Download presentation on human development. Presentation on the topic "human evolution"

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1. Created the first system. 2. The species really exists 3. Binary nomenclature 4. Improved the botanical language 5. Described about 1200 genera and more than 8000 plant species. Gave them names 1. Artificial system, because. I was looking for signs of similarity, not kinship. 2.Metaphysical Views 3.View - stable (unchanged)

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Jean Baptiste Lamarck (Jean-Baptiste-Pierre-Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de la Mark) (1744-1829)

Main work: "Philosophy of Zoology" French naturalist

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The view is changeable, but unreal, abstract. eel snake “View is a conditional concept. Nature is a continuous chain of changing individuals. One species passes into another.

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1. Considered the evolution of species over time, everything changes. 2.Created definition tables

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3. Adaptability - arises under the direct influence of environmental conditions (Exercise and non-exercise of organs). okapi giraffe

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4. Raises the question of the factors and driving forces of evolution (This is the desire of all living things to improve) 5. Opened two laws: on variability and heredity. The law of variability: everything changes under the influence of only one driving force: environmental conditions. Law of heredity: individual changes, if they are repeated in a number of generations, are inherited and become signs of the species.

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6. Gradual increase in the organization of living beings in the process of evolution Lamarck called gradation (ascent).

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(+) (-) 1. Created the first holistic theory of the origin of species 2. First used the term "kinship" to denote the unity of the origin of living systems 3. The species is changeable. Development proceeds from simple to complex. 4.Opened two laws of variability and heredity. 5. For the first time raised the question of the factors of evolution. 1. The view does not really exist. 2. Incorrectly identified the driving forces of evolution. (the desire of the living to perfection) 3. All acquired characteristics are transmitted. 4. Mandatory occurrence of only beneficial changes and their inheritance Evidence for evolutionary theory was insufficient, and it was not accepted.

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Charles Darwin Book: "The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection" (1859) - development of evolutionary theory Book: "Change of animals and plants under the influence of domestication" (1868) - set out the first scientific basis of breeding Book: "The origin of man and sexual selection" - the hypothesis of the origin of man is stated (1871)

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Origin and evolution of man

The main stages of human evolution Time limits Stages of anthropogenesis Characteristic features of development 40 thousand years ago Neoanthrope (Cro-Magnon) stage. Homo sapiens Formation of the appearance of modern man. The emergence of society. Domestication of plants and animals 200-500 thousand years ago Paleoanthrope (Neanderthal) stage. Neanderthal man The volume of the brain is 1200-1400 cm 3. High culture of making tools. Improvement of speech and tribal relations 1-1.3 million years ago Archanthropus (Pithecanthropus) stage. Homo erectus (Pithecanthropus - Java island; Sinanthropus - China, Atlanthropus - Africa, Heidelberg man - Europe) Brain volume 800-1200 cm 3. Formation of speech. Mastery of fire 2-2.5 million years ago Skillful man Transitional stage to the formation of the type of modern man. Brain volume 500--800 cm 5 . Production of the first tools (pebble culture) 9 million years ago Protanthropus stage. Australopithecus - the predecessors of people Transitional form of apes to humans. Upright. The use of primitive "tools" (sticks, stones, bones). Further development of herding 25 million years ago Common ancestors of great apes and humans - driopithecus Tree lifestyle, herd

1. Gran Valley, Spain Homo antecessor is evidence that early man appeared in Europe 800 thousand years ago. 2. Heidelberg, Germany The jaw, found in 1907, belonged to Homo heidelbergensis, who lived 500 thousand years ago. 3. Dmanisi, Georgia Homo erectus, who lived 1.7 million years ago, was possibly the first person to use fire and the first to migrate from Africa. 4. Zhoukoudian, China Bone fragments indicate that Homo erectus, known as Sinanthropus, reached East Asia 500,000 years ago. 5. Kenya, Nariokotome Homo ergaster, 1.6 million years old, found by Richard Leakey in 1984. 6. Lake Turkana, Kenya Kenyanthropus flat-faced (Kenyanthropus platyops). Age - 3.5 million years. Approximately the same age and the fossilized remains of Lucy (Australopithecus afarensis). 7 Buri, Ethiopia Australopithecus garhi. Age - 2.5 million years. Discovered in 1997. This is the main contender for the role of the "missing link" between humans and Kenyanthropes or Lucy's relatives. He may have been the first to use stone tools and eat meat. 8 Java Homo erectus

Human ancestors (hominids) The evolutionary lines leading to humans and chimpanzees separated (according to molecular data) approximately 5.5 - 6.5 million years ago (or, perhaps, somewhat earlier - up to 8 million years). The "human" line, or family Hominidae, is characterized by the most important common feature - bipedalism (walking on two legs). It is clear that the transition to bipedal walking was associated with significant changes lifestyle. Therefore, the emergence of a new family Hominidae is simultaneously the formation of a new adaptive zone.

Evolutionary tree of hominids

Sahelanthropus tchadensis The remains of one of the oldest hominids found in the desert lands of northern Chad, near the southern edge of the Sahara. An excellently preserved skull dating back to 6-7 million years old was found in 2001 at a place called Toros-Menella in the Dyurab Desert. The facial part of the skull combines both very primitive and relatively advanced features (in particular, rather weak fangs), and its teeth differ markedly from other finds. The size of the brain is very small (~ 350 cm3), and the cranium is elongated, which is more typical for monkeys. Such a mosaic of characters testifies to the earliest stages of the evolution of the group. In addition to the skull, fragments of the remains of five more individuals were found. In July 2002, an international team of 38 scientists described a new genus and species of hominids, Sahelantrophus tchadensis, from them. An analysis of the fossils collected together with the Sahelanthropus suggests that once there was a shore of a large lake, around which lay a savanna, turning into a sandy desert. On possible family ties S . tchadensis with other hominids and its place on the phylogenetic tree is still premature, but one thing is certain: after this discovery, it became clear that the oldest hominids were distributed in Africa much more widely than it could have been assumed until recently. Almost all previous African finds were dated to the so-called. Rift Valley in East and South Africa. Sahelanthropus, apparently, moved on two legs a x

Orrorin tugenensis Another ancient bipedal hominid was discovered on October 25, 2000 during excavations in Kenya near the Great Rift Valley (Aiello & Collard, 2001). The remains of the creature, nicknamed Millennium Man, but officially named Orrorin tugenensis, consist of the bones of at least five individuals and were in the thickness rocks that are over 6 million years old. By size this species similar to modern chimpanzees. Judging by the skeletal remains, it can be assumed that he nimbly climbed trees, and also moved on the ground on his lower limbs. The structure of the teeth suggests that this species fed on plant foods typical of monkeys, but the reduced incisors and large molars indicate evolutionary trends consistent with human evolution.

Ardipithecus kadabba In 1997-2000 in the Awash Valley in Ethiopia, the remains of Ardipithecus were found from the Miocene times (5.2–5.8 million years ago). They were very similar to the previously known A.ramidus (4.4 million years ago) - see below, but still there were a noticeable number of differences. Initially (2001), the bones were described as a new subspecies of Ardipithecus ramidus kadabba (“kadabba” in Afar means “founder of the genus”), later new finds were described, on the basis of which this form was given the status of an independent species. A jaw with teeth was found, several fragments of bones of the arms and legs, and one toe, the structure of which indicates bipedal walking. More teeth were later found. This species lived in the forest, not in the savannas.

Ardipithecus ramidus The next early hominin is Ardipithecus ramidus, found in Ethiopia, which lived 4.4 million years ago (Woldegabriel, Haile-Selassie, Renne, Hart, Ambrose, Asfaw, Heiken & White, 2001; White, Suwa & Asfaw, 1994 ). The remains of this species were found where forests were supposed to grow, but these creatures could be bipedal. The fact that both the Orrorin and the Ardipithecus lived in comparatively humid and wooded habitats calls into question the theory that environmental change spurred human evolution, pushing early hominids onto open savannahs, where bipedalism provided a key adaptive advantage. The teeth of the Ardipithecus, although more similar to those of humans than those of chimpanzees, were still fundamentally simian. It is possible that soft leaves and fiber-rich fruits were absent from the Ardipithecus menu.

Australopithecus

Australopithecus anamensis Following Ardipithecus about 4.2 million years ago (according to the latest updated data - between 4.17 and 4.12 million years ago), Australopithecus anamensis appeared (Leakey, Feibel & McDougall, 1995; Culotta, 1995). The structure of the bones of its legs suggests that this australopithecine was bipedal, but in the structure of the teeth and jaws it is very similar to later fossil apes. In some dental characters, this species is intermediate between Ardipithecus ramidus and Australopithecus afarensis. The authors of the find are convinced that this species was the ancestor of A. afarensis. Australopithecus anamensis lived in dry forests. Their remains have been found in Kenya.

Australopithecus afarensis East. Africa, 4-3 million years ago. This species has existed for a long time and may have given rise to several evolutionary lines. The remains of more than 300 individuals have been found (including the famous "Lucy"). There are many "monkey" signs: an elongated (prognathic) face, a U-shaped palate (with rows of molars parallel to each other, like in higher monkeys, unlike the "parabolic" palate of modern man); small brain box (430 cc, not much larger than that of a chimpanzee). But there are many differences from monkeys, the main of which is walking on two legs.

East Africa, Great Rift Valley 6 million years ago Early Australopithecus Orrorin tugenensis

South Africa, Swartkrans Caves 1.5 million years ago Massive Australopithecus Paranthropus robustus Insects, including larvae hiding in termite mounds, were one of the favorite treats of massive Australopithecus. Perhaps the desire to get them prompted the hominids to use tools. Breaking the hard calcareous shell of the termite mound with a stone, Australopithecus picked it with sticks or long animal bones. Their hands and intellect were already quite adapted for such complex actions.

East Africa, Afar Basin 3 million years ago Gracile Australopithecus afarensis A small group of Australopithecus roamed the savanna all day in search of food. Seeing a dark curtain of downpour on the horizon, they turned into opposite side and went along the dry river bed. There they found the night. And in the morning the animals were awakened by a deaf, rapidly growing roar, followed in a moment by a huge stream of dirty water. In its powerful current, 13 Australopithecus, who did not have time to climb up the slope, died. This terrible discovery, called the "First Family", was discovered by an international anthropological expedition that worked in the Afar depression in 1975.

Footprints of two gracile australopithecines left on volcanic ash over 3 million years ago. Both creatures, no doubt, walked on two legs, that is, they were upright. Tanzania, Laetoli region Massive australopithecines often served as prey for leopards. Proof of this is the coincidence of the teeth of a predator with holes on the skull of a hominid

Kenyanthropus platyops In 1999, in Kenya, on the western shore of Lake Turkana, a skull was found that is estimated to be 3.5 million years old. It uniquely combined primitive and progressive neurocranial features. The find is the oldest complete skull of any member of the human family. Scientists who discovered it claim that the differences between the skull and the remains of other hominids are so great that it can be considered as belonging to a representative of not only a new species, but also a new genus. He was named Kenyanthropus platyops, i.e., a flat-faced man from Kenya. Kenyanthropus platyops has pronounced cheekbones, small molars, and a less protruding jaw compared to Australopithecus afarensis (a contemporary of Kenyanthropus), which gives it a more human appearance. Despite this, Kenyanthropus platyops has a brain no larger than a chimpanzee's brain and small ear canals, like those of chimpanzees and Australopithecus anamensis, which lived 4.4 million years ago. This mixture of primitive and progressive traits shows that hominin evolution is neither constant nor consistently progressive. The structure of the teeth of Kenyanthropus platyops suggests that he fed on soft food. According to M. Leakey (leader of the team that discovered Kenyanthropus), this species could live in the same biotope with Australopithecus afarensis and not compete with it, occupying a different niche (Australopithecines, apparently, ate something tougher).

Australopithecus bahrelghazali The species was described in 1995 by Michel Brunet . The place is the ancient river bed of Bahr el Ghazal in Chad, 2500 km. west of the Rift Valley, where almost all other Australopithecus are found. It is thus the westernmost find of Australopithecus. Age 3.0 - 3.5 million years. The type specimen is an upper jaw with seven teeth. The material strongly resembles A. afarensis, and some authors therefore doubt the species status of this form (they believe that this is just a local variety of afarensis). However, there are important differences (premolars have three roots, while in afarensis premolars have 1-2 roots).

Australopithecus africanus South. Africa (Transvaal), 3.3 (or even 3.5) - 2.5 million years ago. (However, according to the latest data, the maximum age of the finds is probably 3 million years, and in this case this species did not live simultaneously with Australopithecus afarensis, Australopithecus bahrelghazali and Kenyanthropus platyops). It has a number of progressive features compared to the previous species: a more rounded skull, a larger brain, less primitive teeth and facial bones. However, the structure of the limbs appears to be more primitive than that of afarensis. There is as yet no consensus as to which species, afarensis or africanus, gave rise to the first humans (Homo). Subsequently, K.K. Brain showed that A . africanus were not hunters, but victims: some predators killed and brought to these caves both baboons and australopithecines. The sabertooth Megantereon could have been such a predator. The spotted hyena and leopard may also have preyed on ancient hominids. Now many authors believe that Australopithecus (and later hominids) did not know how to hunt and ate carrion. An extreme representative of this point of view is B.F. Porshnev, who believed that the key behavioral adaptation of early hominids was the ability to break the brain bones of animals killed and eaten by predators with stones and extract bone marrow, a very valuable food resource inaccessible to most predators and scavengers. It was also widely believed (at the end of the 20th century) that A. africanus fed mainly on fruits and leaves. An analysis of the isotopic composition of tooth enamel showed that the diet of this species was extremely diverse. It obtained its food mainly from the food chains of the savanna and, apparently, consumed both plant and animal food, easily adapting to any changes in food resources.

Australopithecus garhi Found in Ethiopia in 1997, described in 1999. "Garhi" means "wonderful" in Afar. The volume of the brain is approximately 450 cc. Age - 2.5 million years. Large molars and premolars bring this form closer to Paranthropus (see below), but in all other respects, kinship with Paranthropus is not confirmed. It has been suggested that A. garhi is a transitional form that is a direct descendant of A. africanus (according to another version - A. afarensis) and the ancestor of Homo habilis.

Paranthropus, or "robust" Australopithecus, is a lateral dead-end branch of ancient hominids. It used to be that they switched to a purely plant-based diet (that's why they have such powerful molars) and abandoned the hunting habits of their carnivorous ancestors - the "gracil" australopithecines A.afarensis and A.africanus. Recently, however, evidence has been obtained that both Australopithecus and Paranthropus were omnivorous forms.

Paranthropus aethiopicus 2.7 million years ago in Vost. Africa appeared a new group ancient hominids - "robust", distinguished by very large molars (they are sometimes referred to as Australopithecus, sometimes they are isolated in a separate genus Paranthropus). It is believed that P. aethiopicus evolved from A. afarensis and was the ancestor of P. boisei.

Paranthropus boisei 2.3 - 1.0 million years ago, Vost. Africa. In this species, the tendencies of the "robust" evolutionary line are most fully expressed. Traditionally, these signs are interpreted as traits of extreme specialization in chewing coarse plant foods.

Paranthropus robustus 2.0-1.5 million years ago, South. Africa. Cheekbones are very wide, protruding forward (this indicates a powerful development of the chewing muscles). All "robust" forms are also characterized by a bone crest on the crown, which served to attach the masticatory muscles. robustus had a large face, flat and round, without a forehead, with large brow ridges and very small front teeth. The brain of this species had an average volume of about 520 cubic centimeters. Apparently, this species was able to make primitive bone tools, with the help of which it opened up termite mounds and extracted termites from there. Isotopic analysis of tooth enamel showed that this species was an omnivore, and not a specialized "chewer of coarse plant foods", as previously thought.

According to Leakey and his colleagues, the dividing line between Australopithecus (in the broad sense, including Paranthropus) and "people" (Homo) should be considered a brain volume of more than 600 cubic meters. see and, most importantly, the manufacture of stone tools. However, brain volume does not appear to be a reliable criterion. First, the species H was described in 2004. floresiensis (see below) with a brain volume of 380 cc. (despite the fact that by all other features it is an undoubted representative of the genus Homo). Secondly, a reasonable opinion has been expressed that Kenyanthropus (see above), which also had a small brain, should also be included in the genus Homo.

Homo habilis 2.4 - 1.5 million years ago, Vost. Africa. The volume of the skull is about 670 cubic meters. see. This ancient representative of the genus Homo already made primitive stone tools (hence the name - "handy man"). These tools are roughly processed pebbles (the so-called Olduvai culture, photographs of tools. One of the skulls of H. habilis is above the title of this page. The molars of H. habilis were smaller than those of A. africanus, but significantly larger than those of modern humans.The size of the brain averaged 650 cubic centimeters and ranged from 500 to 800 cubic centimeters.In addition, analysis of the inner surface of the skull revealed a rudimentary protrusion in Broca's area, inextricably linked with speech in modern humans (in monkeys this part of the brain responsible for facial expressions - also a means of communication!) Habilis was 1.5 meters tall and supposedly weighed about 45 kilograms. Males were larger than females, but habilis did not have such a pronounced difference in size between the sexes as A. afarensis.

Homo rudolfensis 1.8 million years ago, Vost. Africa. This skull was first assigned to H. habilis, but V.P. Alekseev in 1986 singled it out in separate view H. rudolfensis. Skull volume 775 cu. see - much more than Australopithecus and more than typical habilis. H. rudolfensis is also distinguished by the weak development of the supraorbital ridge. The flat face of Homo rudolfensis suggests a close relationship to Kenyanthropus platyops (Leakey et al., 2001).

Homo georgicus Homo georgicus. Another sensational find recent years. Found in Dmanisi (Georgia) in 2001, described in 2002 (main author - David Lordkipanidze). Age 1.8 million years. This is the oldest find of hominids (and people) outside of Africa (it is also the most primitive). The form is presumably interpreted as transitional between H. habilis and H. ergaster. Brain volume 600-680 cc. Height 1.5 m. 3 skulls and part of the skeleton were found (Vekua et al . 2002, Gabunia et al . 2002). The find forces us to reconsider old theories about when and why people settled outside of Africa. Now it is clear that the first to do this were not smart and progressive pithecanthropes (ergasters or erectus), but forms transitional between pithecanthropes and ancient Homo, which still had a very small (same as that of habilis) brain. The stone tools found together with human bones in Dmanisi are quite primitive, only slightly more advanced than the Olduvian tools of the habilis, but they are still far from the double-sided erectus cutters.

Homo ergaster Previously, these African ancient people (who lived 1.9 - 1.6 million years ago) were combined into one species with Asian Homo erectus, but later most scientists began to attribute them to a special species. The skull is rounded, superciliary arches are strongly developed. The teeth are small, especially compared to Australopithecus. It differs from erectus in thinner cranial bones, a weak occipital protrusion, etc. The volume of the brain is 880 cubic meters. see Transition from oldest humans (H. habilis/H. rudolfensis) to H. ergaster was the most important qualitative leap in the evolution of hominids. It's not just about a slightly larger brain. Perhaps it is H. ergaster is the "author" of two most important inventions: a double-edged axe, shaped like a fang of a predatory animal (H. habilis used only chipped pebbles with a single cutting edge) and the use of fire (the oldest fire pits found in Africa are over 1 million years old) . However, it is possible that these inventions were not made by the Ergasters, but by their direct descendants - the early representatives of H. erectus (see below). There is no doubt, however, that when passing from H . habilis/H. rudolfensis, there were two important changes: 1) The size of the body increased sharply. This is directly related to the second change, namely: 2) The proportion of animal food in the diet has increased. This has traditionally been explained by the fact that H. ergaster has learned to hunt large and medium game more effectively. Recently, however, arguments have been made that H . ergaster was a scavenger after all, and simply learned to compete more effectively with other scavengers.

Homo erectus The first find of this species is a skullcap discovered in Java by Eugene Dubois. It was the first human fossil discovered outside of Europe. The find was described under the name Pithecanthropus erectus. Later, about 40 more specimens of this species were found in Java. Similar remains (up to 300 individuals) were found in the Zhoukoudian cave near Beijing. They have been described as Sinanthropus pekinensis. In the 50s. 20th century Mayr suggested that all these finds, as well as some others made in Asia and Europe, belong to the same widespread species (Homo erectus). The representatives of erectus, who lived 1.5 million years ago, had a brain volume of about 900 cubic centimeters. Later erectus, who lived 700-500 thousand years ago, were the owners of a brain with a volume of approximately 1100 cubic centimeters. One of the characteristic features of these hominids was very thick brow ridges and an elongated, low skull. The teeth are almost like those of a modern person, but the molars are somewhat larger, and the lower jaw is more massive, the chin was absent. From the neck down, Homo erectus looked very much like modern humans. It is assumed that H. erectus is descended from the African H. ergaster about 1.6 million years ago and populated the south of Asia, including the islands of Indonesia. Previously, it was believed that H. erectus became extinct c. 300,000 years ago, giving way to more progressive Homo populations. However, it has recently been shown that some finds from Java are only 50,000 years old. Thus, individual populations of H. erectus existed for a very long time and were even contemporaries of Homo sapiens (H. sapiens). H. erectus certainly already knew how to use fire (a multi-meter layer of ash in the fire in the Zhoukoudian cave; fires more than 1 million years old were found in Africa) and devoured their own kind (human bones split lengthwise to extract the brain, etc.). The most characteristic stone tool H. erectus, a double-edged, tooth-like axe, was a versatile tool, but probably primarily used for butchering carcasses ("Acheulian culture").

Homo floresiensis On the island of Flores (Indonesia), the remains of a previously unknown dwarf species of people who lived 38-18 thousand years ago were recently found. This species (named Homo floresiensis) is thought to be a side branch of the human evolutionary tree, a descendant of isolated island populations of Homo erectus (Pithecanthropus). Judging by stone tools, pithecanthropes appeared on Flores 850 thousand years ago. There, in the conditions of island isolation, they were crushed and changed so much that their descendants had to be isolated into a separate species. The growth of Homo floresiensis was only about a meter, the brain volume was about 380 cubic meters. see (about like a chimpanzee), they were upright, devoid of hair. They were distinguished by deep-set eyes, a flat nose, and protruding jaws with large teeth. They wielded fire, made quite perfect stone tools, and possibly hunted large animals (local pygmy elephants - stegodons). Local legends are full of references to "little people" who lived in the area until the arrival of Europeans in the early 1500s. H. floresiensis could be called "pygmy pithecanthropes", but in real pygmies, short stature is associated with mutations that disrupt growth hormone synthesis and/or tissue sensitivity to this hormone. At the same time, the head and brain of the pygmies remained large, as in the rest of H. sapiens. Dwarfism H. floresiensis - of a different nature, because affects both the head and the brain. The authors of the find indicate that their discovery changes the idea of ​​the adaptive capabilities of the genus Homo. Apparently, our species is much more plastic in evolutionary terms than is commonly believed. The authors believe that a number of other specialized, evading populations and species of the genus Homo can be expected to be found.

Homo antecessor About a million years ago, African populations of Homo erectus evolved into the new kind Homo antecessor. The species was described in 1997 (Bermudez de Castro, Arsuaga, & Carbonell, 1997). Populations of this species migrated north to Europe. The remains of Homo antecessor have been found in caves in northern Spain. Artifacts (objects of artificial origin) and fossil remains of animals found along with the remains of antecessor indicate that these people were skilled hunters of large animals. Traces of human teeth on the bones of Spanish antecessors signal cannibalism. Geomagnetic dating of the Spanish finds determines the exact age of the remains at least 780 thousand years (according to the latest data - 800 thousand years). This makes them one of the most ancient people found in Europe. The antecessor's head had an unusual mixture of Neanderthal and modern human characteristics. They had large brow ridges, a long and low skull, a massive lower jaw without a chin, and large teeth, like a Neanderthal. The face, on the contrary, was relatively flat and did not protrude forward, that is, it was similar to the face of a modern person. The volume of the brain is about 1000 cc. The authors of the new species believe that it was a common ancestor of the Heidelberger (and through him, the Neanderthal) and sapiens. But there are other opinions as well. It is indicated that the similarity with the Heidelbergians and Neanderthals is small, while with the sapiens, on the contrary, there is a very large similarity in the structure of the facial part of the skull. Perhaps this was the first unsuccessful attempt to colonize Europe.

Homo heidelbergensis This species usually includes forms that are transitional between H. erectus and H. sapiens, who lived about 800,000 to 200,000 years ago. The lower jaw is very similar to a human, but without a chin protrusion (usually associated with underdevelopment - or poor development - of speech). Previously, these forms were simply called "archaic H. sapiens". After genetic analysis showed that the lines of Neanderthals and modern. people diverged 500-600 thousand years ago, "Heidelberg man" can no longer be considered simply a "common ancestor" of both (as shown in the above evolutionary tree). Either he is the ancestor of only Neanderthals, or within this species one must look for two parallel, but not crossing lines leading from H. antecessor to Neanderthals and modern. people, respectively. By the way, there is practically no doubt now that the Heidelberger was the immediate ancestor of the Neanderthal. The Heidelbergers apparently already owned throwing weapons. Throwing spears were found in Germany (from the trunks of young spruce trees with a sharpened butt, without tips) about 400 thousand years old. Their center of gravity is located in the same way as modern throwing spears.

Homo neanderthalensis Neanderthals inhabited Europe and the West. Asia (from Spain to Uzbekistan) at the end of the Pleistocene (200,000 - 28,000 years ago). The climate then was colder, and during the existence of the Neanderthals several times there were ice ages. Neanderthals, apparently, are NOT the direct ancestors of modern. humans, they are independently descended from the Pithecanthropus. Comparison of mitochondrial DNA showed that the lineages leading to the Neanderthal and modern man, diverged 500-600 thousand years ago (more precisely, this is the time when their last common "foremother" existed; common "forefathers" theoretically could have been later). Neanderthals are different from modern a person with a lower forehead, protruding occiput, superficial arches. The volume of the brain - as in modern. people or more. They already knew how to make fire. They ate almost exclusively meat (hunting), cannibalism was very common. The first mystical/religious beliefs appeared: they were already burying their dead and decorating the graves with flowers. The culture of the Neanderthals (the so-called "Mousterian", or, what is the same, the Middle Paleolithic culture) is, first of all, double-edged axes, sharpened to a higher quality than similar tools H. erectus; as well as various flakes used for butchering carcasses. The Neanderthals also had wooden spears for close combat with stone tips. At a later time, already during contacts with sapiens (see below), the beginnings of art appeared among Neanderthals (a necklace of bear claws, something like "flutes" - bones with drilled holes, which, however, could serve to make fire, and not for musical exercises, see also below for a report of a recently found Neanderthal "sculpture".

Neanderthals inhabited Europe during one of the most severe periods - during the last glaciation. Therefore, they sewed clothes from animal skins and escaped from the cold in caves or in dwellings made from the skins of dead animals.

Neanderthal

Homo sapiens The volume of the brain is on average 1300 cubic meters. see Flattened, high, almost vertical forehead. Superciliary ridges are reduced. The oldest finds in Africa - 195,000 years ago; in Zap. Asia - more than 90,000 years ago. Approximately 60-80 thousand years ago, the great expansion of H began. sapiens. At first, apparently, they moved to southern and southeastern Asia, where there were no Neanderthals, and relict H populations could be the only competitors. erectus (eg in Java - see above) and exotic endemic forms like H. floresiensis. Representatives of this "wave" of settlement penetrated into Australia (about 50 thousand years ago), where, apparently, they caused extremely rapid desertification of the continent and the mass extinction of large animals. From the bones of an ancient Australian, ca. 50 thousand years, it was possible to extract mitochondrial DNA - it turned out to be very different from what is found in modern people). This suggests at least several waves of sapiens settlement, and that some of these waves may not have left descendants among modern people.

Cro-Magnon

Cro-Magnon rock art

Cro-Magnons often settled in caves. But more often they built dwellings on their own, using the bones and skins of animals killed in the hunt.

Philosophical Aspects Man is not an evolutionary "accident" and even more so not a "mistake of evolution". The main path of the evolution of life on Earth almost inevitably led to the emergence of a rational being. The most important difference between man and animals is the ability to reflect, to know oneself. Only a person is able to "look at himself from the outside."

Class: 9

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The purpose of the lesson:

1. Distribute the factors of anthropogenesis into biological and social.
2. Describe the stages and factors of human development.

Lesson objectives:

1. Compilation of characteristics of the main stages of human evolution.
2. Mastering the methods of describing the external structure of human ancestors.
3. Identification of cause-and-effect relationships in the process of human evolution.
4. Comparison of the features of the external structure of archanthropes, paleoanthropes and neoanthropes.

Lesson type: Combined lesson.

Technological map of the projected lesson: