part of their activities, it is envisaged to carry out measures for the protection, protection and reproduction of forests, the acquisition of modern equipment for the implementation of a complex of forestry works. They set themselves the task of introducing advanced technologies for reforestation, biofuel production in rural areas using waste, firewood and illiquid wood in logging and sanitation activities.

1.2 Characteristics of manufactured products

To date, LLC "PF" Igrinsky Lespromkhoz "" can produce an extensive list of finished products.

Products of the Igrinsky timber industry enterprise:

· Joiner's products, platbands, a bar of a doorframe, a plinth, lining, floor board;

rounded logs;

· Edged board;

· Rounded log;

Lining of coniferous and deciduous species - linden, aspen

· Plywood.

Arbolite

Plywood from the Igrinsky timber industry enterprise is known throughout Russia and has a very wide application: from furniture production to shipbuilding. Various grades of plywood are produced, including defect-free facing plywood, which can easily compete with wood veneer.

Another interesting product - wood concrete - very convenient due to its lightness, environmentally friendly construction material. From it build houses, baths and outbuildings. It has dimensions of 600x300x150 and 600x300x200mm, it is easy to fit and saw, does not rot and is not affected by microorganisms, perfectly insulates sound and heat. Houses from wood concrete are built faster than from other stone materials (brick or foam block)

1.3 Description of the technological process at a woodworking enterprise

During his work, the carpenter participates in the production process, which is divided into a number of operations performed at one workplace.

The carpenter performs technological operations directly at the workplace - a machine tool, a workbench, a striker, a table, a device.

So in the manufacture of windows, doors, molded parts, wooden parts of houses, it includes the following processes: sawing of raw materials; lumber drying; cutting lumber into blanks; machine processing of blanks; assembly of parts into units (assembly of doors, shutters, shields); processing nodes (doors and windows around the perimeter); assembling units into products (fitting windows and doors into boxes, hanging them on hinges); product finishing.

In the manufacture of wooden doors and windows, the carpenter performs several stages in the work:

1. The first step in the work of a carpenter is sawing the raw materials.

Sawing of raw materials (logs) is carried out on machines. Machines must be fixed on the foundation.

Cross-cutting machines are equipped with roller tables. The length of the table is determined by the largest length of the board being cut (left side, counting from the saw blade) and the largest length of the resulting workpiece (right side).

Cross-cutting machines TsPA-40 are serviced by one carpenter - machine operator and one or two workers of the lowest qualification. Carpenter - machine operator performs wood cutting. The first helper brings the lumber from the stack onto the roller table and assists the carpenter-machine operator in positioning it in the proper position in front of the saw. The second auxiliary worker removes trimmed blanks and trimmings from the table and stacks them in stacks and a container. If there is no second auxiliary worker, his work is performed by the carpenter himself - the machine operator.

Stops are used to ensure the correct position of the board and obtain blanks of a given length. They are installed in the working area on the ruler of the roller table (roller table).

The mutual arrangement of machines, equipment, stacks of workpieces and parts should be optimal. The distances for carrying workpieces and parts should be as short as possible so that as little time and effort as possible is spent on the operations of feeding workpieces and stacking parts.

Workplaces when working on machine tools should be organized so that the material in relation to the carpenter - machine operator comes, as a rule, from right to left and that the most favorable conditions for natural lighting of the workplace are provided.

2. The second stage is the drying of lumber.

When moving heavy objects from the ground or floor, after machining, to the drying shop to facilitate the transportation of timber, in the absence of cranes use devices, tongs for carrying heavy bars and boards, shown in Figure 1.

Picture 1.

Drying of wood is carried out in the drying chamber PAP-32. The temperature in the drying chamber reaches up to 85-120 0 С. The operation time is 48-72 hours. The finished lumber must be kept in the workshop at a temperature of 16-30 0C for 3-5 hours.

3. The third stage is cutting lumber into blanks and processing logs.

Cutting lumber into blanks is carried out on machines. The carpenter, when feeding material to the machine, feeds it when the saw blade, knife shaft reaches the working speed. The saw blade, the knife shaft must rotate from top to bottom, pressing the material being cut against the machine table. The material should be fed smoothly, without jerks. To finish the supply of the processed material should be a block-pusher. When performing work on the machine, do not hold your hand over the knife shaft, stand in front of the saw.

When manually hewing with an ax, the carpenter must stand steadily so that the workpiece being processed is between his legs. The leg from the side of the surface to be hewn should be set back and, if possible, further from the workpiece. The material to be processed should be installed on pads that protect it from turning. After work, the ax should be put in the tool box. During the processing of a log, the carpenter also uses a saw.

Manual processing of wood is carried out on a workbench, which consists of a cover and a base. The cover of the workbench is made with a thickness of 60-70 mm from oak, ash, beech or birch wood with a moisture content of up to 12%. The workbench has a length of 1700-2000 mm, a width of 500-600 mm and a height of 700-800 mm. The front and rear vices are designed to secure various workpieces - boards, bars, frames. The front vise has a clamping screw and backing plate. The rear vice with a clamping box is moved along the workbench with the help of a screw. Clamping screws are made of metal. Stops are inserted into the sockets of the lid and the clamping box, between which the workpieces to be processed are placed horizontally. By turning the screw of the rear vise, objects are fixed.

The next step is the processing of wood with a chisel. When working, the hand holding the material processed by the chisel should be behind the chisel, and the cutting direction should be from this hand.

4. The fourth stage is the machining of blanks.

For further processing of wood, it must be moved from the stand to the workbench if this has not been done. During work, the carpenter needs the use of machines with an electric drive. All electrical equipment must be inspected prior to operation and kept in good order during operation. The processing of the workpiece is carried out using grinding machines and shields using grinding skins.

5. The fifth stage is the assembly of parts into units (assembly of doors, shutters, shields). It is carried out using repeated machine processing.

6. The sixth stage is the processing of nodes (doors and windows around the perimeter), the so-called antiseptic. Transportation and storage of antiseptic materials should be carried out in tightly closed containers, which should be neutralized or disposed of after use. Containers for the preparation of antiseptic compositions must be closed with lids. For further gluing of parts, the preparation of wood glue, paints, varnishes and antiseptic compounds is carried out in a room equipped with supply and exhaust ventilation. Carpenters involved in the antiseptic of materials should use a hose gas mask or respirator to protect their respiratory organs, goggles to protect their eyes, and protective pastes to protect the skin of their hands and face.

In the premises where antiseptics are performed, no other work is allowed, as well as smoking and eating.

When preparing and loading antiseptic compositions, it is necessary to take measures against their spraying and splashing.

Transportation and storage of antiseptic materials should be carried out in tightly closed containers, which after use should be treated with special agents or burned. Baths for the preparation of antiseptic compositions must be closed with lids.

7. The seventh stage in the work of a carpenter is the assembly of units into products (fitting windows and doors into boxes, hanging them on hinges). The assembly of the part takes place jointly with the second worker, in order to avoid injury at the workplace. When assembling and installing, it is very important to ensure the scope of work in advance. At the end of the shift, the workplace should be cleaned, tools and fixtures checked, cleaned of dust and dirt and put in storage places.

Unfinished items must also be stacked in order in designated storage areas. It is necessary to prepare for the upcoming working day and outline measures to consolidate it and eliminate the identified abnormalities in the organization of the workplace.

8. The eighth stage is the finishing of the finished product.

2. Ensuring process safety

The equipment in the wood processing workshops is arranged so that the passages and driveways, the ways of movement of workers and goods are accessible. The machines are mounted on solid foundations and are well secured to withstand loads and vibrations.

Due to the fact that woodworking machines operate at high cutting and feed speeds, they are equipped with reliable guards. Metal, plastic, wood are used as fencing material. The railings are strong enough and securely fastened to the parts of the machines and the foundation. Also, the machines are equipped with receivers for suction of dust, chips and mechanisms for supplying lumber.

On machines with manual feed, removable automatic feeders are used, which exclude cases of injury.

The starting equipment is mounted on the machines so that it is convenient for the carpenter - the machine operator to use it. The guards with the starting device are interlocked in such a way that when the guard is raised, the start of the machine is excluded.

Belt conveyors have fences for the entire width of the belt under the working branch of the belt, and shields between the rollers are installed for roller conveyors and conveyors.

Within the facilities under construction - on ceilings, scaffolding and scaffolding, only assembly, installation and fitting are allowed; work on the manufacture of missing parts (cutting, teska, etc.) in these places is not allowed.

The serviceability of mechanized tools issued to workers is checked in advance by a special person at the direction of the mechanic.

Work with mechanized tools from ladders is prohibited.

Woodworking machines installed within the construction site for auxiliary work are firmly fixed and equipped with protective fences.

Safety in work on the end machine is ensured by:

1. The machine is controlled from a separate push-button panel located in a convenient place for maintenance.

2. Massive die-cast aluminum alloy, cast iron frame, column and caliper elements provide high vibration resistance, ensure long service life and maximum reliability.

3. Electrodynamic braking of the engine, saw guards with blocking, blocking of saw thrust without clamping the workpiece, the presence of adjustable stops for the extreme positions of the caliper and much more provide excellent consumer and functional capabilities, and also allow you to work safely.

Safety protective equipment is intended for automatic shutdown of units and machines when any parameter characterizing the operating mode of the equipment deviates beyond the limits of permissible values. Thus, in case of emergency conditions (increase in pressure, temperature, operating speeds, current strength, torques), the possibility of explosions, breakdowns, and ignitions is excluded.

Restrictive devices according to their design are divided into couplings, pins, valves, keys, membranes, springs, bellows and washers. Woodworking machines are provided with limiting devices, which are elements of mechanisms designed for destruction (or failure) during overloads technological equipment or in violation of processing modes. The weak links of such devices include: shear pins and keys connecting the shaft to the flywheel; friction clutches that do not transmit movement at high torques.

Blocking devices prevent a person from entering the danger zone or eliminate the dangerous factor during his stay in this zone. Great importance is attached to these types of protective equipment at the workplaces of units and machines that do not have guards, as well as where work can be carried out with the guards removed or open.

On woodworking machines, a mechanical system for blocking the protective shield is provided. It is a system that provides communication between the protective screen and the braking (starting) device.

At the woodworking site of the Igrinsky Lespromkhoz, several types of signaling are provided: warning and information. Warning alarms are designed to warn of a hazard and precede equipment activation or high voltage. Warning signs include signs on the machine itself and near the workplace, as well as posters like: "Do not open - high voltage." A type of warning signal is signal coloring. Traumatic items of equipment are distinguished by alternating stripes of yellow and black. On machine tools, the reverse sides of doors, niches for electrical equipment, as well as chip flow surfaces are painted red. Informative signaling is used in the form of diagrams, signs, inscriptions.

Safety signs can be prohibitive, prescriptive and indicative and differ from each other in shape and color. In production equipment and in workshops, warning signs are used, which are a yellow triangle with a black strip around the perimeter, inside of which there is a symbol (black). For example, in case of electrical danger, it is lightning; in case of danger of injury by a moving load, it is a load; in case of other dangers, an exclamation mark.

2.1 Planning decision of the workshop

This room is located in a one-story building. The building is constructed from prefabricated reinforced concrete structures and bricks. In this building, along with the workshop of the woodworking enterprise, there is an assembly workshop. The workshop of the woodworking enterprise is separated from the assembly workshop by a fire wall.

The dimensions of the workshop of a woodworking enterprise in terms of:

length l 1 \u003d 60 m;

width 1 2 = 24 m;

height H = 6 m.

There are 10 identical window openings in the outer walls of the woodworking shop. The distance from the floor to the lower edge of each window opening Y n \u003d 1.2 m. The distance from the floor to the upper edge of the opening Y e \u003d 2.4 m. The width of each window opening in \u003d 1.2 m. The total width of window openings \u003d 24 m The glazing of window openings is made of ordinary glass. The glazing is destroyed at an average volumetric temperature of the gaseous medium in the room, equal to 300 °C.

The fire wall has a door opening 2.4 m wide and high. This opening is protected by fire doors. In the event of a fire, this opening is closed.

The workshop of a woodworking enterprise has one doorway connecting the workshop with the outside environment. Its width is 2.4 m. The distance from the floor to the upper edge of the doorway Y in \u003d 3 m. The distance from the floor to the lower edge of the doorway Y n \u003d 0 m. In case of fire, this doorway is open, i.e. opening temperature 20°C. The floors are concrete, with asphalt pavement.

The workshop has supply and exhaust ventilation with an automatic smoke removal system;

Ventilation in the workshop of a woodworking enterprise, carried out through door and window openings. Heating is central water.

And also there is an automatic fire extinguishing system with the following characteristics:

fire extinguishing agent - nitrogen;

stock of fire extinguishing agent - 30 kg;

· the rate of supply of fire extinguishing agent Gov = 30 kg/min;

The initial temperature of the extinguishing agent

specific heat capacity of OM С p = 1052 J/(kgK);

· time of inclusion of system of fire extinguishing - 5 minutes from the beginning of burning.

Figure 2 shows a diagram of the organization of jobs at the machines at the woodworking enterprise LLC Trade House "Igrinsky Lespromkhoz".

Rice. 2 Scheme of organization of jobs at the machines:

a-TsPA-40: 1-rollers; 2-roller table (roller table); 3-thrust ruler; 4-machine TsPA-40; 5-stops; 6 stacks of blanks; 7-container for waste; 8 stacks. The carpenter's workplace is a part of the production area with the means and objects of labor located on it, on which the worker performs work.

Workplaces for carpenters for manual or machine processing of wood are equipped with workbenches or machines. Such workplaces have three zones:

1) the working area in which the work bench (machine), the workpiece and the tool used for this are located;

2) material storage area, in which materials, rough blanks and machined parts, fixtures and inventory are located;

3) the transport zone, through which the necessary items and means of labor are supplied to the workplace.

A feature of the organization of jobs for carpenters in construction is their constant movement, depending on the conditions and needs of production. The mutual arrangement of machines, equipment, stacks of workpieces and parts should be optimal. The distances for carrying workpieces and parts should be as short as possible so that as little time and effort as possible is spent on the operations of feeding workpieces and stacking parts.

2.2 Design safety of the main equipment

The safety of the design of the main equipment in the woodworking shop, such as machine tools and workbenches, is their correct installation. All machines must be fixed to the foundation.

The machines are fixed with supports for greater stability when working on them.

2.3 Automation of production processes

To achieve higher performance in the production of wooden structures, it is necessary to provide complex automation and mechanization of the technological process. At this enterprise, the automatic supply of material to the woodworking machine is being introduced, which leads to a decrease in work-related injuries.

2.4 Ensuring electrical safety

Current-carrying parts of the equipment that are sources of danger are reliably isolated, or fenced, or placed in places inaccessible to personnel. Electrical equipment with open current-carrying parts is placed inside cases (cabinets, blocks) with lockable doors or closed with protective covers. Metal parts of the equipment, which, due to damage to the insulation, are under electrical voltage of a dangerous magnitude, are grounded (zeroed). It is allowed to use other measures of adequate protection instead of grounding (zeroing). In the scheme of electrical circuits of production equipment, a device is provided that disconnects it from the supply network. When powering the equipment from its own independent source of electricity, it is allowed to remove the voltage by turning off the power source without breaking the electrical circuit. The design of production equipment must prevent the accumulation of dangerous amounts of static electricity. Equipment having circuits with electric capacitances must be equipped with devices for removing residual electric charges. Production equipment depending on hazard production process has built-in devices for removing harmful, explosive and flammable substances released during operation or a place for installing such devices if they are not included in the equipment design.

Protective grounding is an integral part of work on electrical equipment. Protective grounding - a deliberate electrical connection to the ground or its equivalent of metal non-current-carrying parts that may become energized due to a short to the case and for other reasons (inductive effect of neighboring current-carrying parts, potential removal, lightning discharge, static electricity induction, etc.).

Grounding conductors can be natural and artificial. Artificial ground electrodes are made in the form of electrodes. According to their location in the ground and the shape of the electrodes, ground electrodes are divided into deep, consisting of strips or round steel, laid deep on the bottom of the pit horizontally along the perimeter of the foundations, vertical, consisting of electrodes, the upper end of which is deepened by 0.5-0.7 m from the surface of the earth; as they use steel vertical embedded rods with a diameter of 10-16 mm, (or segments of steel pipes of various diameters), 3-5 m long, as well as angle steel 2.5-3 m long; horizontal (extended), consisting of electrodes used to interconnect vertical ground electrodes connected by welding. As such grounding, round steel with a diameter of at least 10 mm or steel strips with a thickness of at least 4 mm and a cross section of 48 mm are used.

Lightning protection of a production shop is a complex of protective devices designed for the safety of people, the safety of buildings and structures, equipment and materials from possible explosions, fires, and destruction that occur when exposed to lightning.

To receive an electric lightning discharge (lightning current), lightning rods are used, consisting of a bearing part (for example, a pole), a lightning rod (a metal rod, a cable or a down conductor mesh) and a ground electrode. Each lightning rod, depending on its design and height, has a certain protection zone, within which objects are not subject to direct lightning strikes. According to RD 34.21 L22-87, all buildings and structures must be protected in one of three categories. The category of lightning protection depends on the fire-explosive properties of premises and buildings, which is determined in accordance with NPB 105-95, as well as on the severity of the dangerous consequences of lightning strikes (environmental damage, human losses, material losses, etc.).

Carpenters working with hand-held electric machines must have electrical safety group I and group II when working with hand-held electric machines of class 1 in rooms with increased danger.

When working with power tools, the following safety rules must be observed:

The power tool before issuing to the worker must be checked by the device for the serviceability of the ground wire and the absence of a short circuit to the case;

Before work, the power tool is checked at idle for 1 ... 2 minutes;

handles of power tools must be insulated;

Installing a wood-cutting tool in a chuck, as well as adjusting, cleaning and repairing a tool is allowed only after it has completely stopped and turned off;

It is forbidden to work with power tools from ladders and ladders;

After stopping work, the power tool must be de-energized;

It is forbidden to leave a power tool with a running engine unattended;

· in rooms of especially dangerous and with increased risk of electric shock, it is allowed to work with a tool at a voltage not exceeding 42 V;

Indoors and outdoors, in the absence of conditions of increased danger (rain, snow), it is allowed to use a power tool with a voltage of 127 or 220 V, but subject to the use of rubber gloves, rubber mats and galoshes;

· Cases of power tools operating at a voltage of more than 42 V must be grounded.

3. Assessment and improvement of working conditions

Assessment of improvements in working conditions is carried out in accordance with the Federal Law of December 28, 2013 N 426-FZ (as amended on June 23, 2014) "On a special assessment of working conditions."

3.1 Characteristics of the main harmful and hazardous production factors

Dangerous and harmful production factors in the performance of carpentry work are:

unprotected cutting edges of tools;

flying chips, sawdust, fragments of the processed material;

increased (lower) ambient temperature;

· falling from height;

Falling objects from a height

Increased noise level

voltage in the electrical network;

dust and gaseous emissions of substances used in production in the air of the working area.

Harmful (dangerous) factors present at the carpenter's workplace are:

Noise (equivalent level at the construction site and the maximum level when working with a hand-held electrified tool);

· Local vibration (when working with a hand-held electrified tool);

microclimate;

· Illumination.

physical factors.

Physical factors in the carpenter's workplace include:

Vibration is general and local;

· Microclimate parameters (air temperature, relative air humidity, air velocity, infrared radiation);

Parameters of the light environment (artificial lighting (illuminance) working surface).

According to the noise measurement and assessment protocol (Table 1), we determine that the equivalent sound level at the carpenter's workplace is the class of working conditions 3.2.

Table 1 Noise measurement and evaluation protocol

Loud noise adversely affects the health and performance of people. A person, working with noise, gets used to it, but prolonged exposure to strong noise causes general fatigue, can lead to hearing impairment, and sometimes to deafness, the digestion process is disturbed, volume changes occur. internal organs.

The mechanism of action of noise on the body is complex and insufficiently studied. When it comes to the influence of noise, usually the main attention is paid to the state of the hearing organ, since the auditory analyzer primarily perceives sound vibrations and its damage is adequate to the effect of noise on the body. Changes that occur in the organ of hearing, some researchers explain the traumatic effect of noise on the peripheral part of the auditory analyzer - the inner ear. This usually explains the primary localization of the lesion in the cells of the internal spiral groove and the spiral (Corti) organ. There is an opinion that in the mechanism of the effect of noise on the organ of hearing, an overstrain of the inhibitory process plays a significant role, which, in the absence of sufficient rest, leads to the depletion of the sound-perceiving apparatus and the degeneration of the cells that make up its composition. In the pathogenesis of occupational damage to the organ of hearing, the role of the central nervous system cannot be excluded. Pathological changes that develop in the nervous apparatus of the cochlea during prolonged exposure to intense noise are largely due to overwork of the cortical auditory centers.

Occupational hearing loss is usually bilateral. The initial manifestations of occupational hearing loss are most often found in people with about 5 years of work experience in noise conditions.

Under the influence of noise exceeding 85-90 dBA, first of all, hearing sensitivity at high frequencies decreases.

Influencing the cerebral cortex, noise has an irritating effect, accelerates the process of fatigue, weakens attention and slows down mental reactions. For these reasons, strong noise in production conditions can contribute to the occurrence of injuries, since against the background of this noise, the signals of vehicles, forklifts and other machines are not heard.

Insufficient lighting of the workplace can lead to injuries and poor-quality manufacturing of products. Insufficient illumination affects the organs of vision on the human body. Insufficient lighting affects the functioning of the visual apparatus, that is, it determines visual performance, the human psyche, his emotional state, causes fatigue of the central nervous system resulting from the efforts made to recognize clear or dubious signals.

It has been established that light, in addition to providing visual perception, affects the nervous opto-vegetative system, the system for the formation of immune defense, the growth and development of the body and affects many basic life processes, regulating metabolism and resistance to adverse environmental factors. Comparative evaluation natural and artificial lighting in terms of its effect on performance shows the advantage of natural light.

It is important to note that not only the level of illumination, but all aspects of lighting quality play a role in accident prevention.

Uneven lighting can create adaptation problems by reducing visibility. When working in poor quality or low light levels, people may experience eye fatigue and fatigue, resulting in reduced performance. In some cases, this can lead to headaches. The causes in many cases are too low light levels, glare from light sources and brightness ratios. Headaches can also be caused by pulsing lighting. Thus, it becomes clear that improper lighting poses a significant threat to the health of workers.

To optimize working conditions great importance workplace lighting. The tasks of organizing the illumination of workplaces are as follows: ensuring the distinguishability of the objects under consideration, reducing the stress and fatigue of the organs of vision. Industrial lighting must be uniform and stable, have the correct direction of the light flux, exclude blinding light and the formation of sharp shadows.

The optimal and permissible parameters of the microclimate of the working area are determined in accordance with SanPiN 2.2.4.548 96 "Hygienic requirements for the microclimate of industrial premises".

Measurements of the microclimate parameters at the woodworking site were carried out in accordance with GOST 12. 1. 005 "General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air of the working area." SanPiN 2.2.4.548 - 96 "Hygienic requirements for the microclimate of industrial premises".

During the warm period of the year, the air temperature in the workshop reaches 16-27 0 C, with an air humidity of 15-60%, the air speed is 0.1 m/s, which belongs to the second hazard class. In the cold period of the year, the air temperature is 15-22 0 C, humidity 15-75%, air speed - 0.1 m/s, which also belongs to the second hazard class.

chemical factors.

To the chemical factors at the workplace of a carpenter is his participation in the process of wood processing - antiseptic. Antiseptic is carried out with varnishes and paints. All chemicals are manufactured in accordance with GOST 9980.2-89, which in the external environment do not have a harmful effect on the body.

biological factors.

Biological factors include the impact of wood dust on the body. In the work of a carpenter, dust is the main factor influencing his body. Dust is generated due to woodworking, crushing or abrasion, turning, sawing, etc.

Sources of wood dust emission are circular saws, trimming machines, jointers, planers, drilling, milling, planing, tenoning, grinding, etc. The effect of dust on the human body. Dust has a number of negative properties. It reduces air transparency, reduces solar radiation, inhibits plant growth, contributes to fogging, and worsens general sanitary and living conditions. Dust can cause damage to equipment and buildings.

When breathing, they easily linger in the upper respiratory tract and are removed when sneezing and coughing. Particles having a microscopic size (0.25-10 microns) are more stable in air. Such dust is breathed into the alveoli, especially particles smaller than 5 microns. Ultramicroscopic dust (particles smaller than 0.25 microns) is in the air for a considerable time, obeying the laws of Brownian motion. The role of dust particles of this fraction in the development of damage to the body is small.

The effect of dust on the skin is reduced mainly to mechanical irritation. As a result of such irritation, there is a slight itching, an unpleasant sensation, and when scratching, redness and some swelling of the skin may appear, which indicates an inflammatory process.

Dust particles can penetrate into the pores of the sweat and sebaceous glands, clogging them and thereby hindering their functions. This leads to dryness of the skin, sometimes cracks, rashes appear. Microbes that have got along with the dust in the clogged ducts of the sebaceous glands can develop, causing pustular skin diseases - pyoderma. Blockage of the sweat glands with dust in a hot shop helps to reduce sweating and thus complicates thermoregulation.

When dust gets on the mucous membranes of the eyes and upper respiratory tract, its irritating effect, both mechanical and chemical, is most pronounced. The mucous membranes are thinner and more delicate than the skin, they are irritated by all kinds of dust, not only chemicals or with sharp edges, but also amorphous, fibrous, etc.

Dust that gets into the eyes causes an inflammatory process of their mucous membranes - conjunctivitis, which is expressed in redness, tearing, sometimes swelling and suppuration

Dust occupies one of the first places among the causes of occupational lung pathology, the most common of which are pneumoconiosis. This name means chronic lung diseases as a result of exposure to dust, accompanied by the development of fibrosis of the lung tissue. The content of dust in the air does not exceed the norm, therefore it belongs to the 2nd class.

psychophysiological factors.

When working, the carpenter must be concentrated on work. Do your job carefully to avoid injury in the workplace.

3.2 Characteristics of the severity of the labor process

The severity of the labor process is assessed in accordance with these "Hygienic criteria for assessing working conditions in terms of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process." The levels of labor severity factors are expressed in ergometric values that characterize the labor process, regardless of the individual characteristics of the person participating in this process.

The main indicators of the severity of the labor process are:

1. Physical dynamic load (external mechanical work), kg/m;

2. Mass of the lifted and moved cargo manually, kg;

3. Stereotypical work movements, quantity per shift;

4. Static load (the value of the static load per shift when holding the load, applying efforts), kgf?sec;

5. Working posture;

6. Tilts of the hull, quantity per shift;

7. Movement in space, due to the technological process, km.

The severity of the labor process of a carpenter (men):

During the working day, he works with a chisel (1.00 times: applying a force of 0.70 kg.*s. for 48.00 minutes with one hand), a hammer (applying a force of 0.40 kg.*s. for 48 minutes . with one hand, making 30.00 stereotypical movements per minute with priority for 48 minutes, being in an uncomfortable or fixed position), sandpaper(1.00 times: making 34.00 stereotypical movements per minute with a predominant regional load for 48.00 minutes), with a file (applying a force of 0.30 kg. * s. for 48 minutes with one hand; making 35 stereotypical movements per minute with an advantage for 48 minutes) with a planer (1.00 times: applying a force of 1.70 kg.*s. for 48.00 minutes with both hands; making 14.00 stereotyped movements per minute with a predominant regional load within 48.00 min.), hand-held power tools (1.00 times: applying a force of 1.50 kg. * s. for 240.00 min. with both hands). Additionally, it travels a distance of 1.50 km. horizontally. According to all indicators of the severity of the labor process, it can be attributed to class 3.2

3.3 Characteristics of the intensity of the labor process

The intensity of the labor process is assessed in accordance with these "Hygienic criteria for assessing working conditions in terms of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process."

The analysis is based on taking into account the whole complex of production factors (stimuli, irritants) that create the prerequisites for the emergence of adverse neuro-emotional states (overstrain). All factors (indicators) of the labor process have a qualitative or quantitative expression and are grouped according to the types of loads: intellectual, sensory, emotional, monotonous, regime loads.

The carpenter participates in the production process, making decisions on a series of instructions in the process, based on the perception of simple signals on a set schedule, with possible correction along the way. Checks the correctness of the fulfillment of his own task and is responsible for the functional quality of the auxiliary work of the enterprise. Actual working hours: 8 hours. According to the intensity of the labor process, it can be attributed to class 3.1. The predominant factor is the load on the auditory analyzer in the production need for the perception of speech or differentiated signals.

3.4 Final assessment of working conditions according to the degree of harmfulness and danger

The attestation map of the carpenter's workplace according to working conditions is presented in table 2.

Table 2 Certification card of the workplace of a metal cleaner according to working conditions

The name of the factors of the production environment and the labor process	Working condition class
Acoustic
	infrasound
	ultrasound air
	ultrasound contact
Vibration general
Vibration local
Non-ionizing radiation
ionizing radiation
Microclimate
Lighting
The severity of labor (labor process)
Intensity of labor (labor process)
Aerosional composition of air
General assessment of working conditions

In terms of safety: 3 (dangerous)

According to the provision of PPE: corresponds

Table 3 shows the actual state of working conditions by factors of the working environment and the labor process

Table 3 The actual state of working conditions according to the factors of the working environment and the labor process of woodworking.

Name of the factor, unit rev.	admissible	Actual factor level	Duration of exposure	Working condition class

Equivalent sound level, dBA
Microclimate (cold period)
Air temperature, gr.С
Air speed, m/s
Air humidity, %
Lighting

Illumination of the working surface, lx
Pulsation coefficient, %
The severity of labor
Labor intensity

Obviously, the final assessment of the working conditions of a metal cleaner corresponds to class 3.2. The most significant factor that can lead to occupational injuries is the effect of noise. Also, the load on the auditory analyzer during the production need for the perception of speech or differentiated signals gives a harmful tension class of the first degree 3.1.

3.5 Injuries and occupational diseases

When processing wood, the atmospheric air is polluted with wood dust. The greatest danger to the worker is the dust that is present in the work area. Exposure to wood dust can lead to various diseases of the respiratory system, skin and eyes. Prolonged exposure to air containing wood dust can lead to the development of pneumoconiosis and dust bronchitis.

Dust concentrations in the air should be measured periodically. It is also necessary to monitor the availability of funds for each employee personal protection such as a respirator.

The degree of danger of exposure to wood dust on the human body depends on its physico-chemical properties, size and shape of dust particles. With a decrease in the size of dust particles, their penetrating ability into the respiratory organs increases. At the same time, their mechanical irritating effect is reduced and chemical activity becomes the main one. To reduce the concentration of dust in the air removed from the workshop premises, the installation of a cleaning device is used, as well as the presence of an aspiration system in woodworking workshops.

The most common cause of injury is the failure of the screen lock. In order to exclude possible injuries to the machine operator when working on the machines, it is necessary to use a metal casing that covers the saw blade and automatically rises when the material is fed, a wedging knife and a toothed sector or disk that prevents the material from returning out, as well as signaling deliberate failure to bring the protective shield into position.

One of the negative environmental factors at industrial enterprises is noise, which should include any sounds that interfere with the normal mode of work and rest, regardless of their origin. Noise is a random combination of sounds of various frequencies and intensities that occurs during mechanical vibrations in solid, liquid and gaseous media. Noise adversely affects the human body, and primarily on the central nervous system and the cardiovascular system. Earmuffs are required to reduce the harmful effects of noise.

To reduce injuries at the workplace, each carpenter is provided with personal protective equipment. These include:

· cotton suit - for a period of wear of 12 months;

· mittens with handhelds - for a period of wear for 2 months;

leather shoes - for a period of wear of 12 months;

Goggles - to wear.

For outdoor work in winter, everyone additionally:

· a cotton jacket with an insulating lining - for the period of socks on the belts;

· cotton trousers with insulating lining - for the period of socks on the belts.

The employer is obliged to replace or repair overalls, footwear and other personal protective equipment that has become unusable before the expiration of the established wear period for reasons beyond the control of the employee.

To protect against mechanical impacts, carpenters are required to use cotton suits provided by employers free of charge, mittens with palms made of vinyl from intermittent leather-T and leather boots.

At work impregnating wood with antiseptics: canvas suits instead of cotton suits, rubber gloves, canvas shoulder pads.

In addition, in the winter season, suits with insulating padding and felt boots.

When on site, carpenters must wear safety helmets.

3.6 Measures to improve working conditions

1.Combating noise. 4.Combating industrial noise

One of the negative environmental factors at industrial enterprises is noise, which should include any sounds that interfere with the normal mode of work and rest, regardless of their origin. Sound-absorbing structures reduce the energy of sound waves in a room and partially the energy of a direct sound wave if they are located close to the noise source. Sound-absorbing linings are usually placed on the ceiling and upper part of the walls.

2. Identification of hazardous and harmful production factors (OHPF) at the carpenter's workplace

A hazardous production factor (HPF) is such a production factor, the impact of which on a worker under certain conditions leads to injury or other sudden sharp deterioration in health. Injury is damage to the tissues of the body and a violation of its functions by external influences. An injury is the result of an accident at work, which is understood as a case of exposure to a hazardous production factor on a worker while performing his job duties or tasks of a work manager.

A harmful production factor (HPF) is such a production factor, the impact of which on a worker under certain conditions leads to illness or a decrease in working capacity. Diseases that occur under the influence of harmful production factors are called occupational diseases.

The carpenter must know that the most dangerous production factors affecting him in the process of work are:

Equipment, tools, roughness on the surface of materials;

Lighting,

Vibration,

Electricity,

Wood dust.

Woodworking equipment, tools in the event of malfunction and incorrect work methods, as well as sharp edges, burrs and roughness on the surface are hazardous production factors that can lead to injuries.

Wood dust - irritates the skin, upper respiratory tract.

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Introduction

1 The state of the problem of assessing negative impacts in ergatic systems

2 Carpenter's workplace

2.1 a brief description of professions

2.2 Requirements for the individual characteristics of a specialist

2.3 Training requirements

2.4 Medical contraindications

3 Identification of hazardous and harmful production factors (OHPF) at the carpenter's workplace

3.1 Hazardous occupational factors

3.2 Poor lighting

3.3 Industrial noise

3.4 Industrial vibration

3.5 Electrical current

4 Evaluation of the OVPF, which determine the working conditions at the workplace of the carpenter

5 Assessing the impact on workers of the considered OVPF

6 Determination of general organizational and technical measures to improve working conditions and increase the level of workplace safety

INTRODUCTION

The organization and improvement of working conditions at the workplace is one of the most important reserves of labor productivity and economic efficiency of production, as well as the further development of the working person himself. This is the main manifestation of the social and economic significance of the organization and the improvement of working conditions.

Also, in order to create optimal working conditions at the workplace, it is necessary that the enterprise establishes optimal indicators of environmental factors for each type of production, consisting of data characterizing the production environment.

The purpose of this course project is to study and evaluate working conditions in the workplace of a carpenter.

1 STATUS OF THE PROBLEM OF EVALUATION OF NEGATIVE IMPACTS IN ERGACY SYSTEMS

Any labor activity presupposes the interaction of a person with some external reality, i.e., the system “subject of labor - professional environment” arises. This kind of system is called ergatic (from the ancient Greek root "erg" - business, work). The complex of areas of knowledge and practice focused on the study and optimization of human labor is designated by the term ergonomics. The term "ergatic system" was first adopted in 1960 at the First Congress of the International Federation for Automatic Control to designate systems that include a person who functions in conjunction with a set of technical means. Later, the content of this concept was expanded. An ergatic system is any system that works with the participation of a person.

The composition of the ergatic system includes the subject of labor (individual or group), influencing the object of labor with the help of means of labor. Ergatic systems are characterized by the following features:

it production systems which are created to achieve the goals arising in connection with the social division of labor;

They are characterized by hierarchical organization and flexibility;

The composition of the ergatic system includes the subject of labor (individual or group), influencing the object of labor with the help of means of labor;

The result of the functioning of the ergatic system is the ergatic function.

Technological progress in industrial production, in transport, energy and military affairs is accompanied by the automation of production processes, the introduction computer science and information technologies. The improvement of labor, its means is inevitably associated with a constant redistribution of functions between the worker and technical means labor. Labor function transferred from a person technical device, it is already inappropriate to continue to call labor proper, since labor is specifically human activity, suggesting conscious regulation. The steam hammer does not work, but functions, implements the working function. Thus, the labor functions transferred to the means of labor undergo certain transformations. Therefore, more than general concept- ergatic function.

The workplace is a part of the working area in which employees are permanently or temporarily in the process of labor activity. A permanent workplace is a workplace where the employee is at least half of his working time or more than two hours continuously.

Negative factors that occur in the work area are those factors that adversely affect a person, causing deterioration in health, disease or injury.

Danger is a property of the human environment that causes a negative effect on a person's life, leading to negative changes in his state of health.

A hazardous production factor is such a production factor, the impact of which on a person leads to injury or death.

A harmful production factor is such a production factor, the impact of which on a person leads to a deterioration in well-being or, with prolonged exposure, to a disease.

The current profession of carpentry is currently acquiring new spheres of influence. Basically, a carpenter is an employee of construction or repair and construction organizations, providing all kinds of wood processing services. Moreover, his competence also includes the development of sketches and templates for plastering work.

According to department data state inspection of labor in Russia in the first half of 2010, 20 accidents with severe outcomes occurred in the production during the operation of woodworking equipment. A similar unfavorable situation developed in 2009, during which there were 38 accidents with severe consequences (for the first half of 2009 - 18), including 1 fatal.

The largest number of those injured during the operation of woodworking equipment, in 2009 and the first half of 2010, was registered in organizations of private ownership (43.1 percent of the total number of seriously injured in the republic during the processing and processing of wood on woodworking equipment).

Looking through these data, it immediately becomes clear that this problem is relevant today. The purpose of this work; consider what factors affect the carpenter during his work and how to reduce the influence of these factors on him.

Classification of working conditions. Working conditions are a combination of factors of the working environment and the labor process that affect the health and performance of a person in the labor process. There are four groups of labor activity factors:

Physical factors, including microclimatic parameters and dustiness of the air environment, all types of radiation, vibroacoustic characteristics of the workplace and lighting quality;

Chemical factors, including some substances of a biological nature;

Biological factors, which include pathogenic microorganisms, protein preparations, as well as preparations containing living cells and spores of microorganisms;

Factors of the labor process.

Working conditions under which the impact on the worker of harmful and dangerous production factors is excluded or their level does not exceed hygienic standards are called safe working conditions.

Working conditions are generally assessed in four classes. Safe working conditions are optimal (1st class) and acceptable (2nd class) conditions.

Optimal (comfortable) working conditions (1st class) ensure maximum labor productivity and minimum stress on the human body. This class is set only to assess the parameters of the microclimate and factors of the labor process. For other factors, such working conditions are considered conditionally optimal, under which adverse factors do not exceed safe limits for the population.

Permissible working conditions (class 2) are characterized by such levels of environmental and labor process factors that do not exceed the established hygienic standards for workplaces. Possible changes in the functional state of the body are restored during a regulated rest or by the beginning of the next shift and should not have an adverse effect in the near and long term on the health of the worker and his offspring. The optimal and permissible classes correspond to safe working conditions.

Harmful working conditions (3rd class) are characterized by the presence of harmful production factors that exceed hygienic standards and have an adverse effect on the body of the worker and / or his offspring. Depending on the level of exceeding the standards, the factors of this class are divided into four degrees of harmfulness:

3.1 - causing reversible functional changes in the body;

3.2 - leading to persistent functional disorders and an increase in morbidity;

3.3 - leading to the development of occupational pathology in a mild form and the growth of chronic diseases;

3.4 - leading to the emergence of pronounced forms of occupational diseases, a significant increase in chronic diseases and a high level of morbidity with temporary disability.

Traumatic (extreme) working conditions (4th grade). The levels of production factors of this class are such that their impact during the work shift or part of it creates a threat to life and / or high risk occurrence of severe forms of acute occupational diseases.

2 WORKPLACEJOINER

A carpenter is a professional worker, a skilled craftsman, a craftsman who works with wood, turning and making wood products or products based on wood. The carpenter is engaged in joinery work: the manufacture of complex furniture, doors, windows, arches, stairs and other products from solid wood with the possible use of veneer, veneering, lamination, without hand carving. The carpenter can also perform unique micro-modeling work on a wooden base.

The profession of a carpenter is in demand in furniture production, in building houses, in finishing houses, in the aviation industry (manufacturing of wooden gliders and parts of aircraft), in figured woodcarving and in other areas. The profession of a carpenter is popular with young people, and even in schools, children learn how to work with wood at labor lessons. The profession of a carpenter is in demand in the market. The organization of the workplace is a system of measures for equipping and placing on it in a certain order the means and objects of labor: equipment, tools, fixtures, materials, etc.

The workplace is a part of the production area with the means and objects of labor located on it, on which the worker performs work. Workplaces for woodworkers for manual or machine woodworking are equipped with workbenches or machines. Such workplaces have three zones:

The working area, in which there is a workbench (machine), the workpiece and the tool used for this;

Storage area for materials, in which materials, rough blanks and machined parts, fixtures and inventory are located;

The transport zone, through which the necessary items and means of labor are supplied to the workplace.

A feature of the organization of jobs for joiners or carpenters in construction is their constant movement, depending on the conditions and needs of production.

The professional functions of a carpenter include: Turning and manufacturing products made of wood or on a wooden base, making furniture (tables, chairs, cabinets, sideboards, stools, bedside tables, shelves, etc.), windows, skirting boards, cornices, stairs, wooden parts of aircraft and figured woodcarving . Sawing and planing by hand of uncoated bar parts of a simple profile. Applying glue manually to the parts to be glued and removing glue streaks from parts and assemblies. Installing dowels with glue. Sticker for upholstery products. Assembly of frames on metal clips. Assembly of simple boxes from prefabricated parts. Preparation of wood glue. Sharpening simple carpentry tools. Pasting the ends of veneered parts with gummed tape. Impregnation of the faces and edges of the bars with soapy water. Splitting round timber into blanks of various sizes and notching the contour of a carved toy.

2.1 Brief description of the profession

2.2 Requirements for the individual characteristics of a specialist

Good preparation in drawing, physics (sections of mechanics, electrical engineering), geometry, labor training (within school curriculum). He must know the types and physical and mechanical properties of wood, the basics of design and manufacturing technology of products, the principles of operation of machine tools and mechanisms, the technological modes of gluing and veneering. Must be able to "read" blueprints and make sketches. Professionally important qualities:

High visual acuity; developed eye and spatial imagination;

Good distribution and concentration of attention (when reading drawings, markup);

Fine tactile sensitivity combined with good hand coordination;

Good aesthetic taste;

Physical strength and endurance.

For successful activity necessary: love for wood; good health, vision, good joint-muscular sensitivity, good distribution of attention; quick visual-motor reaction, ability to concentrate attention for a long time and its flexible distribution, good spatial imagination and visual-figurative thinking.

2.3 RequirementsI'm in training

Must know: the main species and properties of wood, timber, lumber, blockboard, fasteners, the basics of electrified tools. Must be able to: process wood manually with electrified tools. Produce simple joinery, produce straight parts for joinery, install overhead window and door openings with their preparation in place, sheathe walls and ceilings, lay floors, install skirting boards, manufacture and repair simple construction equipment.

2.4 Medical contraindications

Medical contraindications:

Diseases of the cardiovascular system with circulatory disorders;

Bronchial asthma; Neuropsychiatric diseases;

Diseases of the musculoskeletal system with impaired motor functions (for construction and ship joiners);

Violations of the vestibular apparatus (for a building joiner).

3 IDENTIFICATION OF DANGEROUS AND HARMFUL INDUSTRIAL FACTORS (OHPF) AT THE WORKPLACE OF THE WORKER

A hazardous production factor (HPF) is such a production factor, the impact of which on a worker under certain conditions leads to injury or other sudden sharp deterioration in health. Injury is damage to the tissues of the body and a violation of its functions by external influences. Injury is the result of an accident at work, which is understood as the case of the impact of a hazardous production factor on a worker while performing it. job duties or assignments of the supervisor.

The carpenter must know that the most dangerous production factors affecting him in the process of work are:

Equipment, tools, roughness on the surface of materials;

Lighting,

Vibration,

Electricity,

Wood dust.

Wood dust - irritates the skin, upper respiratory tract.

3.1 Tram hazardous production factors

In addition to the harmful factors that affect the health of employees in general, there is a danger of simply crippling yourself while doing your job. Do not forget that the employer is responsible for the health of his employees in case they receive an industrial injury. When carrying out certification of workplaces, it is necessary to assess how safe the workplaces of employees are from the point of view of injury.

All protruding parts of machine tools, shaft ends and rotating parts of equipment and mechanisms, such as gears, chain and belt drives, friction discs, couplings, shafts, etc., located more than 2 m below the platform level, must be securely shielded or enclosed in strong, fixed casings, the design of which allows them to be observed and lubricated, eliminating the possibility of injury.

Woodworking equipment, tools in case of malfunction and incorrect working methods, as well as sharp edges, burrs and roughness on the surface,

it depends on how the workplace is organized. To what extent the tools and devices that are used in the work comply with the requirements of the standards. How are occupational safety trainings conducted? To what extent does the job meet the requirements fire safety and electrical safety, etc.

3.2 Insufficient lighting

Light is a natural condition of human life, necessary for maintaining health and high productivity, and based on the work of the visual analyzer. The sensation of vision occurs under the influence of light, which is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of 0.38-0.76 microns. Insufficient lighting of the workplace makes it difficult to work for a long time, causes increased fatigue and contributes to the development of myopia.

The required levels of illumination are standardized in accordance with SNiP 23-05-95 "Natural and artificial lighting" depending on the accuracy of the production operations performed, the lighting properties of the working surface and the part in question, and the lighting system. Illumination in the workplace should correspond to the nature of visual work, which is determined by the following parameters:

The smallest size of the object of distinction (the object under consideration, its separate part or defect);

Characteristics of the background (the surface adjacent directly to the object of distinction on which it is viewed);

The background is considered light - when the surface reflectance is more than 0.4, medium - when the surface reflectance is from 0.2 to 0.4, dark - when the surface reflectance is less than 0.2.

It is necessary to ensure a sufficiently uniform distribution of brightness on the work surface, as well as in the surrounding space. If there are surfaces in the field of view that differ significantly from each other in brightness, then when looking from a brightly lit to a dimly lit surface, the eye is forced to readjust, which leads to visual fatigue.

There should be no harsh shadows in the workplace. The presence of sharp shadows creates an uneven distribution of surfaces with different brightness in the field of view, distorts the size and shape of objects of distinction, as a result, fatigue increases, and labor productivity decreases. Particularly harmful are moving shadows, which can lead to injury.

Measures aimed at reducing the degree of harmfulness of working conditions due to lack or absence of natural lighting

There are workplaces in the industry where there is no natural light and lighting conditions are generally rated class 3.2. To reduce or eliminate "harmfulness" in this case, you can do the following:

Time protection (in the case of an employee staying indoors without natural light, less than 25% of the work shift, the working conditions for natural lighting are assessed as acceptable with class 2, and from 25 to 75% - with class 3.1);

Improving the conditions created by artificial lighting (with the actual provision of a level of normalized illumination increased by a step and the proper quality of artificial lighting, lighting conditions in general are rated class 3.1, not 3.2);

Preventive ultraviolet irradiation of workers, even when assessing artificial lighting with class 3.1, and natural lighting with class 3.2, makes it possible to reduce the degree of harmfulness of natural lighting and evaluate lighting as a whole with class 3.1.

If there is a lack of natural lighting in the workplace and the assessment of natural lighting with class 3.1, the following measures can be taken:

Protection by time (if an employee stays in a room with insufficient natural light for less than 50% of the work shift, the working conditions for natural light are assessed as acceptable with class 2);

Improving the conditions created by artificial lighting (with the actual provision of increased standardized illumination by one step and the proper quality of artificial lighting, lighting working conditions are generally rated as acceptable with class 2);

Analysis of the degree of contamination of glasses in light apertures, their cleaning and subsequent control measurements of the KEO;

If the lack of natural lighting is due to shading with green spaces, ensure the removal of trees;

If there are areas with sufficient and insufficient natural light in the room - changing the location of workplaces with their movement to an area with sufficient natural light;

Redecoration of the premises with the use of light finishing materials and subsequent control measurements of KEO.

In each case, after analyzing the situation, appropriate decisions are made and included in the action plan to improve the working conditions of employees.

3.3 Production noise

Noise refers to any unwanted sound. Prolonged exposure to intense noise (above 80 dBA) on a person leads to partial or complete hearing loss. Depending on the duration and intensity of noise exposure, there is a greater or lesser decrease in the sensitivity of the hearing organs, which is expressed either:

In a temporary shift in the threshold of hearing, which disappears after the end of exposure to noise;

In irreversible hearing loss (hard of hearing), characterized by a constant change in the threshold of hearing.

Noises are classified by frequency, spectral and temporal characteristics. In terms of frequency, the sound field differs into three areas: infrasound - vibrations propagating in the air with a frequency below 16 Hz; sound - vibrations with a frequency of 16 to 20,000 Hz, propagating in the air and perceived by the human ear; ultrasound - vibrations propagating both in air and in solid media with a frequency of more than 20,000 Hz.

By frequency, the noise of the sound range is divided into low-frequency (maximum sound pressure in the frequency range below 350 Hz), medium-frequency (350-800 Hz) and high-frequency (over 800 Hz). According to the nature of the spectrum, noise is divided into broadband and tonal.

According to temporal characteristics, noise is divided into constant and non-permanent (fluctuating in time, intermittent, impulsive). Noise is considered constant, the level of which changes over time by no more than 5 dB during an eight-hour working day, and non-constant - more than 5 dB.

Noise adversely affects the human body, and primarily on its central nervous and cardiovascular systems. Prolonged exposure to noise reduces visual acuity and hearing, increases blood pressure. Industrial noise disrupts information communications, which causes a decrease in the efficiency and safety of human activities, since a high noise level makes it difficult to hear a warning signal about danger. In addition, noise causes ordinary fatigue. Under the action of noise, working capacity, concentration of attention, the accuracy of performing work related to the reception and analysis of information, and labor productivity are reduced. With constant exposure to noise, workers complain of insomnia, decreased vision, loss of taste, indigestion, etc. The energy consumption of the body when performing work in noise conditions is greater, i.e. work becomes more difficult.

For preventive work to ensure safe working conditions in terms of the noise factor, audiometric control (audiometry) of workers is used to assess the condition of the hearing organs. At the same time, the state of the auditory function is assessed as the arithmetic mean of the decrease in auditory sensitivity in the range of speech frequencies (500-2000 Hz) and at a frequency of 4000.

To reduce noise at the source of its formation, it is necessary, if possible, to replace the impact interactions of parts with non-impact ones, reciprocating movements - rotational, dampen the vibration of the colliding parts and individual nodes unit by articulating them with materials that have high internal friction: rubber, cork, bitumen, bituminous cardboard, felt, asbestos, etc.

The intensity of vibrations of parts of units with large noise-emitting surfaces (unit housings, casings, covers, etc.) should be reduced by:

Facing these surfaces or filling the air cavities specially provided for in them with vibration-damping materials;

Devices for flexible connections (elastic gaskets, springs) between these parts and units of the unit, causing vibrations;

Replacement of metal parts with parts made of plastic or other non-sounding materials;

Providing for minimum tolerances in the manufacture and assembly of unit parts to reduce gaps in the joints of parts and thereby reduce the impact energy;

Widespread introduction of lubrication of colliding parts with viscous liquids and placement in liquid oil and other baths of vibrating and noise-producing parts (gear reducers, etc.);

Replacement of rolling bearings with plain bearings in cases where the predominant noise is bearing noise;

Conclusions in insulating casings of noisy units of the unit (gear reducers, chain, belt and other gears, colliding parts and engines.

Units that create a lot of noise due to the formation of vortexes or the exhaust of air or gas, fans, blowers, pneumatic tools and machines must be equipped with special silencers.

3.4 Industrial vibration

Vibration is a process of propagation of mechanical vibrations in a solid body. It is characterized by frequency and amplitude of displacement, speed and acceleration. Vibrations can be unintentional (for example, due to poor balancing and alignment of rotating parts of machinery and equipment, perforator operation, etc.) and specially used in technological processes (vibratory pile drivers, special equipment for accelerating chemical reactions, etc.). Prolonged exposure to vibration leads to the development of occupational vibration disease. Particularly harmful are vibrations with a forced frequency that coincides with the frequency of natural vibrations of the human body or its individual organs (for the human body 6..9 Hz, head 6 Hz, stomach 8 Hz, other organs within 25 Hz). If the oscillation frequency of workplaces is close to the natural frequencies of the internal organs, mechanical damage or even ruptures are possible.

Systematic exposure to general vibrations characterized by high level vibration velocity, leads to a vibration disease, which is characterized by violations of the physiological functions of the body associated with damage to the central nervous system. These disorders cause headaches, dizziness, sleep disturbances, decreased performance, poor health, and cardiac disorders.

There are hygienic and technical regulation of vibrations. Hygienic - limit the parameters of vibration of workplaces and the surface of contact with the hands of workers, based on physiological requirements, excluding the possibility of vibration disease. Technical - limit the vibration parameters not only taking into account the specified requirements, but also based on the vibration level achievable today for this type of equipment.

According to the method of transmission to the human body, vibration is divided into general (impact on the entire human body) and local (impact on individual parts of the body - arms or legs). For sanitary regulation and vibration control, the root mean square values of vibration acceleration and vibration velocity, as well as their logarithmic levels in decibels (GOST 12.1.047-85), are used.

To measure vibration, vibrometers and sound level meters are used with an additional device - a preamplifier installed instead of a microphone. VShV-3M2 instruments - noise and vibration meters - are widely used.

Technical measures to limit and reduce vibration are aimed at automating and mechanizing the main technological processes, improving the quality and durability of equipment and noise-vibration protection devices for it, and introducing remote-controlled equipment. The main measure to reduce vibration is to reduce vibration at the source of its formation.

In cases where it is not possible to achieve an acceptable level by constructive methods, methods of isolating the source and absorbing vibrations with special materials and structures are used, the use of which is especially effective when using remote control or full automation of the production process. Damping and locking devices, pneumatic supports are used.

An effective method of vibration damping is the installation of dynamic vibration dampers that reduce the vibration level of the protected object. The disadvantage of this method of vibration damping is its effectiveness only at the resonant frequency of vibrations of the unit. Vibration isolation provides vibration reduction by reducing the transmission of vibrations from the unit to the protected object when additional devices are installed between them.

3.5 Electricity

During operation, the probability of electric shock to the worker depends on the environment in which he works. In the premises where work is performed, the relative humidity of the air should not exceed 60%.

To ensure continuous operation, a protective ground is made that protects people from electric shock. To protect workers from electric shock, a high-speed device is made that turns off electrical installations in case of danger of electric shock.

When a person comes into contact with the current-carrying parts of an existing electrical installation, a danger of electric shock is created. The current strength is dangerous for human life - 0.05 A, and 0.1 A, that is, 2 times greater, is fatal. Non-insulated current-carrying parts are fenced so that there is no free access to them.

The power tool should be systematically checked for a short circuit to the case; in addition, the serviceability of the supply cable should be checked before operation. The power tool must be grounded; in the absence of grounding, it is forbidden to work with a power tool.

To work with a mechanized tool, persons who have undergone industrial training and have an appropriate certificate are allowed. It is possible to repair, adjust and adjust a mechanized tool only after it has been turned off and completely stopped. Wear safety goggles when working with power tools. Do not pull or bend the tool cables during operation.

In inclement weather (snow, rain) it is possible to work on an open area with power tools only in exceptional cases, under a canopy with the obligatory use of dielectric gloves. In especially dangerous rooms, as well as outdoors, it is possible to work with power tools at a voltage of not more than 36 V.

Starting equipment is placed in such a way that unauthorized persons cannot start machines and mechanisms. Breakers must be equipped with casings.

Metal scaffolding, rail tracks of electric hoisting cranes and other metal parts of construction machinery and equipment with electric drive, electric motor housings, switch housings must be grounded.

Hand-held portable lamps must have a protective metal mesh, and the voltage on them must not exceed 36 V, and in especially dangerous places (trenches, wells) - 12 V.

Plug connections with voltages of 12 and 36 V must have a color that is sharply different from plug connections with voltages greater than 36 V.

Rubber protective equipment is inspected, cleaned of dirt, and wiped before use. Protective equipment with punctures, cracks must not be used.

When sawing, milling, grinding, you must use safety glasses. In especially dangerous rooms and with an increased risk of electric shock, you can work with a power tool at a voltage not exceeding 42 V. The cases of power tools operating at a voltage of more than 42 V must be grounded.

Workers and engineering and technical workers involved in the operation and repair of electrical installations must be able to release affected persons from the current and provide them with first aid. If a person is hit, it is necessary to immediately eliminate the effect of current on him by turning off the switch, fuses, etc. The person rescuing the victim must protect himself by putting on galoshes, rubber or dry woolen gloves and hastily wrapping his hands with a dry rag. When there are no such items at hand, the current-carrying wires are pulled away from the victim with a dry stick, rubber band, dry clothes, etc. After the voltage is removed, an urgent need to call a doctor for medical assistance.

3.6 Dust

The air of all industrial premises is polluted with dust to one degree or another; even in those rooms that are usually considered clean, not dusty, there is still dust in small quantities (sometimes it is even visible to the naked eye in a passing sunbeam). However, in many industries, due to the characteristics of the technological process, the methods of production used, the nature of raw materials, intermediate and finished products, and many other reasons, intensive dust formation occurs, which pollutes the air of these premises to a large extent. This can pose a certain danger to workers. In such cases, airborne dust becomes one of the factors of the working environment that determines the working conditions of workers.

In the work of a carpenter, dust is the main factor influencing his body. Dusts are generated as a result of woodworking, crushing or abrasion, turning, sawing, etc.

Wood dust is a collection of particles with a size of 15-20 microns. The amount of this dust generated in the joinery and furniture industry is not enough to use it on an industrial scale.

Sources of wood dust emission are circular saws, trimming machines, jointers, planers, drilling, milling, planing, tenoning, grinding, etc.

On the other hand, wood dust is mostly formed together with larger bulk waste (sawdust, etc.) and it is difficult to specifically isolate it from the mass of bulk waste. At the same time, wood dust, due to its volatility (in the presence of gaps in the casings of machine tools and conveyors), easily penetrates into the room, threatens human health and is a suitable environment for fire and explosion. Therefore, it is more correct to raise the question not about the use of wood dust, but about the fight against it.

Wood sanding dust is a mixture of wood particles with an average size of 250 microns with abrasive powder, separated from the sanding skin during the sanding of wood material. The content of abrasive material in wood dust can reach up to 1% by weight.

The fractional composition of wood dust generated by grinding machines has a range of changes. particle sizes from 40 to 500 microns. The composition of the dust generated on the same machines is not constant and depends on a number of factors: the properties of the material being processed, its moisture content, the grit size of the sanding paper, etc.

The volatility or windage of dust is the ability of its particles to move in any direction under the action of a gas flow - to hover in a gaseous medium. The windage of dust particles is characterized by the speed of soaring, i.e., the minimum speed of the gas flow at which these particles continue to hover in the gaseous medium without descending.

The effect of dust on the human body. Dust has a number of negative properties. It reduces air transparency, reduces solar radiation, inhibits plant growth, contributes to fogging, and worsens general sanitary and living conditions. Dust can cause damage to equipment and buildings.

The harmful effects of dust on the body depends on its properties. The chemical composition and solubility of dust, dispersion, shape of particles, its hardness, electric charge, structure (crystalline, amorphous), adsorption properties have a significant impact on the biological activity of dust.

The duration of its stay in suspension and the depth of penetration into the respiratory tract depend on the dispersion of dust. Large dust grains, having a diameter of more than 10 microns, obeying Newton's law, quickly, within a few minutes, settle. When breathing, they easily linger in the upper respiratory tract and are removed when sneezing and coughing. Particles having a microscopic size (0.25-10 microns) are more stable in air. Such dust is breathed into the alveoli, especially particles smaller than 5 microns. Ultramicroscopic dust (particles smaller than 0.25 microns) is in the air for a considerable time, obeying the laws of Brownian motion. The role of dust particles of this fraction in the development of damage to the body is small.

Dust that gets into the eyes causes an inflammatory process of their mucous membranes - conjunctivitis, which is expressed in redness, tearing, sometimes swelling and suppuration

Dust can have various effects on the body: fibrogenic, toxic, irritating, etc. Dust occupies one of the first places among the causes of occupational lung pathology, the most common of which are pneumoconiosis. This name means chronic lung diseases as a result of exposure to dust, accompanied by the development of fibrosis of the lung tissue.

The harmful effect of dust depends on the shape and nature of the surface of the dust particles, on which there can be sharp, needle-shaped and even hook-shaped protrusions. Irritation and wounding by dust particles of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract causes painful redness, which can turn into inflammation and a catarrhal state. With deep penetration of dust particles through the pulmonary vesicles and lung tissue into the lymph glands, a lung disease called silicosis can occur, which often turns into tuberculosis due to the destruction of lung tissue.

4 ASSESSMENT OF THE OVPF,DETERMINING WORKING CONDITIONS AT THE WORKPLACE OF THE WORKER

Since dust in the work of a carpenter is a determining factor, let's consider this factor in more detail.

Dust (aerosol) is called crushed or otherwise obtained fine particles of solids, hovering (in motion) for some time in the air. Such hovering occurs due to the small size of these particles (dust particles) under the action of the movement of the air itself. Sources of wood dust emission are circular saws, trimming machines, jointers, planers, drilling, milling, planing, tenoning, grinding, etc.

During the production of these operations, dust of various sizes is generated.

Table 2 - Dispersed composition of dust generated during the main processes of mechanical processing of wood

Mtot. = Mn1 + Mn2 + ... + Mn

Table 1 - Dust formation during mechanical processing of wood

equipment identification	Type of waste	Maximum instant output (pl. m 3 / h) of dust (200 microns and less)	Maximum instant output (kg / h) of dust (calculated for dry wood at a density of 650 kg / m 3)	Minimum volume of suction air, m 3 / hour	Note
Belt grinding machine with manual movement of the table and ironing ShLPS-5P	wood dust				* - total from the machine
Belt grinding machine with mechanical movement of the table and ironing ShlPS-7	wood dust				* - total from the machine
Belt sander with conveyor feed and broaching iron					* - total from the machine
Belt edge grinder					* - total from the machine

condition labor safety carpenter

where Mtot. - gross emissions of dust from all technological units, (t / year);

Mn1, Mn2 ... Mn - the amount of dust generated during the processing of wood on woodworking machines, (t / year).

5 EMPLOYEE IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF THE CONSIDERED PVPF

The dust generated in the carpentry shop is very diverse in terms of dispersed composition. Sanding dust may contain particles of abrasive material. Toxic chemicals, such as formaldehyde, also contain the dust generated during particle board processing. Continuous inhalation of formaldehyde can lead to chronic poisoning.

Pollution of the body surface with dust leads to pustular diseases and eczema. Dust in the eyes causes an inflammatory process of the mucous membranes - conjunctivitis.

The greatest danger to humans is dust particles up to 5 microns in size. They easily penetrate the lungs and settle there, causing the growth of connective tissue, which is not able to transfer oxygen from the inhaled air to blood hemoglobin and release carbon dioxide. Occupational diseases developing at the same time are called pneumoconiosis.

6 DETERMINATION OF GENERAL ORGANIZATIONAL AND TECHNICAL MEASURES TO IMPROVE WORKING CONDITIONS AND INCREASE THE LEVEL OF WORKPLACE SAFETY

When grinding wooden products, wood products (chips, sawdust, wood dust, etc.) are released, polluting the air. The main part of the emitted hazardous solid waste is captured by local suction, the rest is dissolved by general ventilation systems.

Hazards removed by exhaust ventilation systems,
sent to neutralization facilities or dispersed
in the atmosphere.

Dispersion of harmful substances in the atmosphere is the simplest and cheapest way to protect the environment. However, it can be used only if it is proved by calculations that the content of emitted harmful substances in the surface layer, together with the existing background, does not exceed the permissible level according to sanitary standards.

For the processing of wood materials by grinding, it is recommended to use the following types of installations for the neutralization of polluted air:

1) purification of polluted air through ventilation.

2) direct thermal neutralization, which consists in burning impurities in polluted air at a temperature of 1000-1100 ° C; Despite the apparent simplicity of this method, due to the high fuel consumption, it should be used only in the presence of impurities in the air that passivate the work.

Of all the presented methods of neutralizing polluted air, in my opinion, the most effective method for cleaning air from wood impurities is the method of cleaning polluted air using gas ventilation, since direct thermal neutralization takes place at a higher temperature (1000-1100 ° C), except In addition, thermal neutralization requires a large fuel consumption.

Cyclones TsN-15 are designed to clean the air from dry, non-sticking, non-fibrous dust generated in various grinding and crushing plants and during the transportation of bulk materials.

No cyclone is able to purify the air by 100%, i.e. fully. 3% slip is considered the maximum and excellent result. Usually much more. It is all the more difficult to “clean” in the woodworking industry, where the fractions (what they clean the air from in their differences) are very different.

Installations "SMTs-101 A" for air purification from chips, sawdust and grinding dust.

Designed to clean the air from chips, sawdust and grinding dust. The plants are equipped with a system for continuous unloading of waste into pneumatic transport, a mechanical conveyor or a special waste storage bin.

The degree of air purification by the installations of the RP series is 99.9%. The units are used as an element of air purification in aspiration and pneumatic transport systems, both with and without the use of a recirculation air circulation scheme.

The unit is designed for cleaning large volumes of polluted air from wood chips, sawdust and continuous unloading of woodworking waste into pneumatic transport or other waste conveyor to the collection bin. The degree of air purification provided by the unit allows you to return the purified air to the room, while maintaining its temperature.

Outlet of clean air from the unit The unit consists of a filter block with a mechanical regeneration system and a hopper containing continuous waste discharge devices made in a single housing. The unloading device can be of two types: unloading based on a screw conveyor and unloading based on a chain conveyor. The unit is completed with a control cabinet and a remote control panel for the unloading system. At the request of the Customer, the installation can be equipped with a water supply system in case of fire and a backup powder fire extinguishing system.

The unit is equipped with an automatic fire extinguisher, including temperature sensors and a water supply system in case of fire, check valves on the inlet air ducts, and overpressure relief valves.

It is also possible to use filters to purify the air from fine dust.

The FSK-1000 filter consists of a housing, a full-turn exhaust device (PVD) and a fan. The filter housing contains: a coarse cassette and a non-separable folded cassette fine filter element. The fan is closed with a special soundproof casing. All main filter units are mounted on the frame. To control the dustiness of the coarse and fine cassettes, two differential pressure gauges are installed on the filter housing. The starting fittings of the fan electric motor are also located there, including: a magnetic starter, an automatic switch, the "Start", "Stop" buttons. The filter is mounted on wheels. In the stationary version, a diffuser is installed at the filter inlet instead of a PES.

Introduction

The purpose of this course project is to study and evaluate working conditions in the workplace of a carpenter.

1. Carpenter's workplace

A carpenter is a professional worker, a skilled craftsman, a craftsman who works with wood, turning and making wood products or products based on wood. The carpenter is engaged in joinery work: the manufacture of complex furniture, doors, windows, arches, stairs and other products from solid wood with the possible use of veneering, lamination, without hand carving. The carpenter can also perform unique micro-modeling work on a wooden base.

The working area, in which there is a workbench (machine), the workpiece and the tool used for this;

Storage area for materials, in which materials, rough blanks and machined parts, fixtures and inventory are located;

The transport zone, through which the necessary items and means of labor are supplied to the workplace.

A feature of the organization of jobs for joiners or carpenters in construction is their constant movement, depending on the conditions and needs of production.

Not every employee will be able to correctly assess the conditions of their work. This article will tell you all about the environments that representatives of various professions have to face.

What is a production characteristic?

In various cases of need, the administration is obliged to issue an official document to the employee, called This document can be presented in different forms and types, because everything will depend on the purposes for which it is needed.

Of course, all kinds of production characteristics will be very difficult to calculate. However, it is worth highlighting the three most common types of this document. These include:

Production characteristics from the place of work. Help is written in any form; the main condition here is the description of the professional, social or service activities of the employee, as well as the assessment of personal and business qualities.

Production characteristics of working conditions for a student who took industrial practice at the enterprise. This form of document is not so common, but it also has a place to be. In this case, the certificate is made in free form. It is provided by the head of practice or a representative of the organizational personnel service.

The production characteristics of the working conditions of the employee, necessary for him and the ITU (medical social examination) to pass. This form document is one of the most famous and widespread. It is compiled during a full medical examination of the patient. The degree of loss (partial or complete) of the worker's ability to work is established, the group of his disability is determined. All this is necessary, of course, for the results of the examination for the compliance of working conditions with the health of the employee. The document itself is issued by the employer, previously drawn up in full accordance with the hygienic characteristics. Also, the certificate should include characteristics on labor productivity, on all employee output standards, etc. If the enterprise has a medical center, then a doctor must fill out the characteristic. However, it will be mandatory to certify the document with the signature of the head or head of the personnel department.

About harmful working conditions

Many people know that the current legislation is obliged to provide persons who work in the field with harmful working conditions with certain guarantees and benefits. What are these guarantees and what form do they take? The answer to this question is very complex and difficult. After all, there are many classifications that determine the norms for granting benefits to employees. Therefore, it is worth turning to another, more important question: what kind of working environment is considered harmful and unsafe for the health of workers?

A long-term characterization of the working conditions of representatives of various professions made it possible to identify the following main factors that constitute harmful professional conditions:

Measures of tension of working conditions. This includes long work without interruption, very monotonous, often involving the emotional and intellectual spheres.
Measures of severity of working conditions. These are constant dynamic and static loads associated, as a rule, with physical labor. This can also include minor annoying factors such as an uncomfortable posture when doing work, a large number of repetitions of any actions, etc.
Chemical criteria. They are considered if the work has an impact on the human body of various hazardous substances (acids, alkalis, reagents, etc.). Dust or gas pollution, heavy stuffy air - all this is also related to the criteria under consideration.
General physical criteria. Perhaps the most common group of factors; all because this includes temperature that does not correspond to the norm, high humidity, various kinds of radiation - ionizing or non-ionizing, air velocity rates, vibrations and noises, insufficient illumination and much more. Workers with harmful hazardous working conditions in most cases belong to this category. The majority of enterprises in many countries of the world also fit exactly this group of criteria.
biological factors. This is a highly specialized group, suitable only for those enterprises where there are biological organisms of varying degrees of danger. These organisms are, of course, divided into two groups: microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses and spirochetes) and macroorganisms (animals and plants).

Another question remained unsolved: how can one determine whether a particular type of work is harmful? There is a special government decree of the Russian Federation No. 870. All official information about the type of professions should be taken from there. However, this document, unfortunately, will not be understandable to the majority of the population, because it is a framework document. There are also orders from the Ministry of Health and Social Development, but most of them are based on old Soviet regulations, which provided entire lists of organizations, workshops and positions that could be considered unsafe for health. What are these lists? This will be discussed further.

List of occupations with harmful working conditions

A complete list of jobs containing dangerous and unsafe working conditions is regulated in Government Decree No. 665. This document contains the entire list of beneficiaries who have to work in dangerous, difficult or harmful conditions.

Below, however, an abbreviated list of those categories of citizens who are involved in unsafe professions will be given. As of 2016, these include:

mining workers;
metallurgists extracting non-ferrous and ferrous metals;
workers producing producer gases;
employees working at chemical companies;
persons who have gunpowder, ammunition, various explosives in their work, etc.
employees of oil and gas organizations, as well as organizations producing coal, shale materials, gas condensate, etc.
persons associated with metalworking;
workers, one way or another connected with radio engineering and electronics;
employees of electrical enterprises;
employees of enterprises producing building materials;
employees of glass and porcelain factories;
persons employed in the production of fiber, paper, pulp;
workers producing medicines and various medical preparations;
employees of transport services and organizations;
persons associated with nuclear energy and the nuclear industry.

Builders, welders, agricultural workers, locksmiths, stokers and many other people, one way or another involved in areas with the use of physical labor - all of them also belong to preferential categories and fall into the list of labor professions.

The procedure for assessing working conditions

In 2013, Federal Law No. 426 was put into circulation. It was decided to carry out a special procedure called "Assessment of working conditions at the workplace." The head of an organization, who previously performed only certification of existing jobs, after the adoption of the Federal Law, had to begin to periodically carry out the operation in question.

A sample of the characteristics of working conditions for VTEK is presented below.

So, what is a special assessment of working conditions in the workplace and why is it necessary? This assessment is a kind of set of some operations, a specific characteristic of working conditions, aimed at:

to detect unsafe factors in production and in the labor process;
on assessing the level of influence of these factors on workers.

Upon completion of this assessment, you must:

provide all employees with protective equipment (both collective and individual);
establish all necessary guarantees and benefits for workers;
conduct medical examinations (preliminary and periodic);
establish additional rates for contributions to Russian Pension Funds;
calculate the discount for "injuries";
prepare reports in the form of statistics on working conditions.

To whom are all the activities presented above directed? Evaluation of working conditions in the workplace should be carried out in relation to all working individuals, with the exception of homeworkers and workers working remotely. There is also no assessment of persons who have entered into labor Relations with the employer individual who is not an individual entrepreneur.

About how exactly the assessment of working conditions should be carried out is written in many publications and articles. However, the most accurate source remains, of course, Federal Law No. 426. It is worth paying attention to another important question: at what time should the set of measures under consideration be carried out?

When is the assessment of working conditions carried out?

Evaluation of labor conditions should be carried out at least once every five years. The presented set of measures is carried out, of course, without fail - regardless of whether any harmful conditions were previously detected or not. There are also a number of factors that contribute to the implementation of unscheduled inspections of working conditions. Here are some situations that may encourage an off-plan review:

newly organized workplaces are put into operation;
the head of the organization receives a "message" from state inspector labor on unscheduled inspection;
the composition of the raw materials or material used changes (but only if such materials can adversely affect the employees of the enterprise);
the technological process itself changes, production equipment is replaced (again, only if such equipment is unsafe);
the means of collective or individual protection are replaced or modernized;
an emergency or accident occurs at work;
putting forward a proposal for an unscheduled inspection of the enterprise from a trade union or other representative body.

So, general characteristics working conditions and evaluation of working conditions can occur much more frequently than once every five years. According to statistics, most businesses are faced with unscheduled inspections quite often. That is why the management of an enterprise must be extremely careful and careful. Taking proper care of your employees will help to develop the quality of production and get rid of too frequent, and therefore annoying checks.

4 and 3 classes of working conditions

The assessment of working conditions ends with the installation of certain classes and subclasses in the workplace. This event is held in order to determine additional tariffs to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, their size and ratio.

So, what are the classes of working conditions? It all depends on the level of harmfulness; So there are four levels:

Level 4 - dangerous;
Level 3 - harmful;
Level 2 - acceptable;
Level 1 is optimal.

What is a dangerous class of work? If we try to briefly characterize such a group of professions, we can say that the worker is exposed to a dangerous and harmful production environment, one way or another capable of threatening the life and health of the worker. There is a high risk

The third class, called harmful, can be established at work only if the workers are influenced by unsafe factors that also exceed the established standards. This group of working conditions is divided into the following subclasses:

3.1. This subclass is characterized as a set of working conditions under which the worker's body requires several more time recovery. Work shifts and days off must be calculated.

3.2. This subclass is characterized by the occurrence of minor illnesses in a worker due to the profession.

3.3. It is characterized by the occurrence of diseases of an average degree in a worker.

3.4. It is characterized by the occurrence of diseases in workers in a severe and acute form.

2 and 1 classes of working conditions

The second group is the working conditions that are considered acceptable. It includes unsafe factors at work, which nevertheless do not exceed the established hygienic and sanitary standards. Of course, various established types and characteristics of working conditions prescribe that workers belonging to the second class may still have a slight risk of getting sick due to not the best working environment. However, according to the documents, the body of such workers is able to fully recover by the next work shift. Besides harmful factors will not have a negative impact on a person in the long or short term.

The last group is working conditions that are optimal. They are installed only when there are no dangerous or harmful factors at work, and there is a favorable microclimate that contributes to balanced physical and mental stress. Overloading for workers of the first group is not allowed.

Thus, the classes of working conditions presented above are spelled out quite clearly and simply. It will not be so difficult to determine which group a particular profession belongs to.

About sanitary and hygienic characteristics of working conditions

In 2008, on May 31, an order was issued by the fed. services for human well-being and consumer protection at number 103. It was this document that approved the instructions for carrying out activities related to the hygienic and sanitary assessment of labor conditions. In order to better understand exactly how the sanitary and hygienic characteristics of working conditions should be carried out, it is worth "walking" according to the order itself. So, in order to compile the characteristics of work under consideration, which is carried out by a worker with diseases that have arisen in the course of professional activity, it is necessary to follow the following recommendations:

How to fill out the characteristics of working conditions?

Unfortunately, not all persons who manage this or that organization know how to correctly draw up and draw up a professional description. That is why it is worth considering a rather important and pressing question: how is the characteristic of the working conditions of an employee sent for examination competently filled out?

What form should be taken? In most cases, the characteristic in question is written on a blank form, although this is not a mandatory condition at all. At the top of the sheet, the full name of the worker, his date of birth, as well as the address, telephone number and, if any, place of study are indicated.

After that, a short description of the previous activity of the worker is compiled. You need to describe the past work of a professional person, his awards and achievements, professional injuries received, etc. This mandatory item if a description of the working conditions of the VTEK is compiled.

A sample of the characteristics of working conditions for ITU can be seen in the photo below.

Next, you need to describe the current place of work of the person. This is done in as much detail as possible. The mode of operation, load, breaks for rest or lunch, temperature and pressure in the premises and much more are indicated. However, you should not attribute all the harmful ones here, otherwise confusion may arise. This should be done in a separate paragraph (or chapter). To do this, you will have to indicate the exact level of noise, vibration, hazardous substances in the air, etc. All data on the employee’s business trips (if any) should also be written here. In the "Conclusion" you can write about the possibility of transferring to easier and less dangerous work.

The created document is signed by the head of the personnel department, the head of the legal department, the head doctor and the head of the enterprise. There must be a seal, of course.

On the characteristics of working conditions in an employment contract

As you know, when accepting a job applicant for a vacant position in the employment contract of the latter, it is necessary to fill in the column "Working conditions". It would seem that there are no problems. However, many enterprises are often subject to numerous unscheduled inspections, and therefore there is no special assessment of working conditions. What to do in such a situation? Refuse to hire anyone in principle until a response has been received to a submitted application for a special assessment? This is hardly the right answer.

Of course, it is still worth continuing to hire various people. However, there is a small nuance. So, it is highly undesirable for an employer to include any guarantees and compensation for harm in an employment contract. It is best to do this later, when the verification and evaluation are completed. Such actions are legally justified and lawful.

It should also be noted that the assessment of working conditions should not be delayed. The characteristics of working conditions in the employment contract should be drawn up as soon as possible.

Research and assessment of working conditions at the workplace of a carpenter. Safety of technological processes and equipment at the workplace of a carpenter at the enterprise LLC "TD Igrinsky lespromkhoz"

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2. Identification of hazardous and harmful production factors (OHPF) at the carpenter's workplace

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Similar Documents

Introduction

1. Carpenter's workplace

What is a production characteristic?

About harmful working conditions

List of occupations with harmful working conditions

The procedure for assessing working conditions

When is the assessment of working conditions carried out?

4 and 3 classes of working conditions

2 and 1 classes of working conditions

About sanitary and hygienic characteristics of working conditions

How to fill out the characteristics of working conditions?

On the characteristics of working conditions in an employment contract