Form of presentation of information in the presentation. Presentation on informatics visual forms of presenting information presentation for a lesson on informatics and ict (grade 5) on the topic

Keywords Picture
Scheme
Diagram

It's visual!

It's better to see once
than hear a hundred times.
folk wisdom
Man
it is better
understands
and
remembers
the information that is presented visually -
using drawings, photographs, diagrams, diagrams.

What are diagrams for?

Source
information
Informational
channel
Receiver
information
In order to show how the surroundings are arranged
us objects (objects, processes, phenomena) and how they are related
with each other, use diagrams.

From text to drawing, from drawing to diagram

Transition from one form of information presentation
to another often helps to solve difficult problems.
Task: At the half-station of a single-track railway
the train stopped, consisting of a diesel locomotive and three wagons,
delivered a team of workers for the construction of the second
way. In the meantime, at this half-station there is a small
dead end, where, if necessary, can fit
locomotive with a wagon or two wagons. Soon besides
a freight train (a diesel locomotive and 7
cisterns).
How to skip a passenger train?
The solution of the problem

We solve the problem

Diagrams
To visualize different
numeric data use charts.

We solve the problem

Data representation
using charts
years
Example: average lifespans of an elephant,
crocodile, camel, horse and chimpanzee are 60, 40,
30, 25 and 60 years respectively. Let's imagine this data
using diagrams.
70
60 Elephant
50
Crocodile
40
30Camel
20
10Horse
0
Chimpanzee
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
years
columnar
line chart
diagram

Diagrams

Let's think
Task: Based on the following data, build
bar chart.
School No. 1 has 250 students, School No. 2 has
300 people, 450 people study at school No. 3, the school
No. 4 has 400 students.
500
students
School № 1
250
School number 2
300
School No. 3
450
School No. 4
400
400
300
200
100
0
School
№1
School
№2
School
№3
School
№4

Representing data with charts

The most important thing
Visual forms of information presentation are drawings, diagrams, diagrams, etc.
Illustrations help the reader very quickly
understand what is at stake, and create in it
presenting certain images.
To show how they are made
objects around us (objects, processes,
phenomena) and how they relate to each other,
schemes are used.
For a visual representation of various numerical
data use charts.

Questions and tasks
1. Make sentences according to the schemes on the topic
"Our school affairs".
a)
1)
,
2)
.
1)
,
2)
.
b)
in)
And
G)
.
.
?

The most important thing

?
Questions and tasks
2. Four girls go to the computer graphics circle:
Anya, Katya, Olya and Masha. On the diagram, the names of the girls
are connected by lines if they are friends with each other.
Remove false statements.
Olya is friends with Anya
Anya is friends with Katya
Anya
Katia
Olya
Masha
Katya is friends with Anya and Olya
Masha is friends with both Anya and Katya
Masha is either not friends with Olya, or not friends with Anya

Questions and tasks

?
Questions and tasks
3. It is known that a physically healthy person is 80% of all
receives information with the help of the organs of vision, 10% - with
using the hearing organs, 5, 3 and 2%, respectively, are
on the organs of smell, touch and taste. Complement
the corresponding captions of the pie chart.
Touch
Taste
Smell
Hearing
Examination
Vision

Questions and tasks

It is interesting
Find in electronic application to the textbook
resources and get to know them:
Presentation
"A variety of visual
presentation forms
information"
Presentation
"Trains"
Presentation
"Motorships"

The presentation is aimed at organizing work with the texts of the training paragraph. The entire text is divided into parts, in which only the main content is stated. The parts are placed on separate slides. The content of each part is composed of a task. Since these are self-training technologies, the tasks do not provide for automatic verification of the results. But the content of all tasks will be included in the final control test. The possibility of external verification of the execution of tasks is provided. Macros are used for this purpose. On a slide in demo mode, you need to write answers using the keyboard, as well as an alias. Then print this slide. If the work is done in a classroom, an anonymous peer review should be organized. It is for this purpose that pseudonyms are used. The results of the check should be entered in the rating sheet of the class. Each correct answer is worth one point. The total number of points is 26. It is not recommended to force students to memorize educational texts. Computer technologies for self-training and self-testing will ensure conscious assimilation of the subject content.

3.1 Tabular presentation of information The presentation of information in tabular form is widespread. In the table, you can easily and quickly find necessary information. A table is the simplest graphic representation of a material. They are made up of columns and rows. The number of columns and rows can be different. With the help of computers, tables can be designed in different ways: choose the required number of columns and rows, use different colors to fill tables, you can even create the effect of table movement. According to their purpose, tables are divided into three types. 1. Explanatory tables - present the material in a concise manner, which makes it easier to understand. 2. Comparative tables - in them information is compared and compared. 3. Generalizing or thematic tables - they summarize in a certain sequence the main properties and signs of objects, phenomena, events. Complete task number 1. Use the mouse to place the cursor in the answer windows, and use the keyboard to write down the answer.

Look at the table and write down in the first answer what kind it belongs to. In the second answer, write down what the rectangular tables are made of. In the third answer, write down the name of the device that allows you to quickly change the appearance of tables. alias

Exercise 1

Tables of type "Object - property" Rectangular tables consist of rows and columns, which are also called graphs. The headings of the graphs are usually located in the top row of the table. In tables of the "object-property" type, each line refers to an object. In the first column, this is usually indicated by an object, in other columns, the properties of the object are indicated. Tables of the "Object - object" type In tables of the "object-object" type, relationships between various objects. Any data can be reduced to a tabular form. Bringing information to tabular form is called data normalization. A variety of tables of this type are "binary matrices". They display the presence of a connection between objects: for example, if there is a connection, then 1 is set, if not, then 0. The matrix form of tables is convenient for computer processing, so many computer technologies work with tables. There are special programs for processing tables. Complete task number 2. Use the mouse to place the cursor in the cells of the table, and use the keyboard to write the numbers 0 or 1.

All information that a computer processes must be represented in binary code using two digits 0 and 1. These two characters are commonly called binary digits or bits. With the help of two digits 0 and 1, any message can be encoded. This was the reason that two important processes must be organized in a computer: encoding and decoding. Encoding - transformation input information into a form perceived by a computer, i.e. binary code. Decoding is the transformation of data from a binary code into a human-readable form.

From the point of view of technical implementation, the use of the binary number system for encoding information turned out to be much simpler than the use of other methods. Indeed, it is convenient to encode information as a sequence of zeros and ones, if these values ​​are represented as two possible stable states of an electronic element: 0 - no electrical signal; 1 - the presence of an electrical signal. These states are easy to distinguish. The disadvantage of binary coding is long codes. But in engineering it is easier to deal with a large number of simple elements than with a small number of complex ones.

You have to constantly deal with a device that can only be in two stable states: on/off. Of course, this is a well-known switch. But it turned out to be impossible to come up with a switch that could stably and quickly switch to any of the 10 states. As a result, after a series failed attempts the developers came to the conclusion that it was impossible to build a computer based on the decimal number system. And it was precisely the binary number system that was put in the basis of the representation of numbers in a computer.

Analog and Discrete Coding A person is able to perceive and store information in the form of images (visual, sound, tactile, gustatory and olfactory). Visual images can be stored in the form of images (drawings, photographs, and so on), and sound images can be recorded on records, magnetic tapes, laser discs, and so on. Information, including graphics and sound, can be presented in analog or discrete form. With an analog representation, a physical quantity takes on an infinite number of values, and its values ​​change continuously. With a discrete representation, a physical quantity takes on a finite set of values, and its value changes abruptly.

Examples Let us give an example of analog and discrete representation of information. The position of the body on the inclined plane and on the stairs is specified by the values ​​of the X and Y coordinates. When the body moves along the inclined plane, its coordinates can take on an infinite number of continuously changing values ​​from a certain range, and when moving up the stairs, only a certain set of values, and changing abruptly. An example of an analog representation of graphic information is, for example, a painting canvas, the color of which changes continuously, and a discrete image printed using inkjet printer and consisting of individual dots of different colors. An example of analog storage of sound information is a vinyl record (the sound track changes its shape continuously), and a discrete audio CD (the sound track of which contains areas with different reflectivity).

The conversion of graphic and sound information from analog to discrete form is carried out by sampling, that is, by dividing a continuous graphic image and a continuous (analogue) sound signal into separate elements. In the process of discretization, coding is performed, that is, the assignment of a specific value to each element in the form of a code. Discretization is the transformation of continuous images and sound into a set of discrete values ​​in the form of codes. Sampling

Image encoding There are two ways to create and store graphic objects on your computer - as a bitmap image or as a vector image. Each image type has its own encoding method. A raster image is a collection of dots (pixels) of different colors. Pixel - the minimum area of ​​the image, the color of which can be set independently.

In the process of encoding an image, its spatial sampling is performed. Spatial discretization of an image can be compared to building an image from a mosaic ( a large number small multi-colored glasses). The image is divided into separate small fragments (dots), and each fragment is assigned a value of its color, that is, a color code (red, green, blue, and so on). For a black and white image, the information volume of one point is equal to one bit (either black or white - either 1 or 0). For four color - 2 bits. 8 colors require 3 bits. For 16 colors - 4 bits. For 256 colors - 8 bits (1 byte). Image quality depends on the number of dots (than smaller size points and, accordingly, the greater their number, the better quality) and the number of colors used (the more colors, the better the image is encoded). Image encoding

The image depends on the number of dots (the smaller the dot size and, accordingly, the greater their number, the better the quality) and the number of colors used (the more colors, the better the image is encoded). To represent a color in the form of a numeric code, two color models are used that are inverse to each other: RGB or CMYK. The RGB model is used in televisions, monitors, projectors, scanners, digital cameras... The main colors in this model are: red (Red), green (Green), blue (Blue). The CMYK color model is used in printing when forming images intended for printing on paper. Color images can have different color depths, which are given by the number of bits used to encode the color of a point. If we encode the color of one point in the image with three bits (one bit for each RGB color), then we get all eight different colors. Image encoding

In practice, to store information about the color of each point of a color image in the RGB model, 3 bytes (i.e. 24 bits) are usually allocated - 1 byte (i.e. 8 bits) for the color value of each component. Thus, each RGB component can take a value in the range from 0 to 255 (total 2 8 = 256 values), and each point of the image, with such a coding system, can be painted in one of the colors. Such a set of colors is usually called True Color (true colors), because the human eye is still not able to distinguish a greater variety. In order for an image to be formed on the monitor screen, information about each dot (dot color code) must be stored in the video memory of the computer. Let's calculate the required amount of video memory for one of the graphics modes. In modern computers, the screen resolution is usually 1280 x 1024 pixels. Those. total 1280 * 1024 = dots. With a color depth of 32 bits per point, the required amount of video memory is: 32 * = bits = bytes = 5120 KB = 5 MB. Image encoding

Raster images are very sensitive to scaling (enlargement or reduction). When decreasing bitmap several neighboring points are converted into one, so the visibility of fine details of the image is lost. Enlarging the image increases the size of each dot and produces a step effect that can be seen with the naked eye. Image encoding

Coding of vector images A vector image is a collection of graphic primitives (point, segment, ellipse...). Each primitive is described by mathematical formulas. The encoding depends on the application environment. The advantage of vector graphics is that the files that store vector graphics are relatively small. It is also important that vector graphics can be enlarged or reduced without loss of quality.

Graphic file formats Graphic file formats determine how the information in the file is stored (raster or vector) and how the information is stored (the compression algorithm used). The most popular raster formats are: BMP GIF JPEG TIFF PNG Bit MaP image (BMP) is a universal raster graphic file format used in the Windows operating system. This format is supported by many graphics editors, including the Paint editor. Recommended for storing and sharing data with other applications. Tagged Image File Format (TIFF) is a raster image file format supported by all major graphics editors and computer platforms. Includes a lossless compression algorithm. Used to exchange documents between different programs. Recommended for use when working with publishing systems.

Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) is a raster graphics file format supported by applications for various operating systems. Includes a lossless compression algorithm that allows you to reduce the file size by several times. Recommended for storing images created programmatically (diagrams, graphs, and so on) and drawings (such as appliqué) with a limited number of colors (up to 256). Used to place graphics on Web pages on the Internet. Portable Network Graphic (PNG) Bitmap graphic file format similar to GIF. Recommended for placing graphics on Web pages on the Internet. The Joint Photographic Expert Group (JPEG) is a bitmap graphics file format that implements an efficient compression algorithm (JPEG method) for scanned photographs and illustrations. The compression algorithm allows you to reduce the size of the file dozens of times, however, it leads to the irreversible loss of some information. Supported by applications for various operating systems. Used to place graphics on Web pages on the Internet.

Binary Audio Coding The use of the computer to process audio began later than numbers, text, and graphics. Sound is a wave with continuously changing amplitude and frequency. The greater the amplitude, the louder it is for a person, the greater the frequency, the higher the tone. Sound signals in the world around us are extremely diverse. Complex continuous signals can be represented with sufficient accuracy as the sum of a certain number of simple sinusoidal oscillations. Moreover, each term, that is, each sinusoid, can be precisely specified by a certain set of numerical parameters - amplitude, phase and frequency, which can be considered as a sound code at some point in time. In the process of encoding an audio signal, its temporal sampling is performed - a continuous wave is divided into separate small time sections and a certain amplitude value is set for each such section. Thus, the continuous dependence of the signal amplitude on time is replaced by a discrete sequence of loudness levels (see figure).

Each volume level is assigned its code. How large quantity volume levels will be highlighted during the encoding process, the more information will carry the value of each level and the better the sound will be. The quality of binary audio encoding is determined by the encoding depth and sampling rate. Sampling frequency - the number of measurements of the signal level per unit of time. The number of volume levels determines the encoding depth. Modern sound cards provide 16-bit audio encoding depth. In this case, the number of volume levels is N = 2 I = 2 16 = Binary audio coding

Representation of video information Recently, the computer is increasingly used to work with video information. The simplest such work is watching movies and video clips. It should be clearly understood that the processing of video information requires a very high speed of the computer system. What is a film in terms of computer science? First of all, it is a combination of sound and graphic information. In addition, to create the effect of movement on the screen, a discrete technology for quickly changing static pictures is used. Studies have shown that if more than one frame is replaced in one second, then the human eye perceives changes in them as continuous. It would seem that if the problems of coding static graphics and sound are solved, then it will not be difficult to save the video image. But this is only at first glance, because, as the example analyzed above shows, when using traditional methods of storing information electronic version the movie will be too big. A fairly obvious improvement is to remember the first frame in its entirety (in the literature it is customary to call it a key frame), and in the following ones to save only differences from the initial frame (difference frames).

There are many different formats for presenting video data. In the Windows environment, for example, for more than 10 years (since version 3.1) the Video for Windows format has been used, based on universal files with the AVI extension (Audio Video Interleave - interleaving audio and video). More versatile is the Quick Time multimedia format, which originally originated on Apple computers. Recently, video image compression systems have become more widespread, allowing some distortions of the image that are imperceptible to the eye in order to increase the degree of compression. The most famous standard of this class is MPEG (Motion Picture Expert Group), which is developed and constantly developed by the Committee (group of experts) created in 1988 international organization ISO/IEC (International Standards Organization/International Electrotechnical Commission) standards for high quality motion picture compression. The methods used in MPEG are not easy to understand and rely on fairly complex mathematics. A technology called DivX (derived from the abbreviation of Digital Video Express) has become more widespread. Thanks to DivX, it was possible to achieve a compression ratio that made it possible to fit a high-quality recording of a full-length film onto one CD - to compress a 4.7 GB DVD movie to 650 MB. Presentation of video information

Multimedia Multimedia (multimedia, from the English. multi - a lot and media - media, environment) - a set of computer technologies that simultaneously use several information media: text, graphics, video, photography, animation, sound effects, high-quality sound. The word "multimedia" means the impact on the user through several information channels simultaneously. You can also say this: multimedia is the combination of an image on a computer screen (including graphic animation and video frames) with text and sound. Multimedia systems are most widely used in education, advertising, and entertainment.

Uncertainty of knowledge and unit of information 1 bit A message that reduces the uncertainty of knowledge by half carries 1 bit of information. The uncertainty of knowledge about some event is the number of possible outcomes of the event (tossing a coin, a die; drawing lots)

Examples of volumes of information Book page 2.5 KB Textbook 0.5 MB Great Soviet Encyclopedia 120 MB Newspaper 150 KB Black and white television frame 300 KB Color frame of 3 colors 1 MB 1.5-hour color feature film 135 GB

100 MB can fit: Text pages High quality color slides 150 Audio recording 1.5 hours CD-quality music piece - stereo 10 minutes Film High Quality records 15 seconds Minutes of operations on bank accounts For 1000 years

Copy the tasks in your notebook and solve them yourself. 1. Arrange the values ​​in descending order: 1024 bits, 1000 bytes, 1 bit, 1 byte, 1 KB. 2. The information volume of one message is 0.5 KB, and the other - 500 bytes. By how many bits is the information volume of the first message greater than the volume of the second message? 3. The 64-character alphabet was used to write the text. What is the amount of information in bytes contained in 10 pages of text if each page has 32 lines of 64 characters per line? 4. An information message of 375 bytes consists of 500 characters. What is the informational weight of each character in this message? What is the power of the alphabet with which this message was written? 5. How many Kilobytes of information contain messages of the following size: 216 bits, 216 bytes, ¼ Megabyte? 6. The student's essay on computer science has a volume of 20 kilobytes. Each page of the abstract contains 32 lines of 64 characters per line, the capacity of the alphabet is 256 characters. How many pages are in the abstract? 7. The data transfer rate on a certain channel is equal to bits / sec. Transferring the file over this communication channel took 16 seconds. Specify the size of the file in kilobytes. Tasks

PRESENTATION OF INFORMATION

INFORMATION AND INFORMATION PROCESSES

• sign
• sign system
• natural languages
• formal languages

• Sign is a placeholder for an object.

• A sign (a set of signs) allows the sender of information to evoke in the mind of the recipient the image of the object.

Sign - this is an explicit or implicit agreement on attributing a certain meaning to some sensually perceived object.

Pictogram

The shape of the sign allows you to guess its meaning.

Symbol

The connection between the form of the sign and its meaning is established by agreement.

Signs and sign systems

People use separate signs and sign systems.

sign system is determined by the set of all characters included in it (alphabet) and the rules for operating with these characters.

Language as a sign system

Communication between people can take place in oral or written form using appropriate sound or visual signs.

Language- a sign system used by a person

to express their thoughts, communicate with other people

Natural

language

Formal

language :

the same

combinations

signs have

the same meaning

Writing

Oral speech

Phoneme

Symbol

• morse code
• notes
• notation
• language programming

Syllable

Alphanumeric

Word

syllabary

Phrase

Ideographic

Forms of presentation of information

A person can present information in a symbolic or figurative form:

• the sign representation of information is discrete;
• figurative representation of information continuously.

Coding - presentation of information in one form or another.

The most important thing

To save and transmit information to another person, a person fixes it with the help of signs.

Sign (character set) - a substitute for an object that allows the sender of information to call up in the mind of the recipient the image of the object.

Language - a sign system used by a person to express his thoughts, communicate with other people :

• natural languages ​​are used to communicate between people;
• formal languages ​​are used by specialists in their professional activities.

A person can present information in natural languages, in formal languages, in various figurative forms.

Coding - P presentation of information in one form or another.

Questions and tasks

To what kind of languages ​​(natural or formal) can the marine flag alphabet be attributed?

What is a sign system? Try to describe the Russian language as a sign system. Describe the decimal number system as a sign system.

What is a sign? Give examples of signs used in human communication.

In what cases can signs of formal languages ​​be included in natural language texts? Where did you meet this?

Tasks

What is the meaning of the icon:

Reference abstract

Forms of presentation of information

Iconic

figurative

information

on natural

language

information

on a formal

language

image

sound

languages,

used

for communication

between people,

called

natural

languages

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