Why study aerial photographs and space photographs. Photo fund: Space images of the Earth

In the middle of the 19th century, a balloon rose over the capital of France, the city of Paris, and photographer Nadar first photographed the city from a bird's eye view. The Parisians saw how city blocks, streets, the Seine River, on the banks of which the city grew, look like from above. This is how the first aerial photographs appeared - reduced photographic images of a section of the earth's surface (er - French for "air").

Currently, aerial photographs are taken from aircraft and unmanned aerial vehicles, including multicopters.

The aerial photograph shows houses, roads, bridges, rivers and ravines, fields and forests - in a word, everything that we see on the plan and map. To learn to recognize geographical objects in a picture means to learn decipher aerial photograph. Not only objects are important, but also the tone of the image: the wetter, damper the earth, the darker the tone of the image. The water in the river or lake will be completely dark in the picture. You can't see on the map if the field is wet or not. Yes, this is not required, in a few days the earth on the field may dry out.

If the plane flies high above the ground, then the scale of the aerial photograph is small. If the plane is flying low, the aerial photograph will be large scale, showing a small area in great detail. During aerial photography, an aircraft flies in a given direction and takes pictures at regular intervals. Then it turns around and flies back parallel to the recent path, photographing the ground again. Adjacent aerial photographs are glued together and, using them, a plan or map is drawn.

A map is a reduced generalized image of the earth's surface. For the image on the map, they select the most important, the most significant, that which will not change in a week. The names of rivers, settlements, main roads are inscribed on the map, the plans show both the direction of the river flow and the nature of the road - asphalt, dirt, etc. material from the site

The globe quite accurately displays the outlines of the land of the Earth, but it is not always convenient to use it. It is more practical to give an outline of the Earth and its parts on a plane, paper.

Consider in the atlas the image of the Earth's surface - a drawing and a plan of the area (Fig. 14, 15), an aerial photograph (Fig. 16), a satellite image (Fig. 17) and a geographical map (Fig. 18). How do they differ from each other?

aerial view is a photograph of the area taken from an airplane or other aircraft using a special aerial camera in the appropriate scale.

An aerial photograph is used during geographical and geological research, engineering prospecting work, as well as in the preparation of topographic maps.

space shot - this is a photograph of the earth's surface or the entire planet, which is made by automatic photographic equipment from artificial satellites of the Earth.

Satellite images made it possible to compile maps of a new type (space photo maps). On their basis, such a branch of science as space cartography is developing. In particular, there are detailed maps of the Moon, Venus, Mercury, Mars. On the terrain plan, all objects and objects are reproduced by generally accepted conventional signs.

Terrain plan - This is an image of a small area of \u200b\u200bthe area using conventional signs and on a scale.

Rice. 16. Aerial photograph of the area

Rice. 17. Space shot

On a geographical map, as well as on a local plan, objects are also shown by conventional signs.

Geographic map - this is an image of the necessary territory or the entire planet with the help of conventional signs and on a certain scale.

The set of conventional signs and their explanations are called map legend. All types of conventional signs are divided into contour, off-scale, linear. Outline signs convey the actual dimensions of the object, consist of a contour filled with color or hatching. For example, a forest, a swamp, a lake - on a terrain plan, mountains, plains, contours of continents - on a geographical map . off-scale signs in the form of geometric figures, symbols, drawings show objects that cannot be identified on the scale of a plan or map. For example, a spring, a well, a school on a local plan, signs of minerals and settlements, mountain peaks . Linear signs they transmit linear objects on the plan and map: roads, rivers, borders, etc. On the scale, only their length is shown, but not the width. Depending on the size of the depicted territory and the size of the map itself, different scales are used. The smaller the territory and the more details in its reproduction, the larger the scale of the map. It is called large-scale. Plans of the area have such a scale (1: 5000 and more). There are large scale topographic maps(from 1:5000 to 1:200000) (Fig. 19). On fig. 19 - the scale is larger, and in fig. 18 is less. On such maps, a small territory is depicted in detail. They are used in military affairs, construction, when laying roads, in agriculture, hiking, etc. Maps with a scale of 1:200,000 to 1:1,000,000 are called medium scale(Fig. 20).

Rice. 18. Physical map

Rice. 19. Topographic map (scale 1: 10,000)

But most often a person needs to show on the map the vast territories of the continents, individual countries or their regions, and sometimes the entire planet. Then a small scale is used, and the maps are called small scale(Fig. 21). Maps of school atlases, wall maps - small-scale. For example, the scale of the map of the hemispheres in the school atlas is 1:90 000000 (900 km in 1 cm), the map of Ukraine is 1:6 000000 (60 km in 1 cm). Note that the scale of the first map is smaller, and the second one is larger.

On the plan and map it is impossible to show all the smallest objects on the ground. They would make it difficult to read the images. Therefore, only the main ones are applied to the plan and map, i.e. the image is summarized. The smaller the scale of the map, the greater the generalization. material from the site

Plan and map - This is a reduced image of the earth's surface on a plane, made to scale.

Geographic maps depicting natural objects (continents, oceans, mountains, plains, rivers, lakes, etc.) are called physical. For example, a physical map of the hemispheres, a physical map of Ukraine.

There are several types of images of the Earth or its individual sections: a globe, a plan of the area, a geographical map, a drawing, an aerial photograph, a satellite image.

On this page, material on the topics:

What is the difference between an aerial photograph and a plan of the area
What is the difference between a plan of the area and a picture from space
What is the difference between a satellite image and an aerial photograph?
Space image of the area at a scale of 1: 5000 photos

Questions about this item:

”, created with the support of NASA, astronauts on the ISS are shooting the planet from low Earth orbit. To date, they have taken over 1.8 million pictures. You can view 12 collections on the Portal website: Earth Observatory, Glaciers, Volcanoes, Craters, Pictures of Natural Disasters, Time Lapse Video, Photos of World Capitals, Life at the Station , "infrared images". In the historical collection, you can see photographs of the entire Earth, the transit of Venus across the disk of the Sun in 2012, and night shots of the planet. The earliest materials from the archive came from the Mercury space program in the early 1960s.

One of the archive's most interesting tools is the Earth Observation System, which broadcasts HD images from several cameras installed on the ISS. On the site, you can also take a test on knowledge of geography "" and see demonstrating individual parts of the Earth or space phenomena.

A team of seven people is working on the project. In the FAQ section, you can ask questions to researchers: how detailed can a picture from space be; what photographic equipment the team uses; why astronauts do not see the North and South Poles and do not have time to photograph the stars.

One of the most common questions is “Can you see the Great Wall of China from space?”. In fact, it cannot be seen with the naked eye, but in the photographs it is visible - the Chinese wall looks like a thread two pixels thick.

("img": "/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/nasa_011.jpg", "alt": "Gateway to Astronaut Photography 01", "text": "Klyuchevskaya Sopka, Kamchatka.")

("img": "/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/nasa_021.jpg", "alt": "Gateway to Astronaut Photography 02", "text": "Siachen Glacier, Himalayas.")

("img": "/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/nasa_031.jpg", "alt": "Gateway to Astronaut Photography 03", "text": "Demavend extinct volcano, Iran.")

("img": "/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/nasa_041.jpg", "alt": "Gateway to Astronaut Photography 04", "text": "View of the Earth from the station.")

("img": "/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/nasa_051.jpg", "alt": "Gateway to Astronaut Photography 05", "text": "Full view of Earth.")

("img": "/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/nasa_061.jpg", "alt": "Gateway to Astronaut Photography 06", "text": "Depth measurement from the International Space Station.")

("img": "/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/nasa_071.jpg", "alt": "Gateway to Astronaut Photography 07", "text": "Both Northern and Southern Hemispheres during the late During the spring and early summer seasons, mesospheric clouds are at the peak of their visibility. Due to their specific brilliance, they are called noctilucent or night-luminous.")

("img": "/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/nasa_081.jpg", "alt": "Gateway to Astronaut Photography 08", "text": "Time for nostalgia. Last flight of the Space Shuttle program in the summer 2011.")

("img": "/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/nasa_091.jpg", "alt": "Gateway to Astronaut Photography 09", "text": "Transit of Venus across the Sun.")

("img": "/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/nasa_101.jpg", "alt": "Gateway to Astronaut Photography 10", "text": "Hurricane Ivan, September 2004.")

("img": "/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/nasa_11.jpg", "alt": "Gateway to Astronaut Photography 11", "text": "Historical image of a stratovolcano.")

("img": "/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/nasa_12.jpg", "alt": "Gateway to Astronaut Photography 12", "text": "Glorieux Islands, Indian Ocean.")

("img": "/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/nasa_13.jpg", "alt": "Gateway to Astronaut Photography 13", "text": "Bouvet Island is an uninhabited volcanic island in the South Atlantic Ocean .")

("img": "/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/nasa_14.jpg", "alt": "Gateway to Astronaut Photography 14", "text": "Italy at night.")

("img": "/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/nasa_15.jpg", "alt": "Gateway to Astronaut Photography 15", "text": "Cities at night.")

("img": "/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/nasa_16.jpg", "alt": "Gateway to Astronaut Photography 16", "text": "Night lights over Russia.")

("img": "/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/nasa_17.jpg", "alt": "Gateway to Astronaut Photography 17", "text": "Two low pressure areas, Northeast Pacific Ocean. ")

("img": "/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/nasa_18.jpg", "alt": "Gateway to Astronaut Photography 18", "text": "Amazon River in sunlight.")

("img": "/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/nasa_19.jpg", "alt": "Gateway to Astronaut Photography 19", "text": "Sahara desert after sunset.")

("img": "/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/nasa_20.jpg", "alt": "Gateway to Astronaut Photography 20", "text": "Tempano Glacier, South Patagonian Ice Plateau.")

Images courtesy of Earth Science and Remote Sensing Unit, Johnson Space Center, NASA.

Space photographs, their types and difference from aerial photographs.

Non-photogrammetric survey systems.

Space photographs, their types and difference from aerial photographs.

Lecture #3

Space photography is a development of aerial photography, but differs from the latter in the specifics of photography from high altitudes and from outer space. Shooting is carried out from a certain orbit along which the device moves. The parameters of the orbit, as well as the speed of the spacecraft, are always known, which makes it possible to determine the position at one time or another.

Space images (CS) in comparison with aerial photography (APS) have a number of benefits.

Visibility The CS makes it possible to study global phenomena of the earth's surface and its zonal patterns, and their small scale makes it possible to get rid of particular details of the earth's surface and, at the same time, to more clearly distinguish large features of the structure of the territory that are difficult to notice on aerial photographs.

All components of the landscape are depicted in one image, which makes it possible to study their relationships. Based on such images, the pattern of snow distribution is reliably established based on the relief of the earth's surface, structural features of clouds over sea areas are revealed based on the direction and types of sea currents, etc.

An important advantage of CS is the possibility repeated images of the same parts of the earth's surface when performing surveys from a satellite (artificial Earth satellite) and orbital stations. This is of particular value in the study of fast-flowing phenomena - forest fires, melting snow cover, damage by pests to agricultural fields, etc.

CS also has a number shortcomings, hindering their practical use.

1. significant distortion photographic image, due to even slight deviations optical axes photographic apparatus at a flight altitude of hundreds of kilometers, lead to large perspective distortions of images, especially in their edge zones;

2. distortion, conditioned sphericity earth's surface. These distortions are greater, the smaller the scale of the images. The absolute values of these distortions increase towards the edges of the CS;

3. low linear resolution makes it difficult to identify objects in the area, the process of georeferencing the COP.

Space photography of the earth's surface is carried out from spacecraft (SV). Along the flight paths, there is a rapid change in the conditions of illumination of the earth's surface, which has a significant impact on the quality of the photographic image. This must be constantly taken into account when performing photographic work.

SV from which space photography Earth moving in different orbits and at different heights from the earth's surface. In lower orbits, the movement of these devices is significantly resisted by the atmosphere.

As the flight altitude increases, the lifetime of the satellite increases and the area covered by the survey increases, but at the same time the resolution of the CS decreases.

AES orbits are divided into circular and elliptical (Fig. 3.1).

Space photographs, their types and difference from aerial photographs. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Space images, their types and difference from aerial images." 2017, 2018.

Cartography learns how to create and use maps. It develops in close unity with the physical and economic geography. Cartography as a science is closely connected with cartographic production - the creation of maps, atlases, globes. Currently, cartographic production is based on satellite imagery.

Plan, map, aerial photograph, space photograph

Plan - a drawing of the area, made in conventional symbols and on a large scale (1:5000 or more). The plan is created in the course of direct instrumental, visual or combined surveys on the ground.

Map

Map - a reduced, generalized, symbolic image of the Earth, other planets or the celestial sphere, built according to a mathematical law (that is, scale and projection). A map is a model of reality that shows the location, properties and relationships of natural and socio-economic phenomena. These include maps and atlases.

aerial view

aerial view - a photographic image of the earth's surface obtained from an aircraft or other aircraft.

Aerial photographs are divided into planned - the location of the axis is vertical, perspective - the axis is tilted. Based on the images, the structure of the area, its topography, geological features, road network, vegetation cover, soils, and so on are recognized. Aerial photographs serve as the basis for creating maps of various subjects.

space shot

space shot - an image of the Earth or other celestial body obtained from a spacecraft. Space images are the main materials of remote sensing. Space images are widely used in all areas of science and economic practice. Cosmophotomaps are created on the basis of cartographic works.

Scale

Map projections

scale is the ratio of the length of a line on a map to the length of the corresponding line on the globe. The scale shows how many times the cartographic image is reduced. For example 1:100000.

A cartographic projection is a way of moving from a real, geometrically complex earth's surface to a map plane. The general equation of map projections is: x=
Equidistant projections retain the shape of small objects without distortion, but the length and area are sharply deformed in them.
Equal-area projections do not distort areas, but the angles and shapes of objects in them are strongly distorted. Arbitrary projections have distortions of lengths, areas, angles, but they are distributed over the map in the most beneficial way.
Among arbitrary projections, equidistant projections stand out - there is no distortion of lengths in one direction.
For maps, conic projections are usually used, in which an imaginary cone cuts the globe along the parallels of 47 degrees and 62 degrees north latitude. are lines of zero distortion.
Geographical coordinates - conditional values: latitude and longitude, which determine the position of any point relative to the equator and the prime meridian.
Point latitude called the angle between the plane and the plumb line at a given point.

longitude called the linear angle of the dihedral angle formed by the plane of the initial meridian and the plane of the meridian passing through the given point.

Symbol system.

Types of conventional signs

Symbol system

familiarity - one of the main features of any map, what distinguishes it from many other sources of geographic information.

There are several types of symbols. Scale or contour symbols convey the actual dimensions of the object, which are expressed on the scale of the map. Non-scale symbols are used for objects that are not expressed on the scale of the map ( settlements). Linear signs convey linear objects on the maps: rivers, roads.
In addition, there are explanatory signs on the map: arrows indicating currents, as well as signatures, letters and numbers.
Icons are used for objects, localized points or not expressed on the map scale.
Linear signs are used for objects localized on lines. The qualitative background reflects the zoning of the territory according to some attribute.
Contours - lines of equal values of any quantitative indicator are used to show phenomena that have a continuous, continuous and smooth distribution.
Localized and charts - diagrams tied to certain points, but at the same time characterizing these points and adjacent territories.
Habitat method is used to highlight on the map areas of distribution of any homogeneous phenomena or objects (minerals).
Point method used for the scattered distribution of objects unevenly distributed over large areas. Each dot represents a certain number of objects.
Movement signs convey the movement of a phenomenon in space, such as the direction of winds and currents.
Cartograms. They are used to display absolute statistical indicators for cells of territorial division, for example, the volume of industrial production by region.

Cartograms. Characterized relatively statistics by cells of territorial division, for example, the volume of production per capita. For map charts, a scale is required, and the saturation of light clearly conveys the intensity of the displayed phenomenon.

Ways of depicting the phenomenon.

The main way to depict the relief is horizontal, i.e. lines connecting points with the same absolute height. The detail of the image depends on the height of the relief section, i.e., on the difference in the heights of adjacent contour lines. Depth lines are called isobaths. The method of contour lines and isobaths is used to show the diversity of the relief. It allows you to easily determine the absolute height (above sea level) or relative height (the excess of one point above another) at any point on the map. To give the relief even more expressiveness, the method of shadow plasticity, or hillshade, is used, that is, it is covered with shadows.

cartographic generalization.

Cartographic generalization - selection and generalization of the objects depicted on the maps, highlighting their main typical features and features.
The theme of the maps also affects the generalization. If a geological map is created, then the road network is usually strongly generalized on it. The impact on the generalization of the features of the mapped territory is manifested in the fact that the maps convey the most characteristic elements of the territory.

Types of generalization.

exist different kinds generalization. First of all, this is the selection of objects shown on the map. Larger objects are left on it (rivers longer than 1 cm on a map scale, settlements with a population of more than 10 thousand people), and those objects that are smaller than these values are called selection qualifications.
The generalization of a quantitative characteristic is associated with the introduction of larger quantitative units, an increase in gradations, intervals, scales, etc.
Generalization qualitative characteristics manifests itself in the reduction of qualitative subdivisions (instead of signs of coniferous, deciduous, mixed forests, a single forest sign is introduced).
Simplifying object shapes is the exclusion of small, unimportant configuration details.
Cartographic generalization contributes to the display of qualitatively new information on the map, and this is its important role in geographical knowledge.

Create maps

There are two main methods for creating maps:

direct shooting on the ground;
office card making.

To create large-scale topographic maps on the ground, surveys are carried out using geodetic instruments. At the same time, aerial photography is attracted, which makes it possible to obtain an accurate image of local objects.
To compile large-scale geological, soil, and other maps, special types of surveys are involved: geological, soil, etc.

Types and types of geographical maps

Division of maps by scale. In cartography, the following classification of maps by scale is accepted:

plans - 1:5000 and larger;
large-scale maps - from 1:10000 to 1:200000;
medium-scale maps - smaller than 1:200,000 to 1:1,000,000;
small-scale - smaller than 1:1000000.

Classification of maps by spatial coverage. One of the most commonly used classifications is as follows:

star charts;
maps of the planets and the Earth;
hemispheric maps;
maps of continents and oceans;
country maps;
maps of republics, territories and regions, administrative regions;
maps of individual territories (reserves, tourist areas, etc.);
city maps;
maps of urban areas, etc.

Classification of maps by content.
There are two large groups of maps: general geographical and thematic. General geographic maps display all the geographical elements of the area with equal detail: relief, hydrography, soil and vegetation cover, etc. These maps are divided into topographic (on a scale of 1:100,000 and larger), survey topographic (1:200,000 - 1:1,000,000) and overview (smaller than 1:1,000,000).
The second large group is thematic maps. Among thematic maps, two main groups are distinguished: maps of natural phenomena and maps of social phenomena.
Each division contains a large number of different thematic maps, for example, economic maps include maps of the location of individual industries.
It should also be noted maps of border (interdisciplinary) themes, reflecting the close interaction of nature, society and economy.
These are the cards economic evaluation natural resources, agro-climatic, engineering-geological and many others.
Classification of cards by purpose.
The purpose of the cards is as varied as the spheres are varied. human activity, however, some types of maps stand out quite clearly.
Scientific reference maps are designed to carry out scientific research on them and obtain the most detailed information.
Cultural, educational and propaganda cards are intended for the general public. Their goal is to disseminate knowledge, ideas, and expand the cultural horizons of people.
Technical cards display the objects and conditions necessary to solve any technical problem.
Educational cards are used as visual aids or materials for independent work in the study of geography, history, etc.
Tourist cards are intended for tourists and vacationers. They depict objects and places of interest to tourists.
Card types. Types of maps characterize the breadth of coverage of the topic, the degree of generalization of the mapped phenomena. In modern cartography, it is customary to distinguish three main types of maps:

analytical, giving an image of individual phenomena without connection with other phenomena (maps of air temperature, precipitation, winds, pressure, which are analytical climate maps);
complex maps combine the image of several elements of similar topics, a set of characteristics of one phenomenon (one map can show both pressure and winds in the territory);
synthetic, reflecting the totality of interrelated phenomena as a whole.

Geographic atlases.

Atlases - these are systematic, integral collections of maps created according to a single program.
(From the 6th grade geography course, remember who first created the atlas)
The classification of atlases according to their purpose is of the greatest practical importance.
Reference atlases - these are usually general geographic and political-administrative atlases that convey general geographical objects in as much detail as possible: settlements, relief, road network.
Comprehensive scientific reference atlases - capital cartographic works that give the most complete, scientifically based and versatile characteristics of the territory.
Popular (local history) atlases intended for the general reader, they are publicly available and addressed to students studying their native land, tourists and local historians, hunters and fishermen.
Educational atlases service oriented educational process at school and in higher education.
Travel and travel atlases designed to meet the needs of tourists, athletes, motorists, travelers.

Use of cards. Working with cards.

Directions of use. AT modern society maps, atlases and other cartographic works are widely used in the following areas:

for orientation on the ground;
in modern navigation systems;
in science, as a means of obtaining knowledge about the object under study;
in the national economy in planning, engineering construction, exploration of minerals;
in military affairs to ensure the country's defense capability;
in learning how study guides and materials for self-study.

Map orientation.

Navigating the terrain on the map means:

identify on it the surrounding local objects and relief,
determine the direction of the sides of the horizon and establish your location.

Determining the distance when moving on a topographic map can be done in different ways:

visual assessment (during training, a distance of up to 1 km can be determined with an accuracy of about 10%);
measuring steps between two landmarks, knowing the length of a step or a pair of steps;
calculation by time and average speed.

Definition of directions.

It is carried out using a compass. The angle counted clockwise from the north end of the compass needle to the direction of the local object is called magnetic azimuth. It can take values from 0° to 360°. Knowing the magnetic azimuth, you can plot the direction on a topographic map by setting aside the azimuth value from the geographic meridian using a protractor. In this case, it is necessary to introduce a correction for the deviation of the magnetic azimuth from the true one.

Working with cards:

One of the easier ways to work with maps is geographical descriptions .

Descriptions are common and private . General descriptions give a comprehensive description of the nature, population, economy of the territory, and private - relate to any one component, for example, relief or features of settlement.

Descriptions of the cards should be logical, orderly, consistent. In a comprehensive description of the territory, the following plan is followed: geographical location, relief, hydrography, climate, soils and vegetation, landscapes, population, industry, Agriculture, economic regions.

Compilation of profiles.

Profiles are built in order to represent a vertical section of the phenomenon under study along the direction chosen on the map. This may be a relief profile, geological or soil sections, temperature curves, density profiles, etc., so semetric profiles usually serve as the basis for other natural profiles. On complex profiles, several phenomena are shown simultaneously one above the other. When constructing profiles, two axes are set, distances are plotted along the horizontal, usually on a map scale, and along the vertical - the values of the profiled indicators.

Cartometric definitions.

Measurements of the lengths of straight lines are performed with a compass and a scale ruler, and broken lines are measured in segments. To measure the winding lines of rivers, coastlines, etc., you can use a measuring compass with a small opening of needles, with which they “pass” along the measured winding line and then multiply the number of “steps” by the opening value expressed on the scale of the map. Winding lines can also be measured with a device such as a curvimeter. It consists of a moving wheel and a dial with an arrow that indicates the distance traveled on the map in cm or km on the ground.

Measurement of areas is carried out using planimeters.

The principle of operation of the device is based on measuring the lengths of arcs described on the surface by a special roller with a very small contact patch. The roller is fixed on one of the pivotally connected levers of the simplest pantographic mechanism. The known position of the roller relative to the links of the mechanism makes it possible, when bypassing the measured contour with the measuring pin of the pantograph - by rolling the roller at each specific point in time along an arc with a strictly defined radius - to approximate the measured contour with a rectangle with a known length of sides and an area equal to the area of the measured contour. Palettes - transparent overlays on the map, drawn into squares of the same size (for example, the area of \u200b\u200bone square is 1 sq.cm). The area is found by the formula P=a2 n, where a is the side of the square, expressed in km, and n is the number of squares that fall within the measured contour.

Tasks for the chapter.

Tasks "Open the atlas."

Reveal on the maps the relationship between geological structure territory, its topography, soils, vegetation, and other elements of the landscape. Using thematic maps, determine the relationship between natural factors and the economic characteristics of the territory, the nature of the distribution of the population, and the direction of nature management.
Create a profile on a topographic map. Build a complex profile on a series of thematic maps of the atlas, for example, along the meridian.
Write a description of the area on the topographic map.
Give a comprehensive description of the territory according to a series of physical-geographical or economic maps of the atlas. Indicate the position of the territory, its length, the main natural features, the nature of the distribution of the population, essential features economic development. Supplement the description with quantitative information from the maps.

Questions for the chapter

Arrange the cities listed below in order of decreasing altitude. Write down the resulting sequence of letters in response. A) New York B) Ulaanbaatar C) Moscow
Determine which millionaire city in Russia has geographical coordinates 56 ° N. latitude, 44° E
Determine on the map the distance on the ground in a straight line from the spring to the church. Measure between the centers of conventional signs. Round the result to the nearest tens of meters. Write the answer as a number. FIGURE
Determine on the map in which direction the spring is located from the tower.
A farmer chooses a site for laying a new orchard. He needs a site where the snow melts early in the spring, and in the summer the soil is best warmed by the sun. It must also have a location that is convenient for the export of the harvested crop to the cannery. Determine which of the sites indicated on the map by numbers 1,2 and 3 most of all meets the specified requirements. Give two reasons to support your answer.
The figures show the terrain profiles built on the basis of the map along the A-B line by different students. Which of the profiles is built correctly? PICTURE
Analyze the climate and the diagram and determine which letter on the map indicates the point whose climate is shown on the climate diagram. PICTURE