1 The need for construction workers

The largest number of workers at the construction site is determined according to the workforce movement schedule or on the basis of the work schedule, the volume of work performed and the average annual output of performers per worker according to the formula:

where BUT- the number of workers at the construction site;

B- the total cost of construction and installation or special works, 3960.0 thousand rubles;

IN- average annual output per worker - 15,000 rubles;

T- the duration of the work according to the calendar plan, 3 years.

BUT= 3960000: 15000: 3 = 88 people

Engineers, employees and MOS make up 15% of the largest number of workers on the construction site:

BUT 1 = BUT´ 0.15 = 88 ´ 0.15 = 14 people

BUT 2 = BUT -BUT 1 \u003d 88 - 14 \u003d 74 people.

Workers in the most numerous shift make up 70% of the largest number of workers on the construction site:

A 3 = BUT 2 ´ 0.70 = 74 ´ 0.70 = 52 people

Engineers, employees and MOS in the most numerous shift make up 80% of the largest number of engineers, employees and MOS at the construction site:

BUT 4 = BUT 1 ´ 0.80 = 14 ´ 0.80 = 12 people

The total number of employees in the most numerous shift will be:

BUT 5 = A 3 + BUT 4 = 52 + 12 = 64 people

Working women in the most numerous shift make up 30% of the total number of employees in the most numerous shift:

BUT 6 = BUT 5 ´ 0.3 = 64 ´ 0.3 = 20 people

BUT 7 = BUT 5 - BUT 6 = 64 - 20 = 44 people

The number of employees employed in motor transport, in service enterprises and auxiliary industries (factories of reinforced concrete structures, concrete-mortar units) is not included in the calculation due to the centralized supply of concrete and mortar for construction, as well as semi-finished products and products from factories and bases of Glavmospromstroymaterialov by Glavmosavtotrans vehicles.

2 Calculation of temporary buildings and structures

The calculation of the need for temporary buildings and structures is carried out according to the formula:

R tr = R n ´ TO,

where R n- normative indicator of the area;

TO- the total number of employees (or their individual categories) or the number of employees in the most numerous shift;

R tr- the required area of ​​inventory buildings.

Buildings for sanitary purposes

Dressing room - at a rate of 0.89 sq. m per worker per day:

R tr= 0.89 ´ BUT 2 \u003d 0.89 ´ 74 \u003d 66 sq. m

Washrooms - at a rate of 0.07 sq. m per worker in the most numerous shift:

R tr= 0.07 ´ BUT 5 \u003d 0.07 ´ 64 \u003d 4 sq. m

Showers - at a rate of 0.54 sq. m per worker in the most numerous shift:

R tr= 0.54´ BUT 5 \u003d 0.54 ´ 64 \u003d 35 sq. m

Premises for heating workers - at a rate of 0.1 sq. m per worker in the most numerous shift:

R tr= 0.1´ A 3 \u003d 0.1 ´ 52 \u003d 8 sq. m (at least 8 m 2 is accepted)

A room for drying overalls and footwear - at a rate of 0.2 sq. m per worker:

R tr= 0.2´ BUT 2 \u003d 0.2 ´ 74 \u003d 15 sq. m

Restrooms - at a rate of 0.07 sq. m per worker in the most numerous shift:

R tr= 0.07 ´ BUT 5 \u003d 0.07 ´ 64 \u003d 4 sq. m

Room for personal hygiene of women - determined by the number of women working in the most numerous shift ( BUT 6):

When the number of women is less than 100 people. a special cabin with a rising shower is provided 1 pc ´ 2.88 sq. m

R tr= 3 sq. m

Open areas for recreation and smoking areas are determined by the number of employees in the most numerous shift per person 0.2 sq. m:

R tr= 0.2´ BUT 5 \u003d 0.2 ´ 64 \u003d 13 sq. m

Health center - is determined when the total number of employees in the most numerous shift is up to 300 people. - 12 sq. m - a medical room at the foremen with a separate entrance:

R tr= 12 sq. m

2.2 Food outlets

Dining room - determined at the rate of 4 people. for one seat. The number of visitors to the canteen is 75% of the number of employees in the most numerous shift:

BUT 5: 4 ´ 0.75 = 64: 4 ´ 0.75 = 12 seats

The area per one seat in the presence of 12 seats in the hall, taking into account the preparation of food from raw materials - 1.02 sq. m

R tr 1 \u003d 1.02 ´ 12 \u003d 12 sq. m

Buffet - determined at the rate of 4 people. for one seat. The number of visitors to the buffet is 25% of the number of employees in the most numerous shift:

BUT 5: 4 ´ 0.25 = 64: 4 ´ 0.25 = 4 places

The area per seat in the presence of 4 seats - 0.7 square meters. m

R tr 2 \u003d 0.7 ´ 4 \u003d 3 sq. m

Total required area for food points:

R tr = R tr 1 + R tr 2 \u003d 12 + 3 \u003d 15 sq. m

2.3 Administrative buildings

The office of the heads of sections, foremen - is determined according to the norm of 4 square meters. m per one engineer, employee and MOS working on the line and making up 50% of the total number of personnel of these categories. 10% is also added to the area of ​​corridors, passages, vestibules.

R tr= 4´ BUT 1 ´ 1.1 ´ 0.5 = 4 ´ 14 ´ 1.1 ´ 0.5 = 31 sq. m

Control room - determined according to the norm of 7 square meters. m per staff member. 5% is also added to the area of ​​corridors, walkways, vestibules and 8 sq. m - the area of ​​​​the room at the control room for the radio loudspeaker.

R tr\u003d (7 ´ Hell) ´ 1.05 + 8 \u003d (7 ´ 50) ´ 1.05 + 8 \u003d 376 sq. m,

where Ad - the number of attendants of the control room - 50 people. Red corner - determined by the norm of 0.2 square meters. m per worker in the most numerous shift. 10% is also added to the area of ​​corridors, passages, vestibules.

R tr = BUT 5 ´ 1.1 ´ 0.2 \u003d 0.22 ´ 64 \u003d 14 sq. m

Construction headquarters.

a) work rooms - at a rate of 4 sq. m per person:

R tr\u003d 4 ´ Ar \u003d 4 ´ 34 \u003d 136 square meters. m

where Ap - the number of people in the working rooms - 34 people.

b) a room for a working design group - at a rate of 6 sq. m per person:

R tr\u003d 6 ´ Ap \u003d 6 ´ 3 \u003d 18 square meters. m,

where Ap - the number of people in the working design group - 3 people.

c) offices of construction managers (complex) - at a rate of 31 sq. m per construction manager:

R tr\u003d 31 ´ An \u003d 31 ´ 2 \u003d 62 sq. m,

where An - the number of construction managers - 2 people.

d) meeting room - at a rate of 0.9 sq. m per person in the hall:

R tr\u003d 0.9 ´ Ac \u003d 0.9 ´ 10 \u003d 9 square meters. m,

where Ac - the number of people for which the meeting room is designed - for 10 people.

e) methodical office:

R tr= 23 sq. m

e) pantries:

R tr= 70 sq. m

g) construction laboratories:

R tr= 34 sq. m

Buildings and structures for warehouse purposes.

a) Closed heated warehouse - at a rate of 24 sq. m per 1 million rubles. maximum annual cost of construction and installation works:

R tr= B/T/1000´24´ T´ to

R tr= 67.0 / 1.0 / 1000 ´ 24 ´ 1.3 ´ 1.1 = 0 sq. m,

where m- coefficient of uneven production consumption of materials = 1.3;

to- coefficient of non-uniformity of receipt of materials and products to construction warehouses = 1.1;

b) Closed unheated warehouse - at a rate of 51.2 sq. m per 1 million rubles. maximum annual cost of construction and installation works:

R tr= B/T/1000´51.2´m´k

R tr= 67.0 / 1.0 / 1000 ´ 51.2 ´ 1.3 ´ 1.1 = 0 sq. m,

c) Sheds - at a rate of 76.3 sq. m per 1 million rubles. maximum annual cost of construction and installation works:

R tr= B/T/ 1000´76.3´ T´ to

R tr= 67.0/ 1.0/1000 ´ 76.3 ´ 1.3 ´ 1.1 = 1 sq. m,

d) Tool workshops - at a rate of 13 sq. m per 1 million rubles. maximum annual cost of construction and installation works:

R tr= B/T/1000´13´ m´ k

R tr= 67.0 / 1.0 /1000 ´ 13 ´ 1.3 ´ 1.1 = 0 sq. m,

e) Open storage areas at a rate of 552 sq. m per 1 million rubles. maximum annual cost of construction and installation works:

R tr= B/T/ 1000´552´ m´ k

R tr= 67.0 / 1.0 / 1000 ´ 552 ´ 1.3 ´ 1.1 = 4 sq. m,

The results of calculations of the need for temporary buildings and structures are summarized in Table B.1.

No. p / p	Name	Unit rev.	Qty.	Project number and code
Buildings and facilities for sanitary purposes
	Wardrobe	sq. m
	Washrooms	sq. m
	showers	sq. m
	Warm room for workers	sq. m
	Room for drying clothes and shoes	sq. m
	latrines	sq. m
	Room for personal hygiene of women	sq. m
	health centers	sq. m
	Food items	sq. m
	TOTAL	162 sq. m
	Open areas for recreation and smoking areas	sq. m
Administrative buildings
	Offices of section chiefs, superintendent	sq. m
	control room	sq. m
	red corner	sq. m
	Construction HQ:
	a) work rooms	sq. m
	b) room for the working design group	sq. m
	c) offices of construction managers	sq. m
	d) meeting room	sq. m
	e) methodical office	sq. m
	e) pantries	sq. m
	g) construction laboratories	sq. m
	TOTAL:	773 sq. m
Buildings and structures for storage purposes
	Closed heated warehouse	sq. m
	Closed unheated warehouse	sq. m
	Sheds	sq. m
	Tool workshops	sq. m
	Open storage areas	sq. m
	TOTAL:	5 sq. m
THE TOTAL NEED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES WITHOUT INCLUDING OPEN STORAGE AND RECREATION AREAS IS: 936 SQ. M

The need for office and administrative premises is calculated based on the maximum number of workers employed in construction and installation works. The required number of workers for the calculation of administrative and amenity premises is determined based on the average annual output according to the PSO MOSPROMSTROY and the cost of construction and installation work of the facility.

The calculation of the need for administrative and amenity premises was made on the basis of the Norms for determining the areas of temporary administrative and amenity premises during the construction of facilities in Moscow, SNiP 2.09.04-87* and the Guide to SNiP 3.01.01-85*.

Appendix 3
(reference)

An example of calculating the parameters of the network schedule for the construction of a 19-storey monolithic reinforced concrete house.
1 Initial data

1.1 Geographical point of construction: Moscow

1.2 Ground conditions: the nature and bearing capacity of soils, the position of the groundwater level is deep.

1.3 Name of the main projected object (building): monolithic reinforced concrete residential building, 19-storey, plan dimensions 28.7×28.7 m.

The height of the building is 64.89 (from the foundation slab). The height of the floor from floor to floor is 3.30 m. The height of the technical underground is 3.60 m. The height of the technical floor is 4.85 m.

1.4 Material of the main and enclosing structures: external walls - monolithic reinforced concrete load-bearing 250 mm thick; internal walls - monolithic reinforced concrete load-bearing 180 mm thick; floors - monolithic reinforced concrete 160 mm thick.

The outer walls along the facades of the building consist of monolithic reinforced concrete 250 mm thick, load-bearing, lined with large-sized decorative bricks and an effective insulation placed between them.

The internal walls are made of monolithic reinforced concrete with a thickness of 180 mm. In the technical underground there are openings for the passage of service personnel and openings for laying communications. In the residential part of the building there are channels for electrical wiring.

Interfloor floors - monolithic reinforced concrete 160 mm thick, serving as a connecting frame with walls.

Windows and balcony doors - with double glazing of a separate design.

Roof covering of the building - 5 layers: 3 layers of roofing material on bituminous mastic, insulation - mineral wool, waterproofing, cement screed.

2 Calculation of the parameters of the network schedule for the construction of a 19-storey residential building.

Start of construction - 01.04.2001

Construction is carried out during daylight hours to save energy and for safety reasons.

This project was developed for the period of construction of a residential monolithic 19-storey building at the address: Rabochaya st., 22/24.

The construction of the house is carried out with the help of a tower crane NVK-160.1.

Concreting of monolithic structures is carried out by a PUTZMEISTER BRF 3209.EM concrete pump.

Calculation of the coefficient of unevenness

where K n£ 1.5...1.7

Rmax- the maximum number of workers (according to the schedule);

Table B.1 - Aggregated calculation of the estimated cost of external networks

Table B.2 - Work identification card for network I

No. p / p	Name of works	Code (code) of works	Scope of work	Labor intensity	Composition of the brigade, people	Number of shifts	Main machines	Duration of work, days	Production, nature. indicators
units rev.	count	people-see	machine-see
	Development of the excavation soil with an excavator	1-2	m 3	3500,0
	Concrete preparation device	2-3	m 3	106,0							4,5
	Installation of reinforcement of the foundation slab on the 1st grip	3-4	T	49,8							0,33
	Installation of reinforcement of the foundation slab on the II grip	4-5	T	49,8							0,33
	Installation of the formwork of the foundation slab on the 1st grip	4-6	m 2	47,8
	Installation of the formwork of the foundation slab on the second grip	5-7	m 2	47,8
	Laying the concrete mix of the foundation slab on the 1st grip	6-8	m 3	410,0	74,5						5,5
	Installation of reinforcement of the walls of the technical underground on the 1st block	8-10	T	4,6							0,33
	Installation of reinforcement of the walls of the technical underground on the II area	9-11	T	4,6							0,33
	Installation of the formwork of the walls of the technical underground on the 1st block	10-12	m 2	1104,5							6,3
	Installation of the formwork of the walls of the technical underground on the II area	11-13	m 2	1104,5							6,3
	Laying the concrete mixture of the walls of the technical field on the 1st grip	12-14	m 3	98,6							2,3
	Laying the concrete mixture of the walls of the technical underground on the II area	13-15	m 3	98,6							2,3
	Installation of the formwork for the floor of the technical underground on the I grip	14-16	m 2	332,5	60,5						5,5
	Installation of the formwork for the floor of the technical underground on the II occupancy	15-17	m 2	332,5	60,5						5,5
	Installation of reinforcement for the floor of the technical underground on the 1st block	16-18	T	2,5	11,5						0,21
	Installation of reinforcement for the floor of the technical underground on the II area	17-19	T	2,5	11,5						0,21
	Laying the concrete mix for the floor of the technical underground on the 1st block	18-20	m 3								2,3
	Laying the concrete mix for the floor of the technical underground on the II area	19-21	m 3								2,3
	Waterproofing	15-22	m 2		16,8
	backfilling	22-23	m 3		0,5
	blind area	23-24	m 3		6,0						4,5
	Installation of wall reinforcement of a typical floor on the 1st grip	20-25	T	2,4							0.21
	Installation of wall reinforcement of a typical floor on the II grip	21-26	T	2,4							0,21
	Installation of the formwork of the walls of a typical floor on the 1st grip	25-27	m 2								6,3
	Installing the formwork of the walls of a typical floor on the II grip	26-28	m 2								6,3
	Laying the concrete mix of the walls of a typical floor on the 1st grip	27-29	m 3								2,3
	Laying the concrete mix of the walls of a typical floor on the II grip	28-30	m 3								2,3
	Installation of the formwork for the floor of a typical floor on the 1st grip	29-31	m 2								5,5
	Installation of the formwork for the floor of a typical floor on the II grip	30-32	m 2								5,5
	Installation of floor reinforcement of a typical floor on the 1st grip	31-33	T	3,0	9,5						0,32
	Installation of floor reinforcement of a typical floor on the II grip	32-34	T	3,0	9,5						0,32
	Laying the concrete mix of the floor of a typical floor on the 1st grip	33-35	m 3								2,6
	Laying the concrete mix for the floor of a typical floor on the II section	34-36	m 3								2,6
	Installation of reinforcement of the walls of the technical floor on the 1st grip	35-37	T	2,5	11,5						0,21
	Installation of reinforcement of the walls of the technical floor on the II grip	36-38	T	2,5	11,5						0,21
	Installation of the formwork of the walls of the technical floor on the 1st grip	37-39	m 2								6,3
	Installation of formwork for walls of the technical floor on the II grip	38-40	m 2								6,3
	Laying the concrete mix of the walls of the technical floor on the 1st grip	39-41	m 3								2,3
	Laying the concrete mix of the walls of the technical floor on the II grip	40-42	m 3								2,3
	Installation of formwork for the ceiling of the technical floor on the 1st grip	41-43	m 2								5,5
	Installation of formwork for the ceiling of the technical floor on the II grip	42-44	m 2								5,5
	Installation of reinforcement of the technical floor on the 1st grip	43-45	T	3,1							0,32
	Installation of fittings of the technical floor on the II grip	44-46	T	3,1							0,32
	Laying the concrete mix for the floor of the technical floor on the 1st grip	45-47	m 3								2,6
	Laying the concrete mix for the floor of the technical floor on the II grip	46-48	m 3								2,6

Table B.3. An example of calculating a network diagram in tabular form for the I model of a network diagram

Qty. previous work	Code of works	Duration	Early dates	Late dates	Reserves of time
T r.n.	T r.o.	T b.s.	T p.o.	R total	R part.
	1-2								to
	2-3								to
	3-4								to
	4-6
	6-8
	8-10
	4-5								to
	5-7								to
	7-9								to
	9-11								to
	10-12
	11-13								to
	14-16
	13-15								to

Table B.4 - Work identification card for network II

No. p / p

Code of works

Name of works

Scope of work

Labor intensity, man-days

Production in kind, units

Required Mechanisms

Duration, days

Number of shifts

Number of workers per shift

units rev.

count

Name

count

Preparation period

Rub.

400 rub.

Bulldozer D-153

Excavation

m 3

500 m2/h

Excavator E-505

The device of a monolithic foundation slab

From I network diagram

Tower crane HBK-160-1

The device of the technical underground

From I network diagram

Concrete pump PUTSMEISTER BRF 3289EM

Waterproofing

m 2

16,8

20 m

The device of external communications and input to the building

Thousand rub.

56,03

500 rubles/person

Pipelayer

Backfilling of the sinuses of the pit

m 3

0.5

500 m 3 /person

Bulldozer D-159

blind area

m 3

4.5 m3 / person

Construction of the underground part of the building

1-3 fl.

From network diagram 6802

4-7 fl.

8-11 fl.

12-15 floor

13-14

16-19 fl.

14-15

Technical floor and roof

15-16

Roof device

m 2

761,76

9.76 m2 / person

15-17

Supply of elevators

Tower crane NVK-160-1

17-18

Commissioning works

Facing works

728965.6 rubles

500 rub.

1-3 fl.

Tower crane NVK-160-1

19-20

4-7 fl.

20-21

8-11 fl.

21-22

12-15 floor

22-23

16-19 fl.

23-24

Technical floor

Plumbing work

RUB 583,172.52

450 rub.

1-3 fl.

31-32

4-7 fl.

32-33

8-11 fl.

33-34

12-15 floor

34-35

16-19 fl.

35-36

Technical floor

Electric installation work

43737939 rub.

400 rub.

19-25

1-3 fl.

25-26

4-7 fl.

26-27

8-11 fl.

27-28

12-15 floor

28-29

16-19 fl.

29-30

Technical floor

15-38

Joinery

Rub.

437,38

500 rub.

31-37

Thermal insulation works

Rub.

450 rub.

Landscaping and landscaping

Rub.

400 rub.

Related unaccounted works

Rub.

300 rub.

38-41

Preparation for delivery

41-42

Change

Total: T total= 13758 man-days

Appendix 4
(reference)

The number of workers at the construction site is determined by calculation. We accept the ratio of the categories of workers as follows:

Workers - 80%, engineers - 15%, employees - 4%, MOS - 1%.

The number of employees from the workforce movement schedule for the first shift:

Working: 14 people – 80%

х=17.5 people=18 people (we accept)

Engineering: 18 people - one hundred%

x=2.7=3 people (accept)

Employees: 18 people - one hundred%

x=0.72 people=1 person

MOP: 14 people - one hundred%

x=0.18=0 people

The work of the MOP is performed by the workers themselves in a certain sequence and for an additional fee.

N \u003d 1.05 * (N slave + N itr + N service + N mop) (3.1)

N=1.05*(18+3+1)=23.1

1.05 - coefficient taking into account absenteeism due to illness and staff being on vacation:

N=1.05*(14+2+1+0)=17.85 people+18 people

Calculation of areas of temporary buildings for construction maintenance

To calculate the areas of temporary buildings, it is necessary to know the data on the number of construction personnel, the duration of the work, as well as the current standards that provide sufficient production conditions. When calculating the area of ​​temporary buildings, all employees employed in the first shift are taken into account, the area of ​​the office is calculated based on the number of engineers, and the area of ​​the control room is calculated based on the number of employees. We summarize the calculation in table 3.1

Table 3.1 - calculation of the areas of temporary buildings

No. p / p	Building name	Indicator	Unit.	Indicator values	Estimated number of people	Required area
	Wardrobe	For 1 worker	m 2	0.8
	shower room	For 1 worker	m 2	0.5
	Dryer for clothes and shoes	For 1 worker	m 2	0.2
	Room for heating	For 1 worker	m 2	0.1
	washroom	For 1 worker	m 2	0.03
	Dining room	For a worker	m 2	0.9
	health center	For 1 worker	m 2	0.1
	dry closet	For 1 worker	m 2	0.08
	Meeting room	For 1 worker	m 2	0.75
	Office	At ITR	m 2
	control room	per employee	m 2

Having calculated the needs for temporary buildings, we make a selection of inventory buildings, taking into account the estimated area and structural characteristics.

Grouping:

1. Washroom, dining room, health center.
2. 2. meeting room, office, control room.
3. Dressing room, shower room, heating room, clothes dryer.

The results of the selection of buildings are entered in table 3.2

Table 3.2 - Explication of inventory buildings

Container-type buildings are divided into 2 groups on the basis of transportation:

• Transported on proper 1 running gear.
• Transported by special vehicles

Since our number of workers does not exceed 50 people, we accept a building with a running gear.

Warehouse organization

Warehousing is organized to create conditions that ensure timely maintenance of buildings with materials and structures.

stock of materials , subject to storage in a warehouse, is determined by the formula:

Q cr = *n * K 1 * K 2 (3.2)

Q about - the amount of materials and construction required to complete a given volume of construction and installation work.

T - the duration of the construction and installation works provided for by the calendar plan.

n is the stock rate.

K 1 - the coefficient of uneven receipt of materials at the warehouse.

K 2 - the coefficient of uneven consumption of materials.

The required warehouse area for each type of material is determined by the formula:

S=Q sc *q (3.3)

q - area norm m 2 for storing a unit of production (m 3 . t)

All calculations are summarized in table 3.3

Table 3.3 - Calculation of warehouse areas

Name of materials and products	Duration of consumption T, days	Need	Odds	Stock rate of materials n, days	Estimated stock of materials Qsk, t	S warehouse, for warehousing q	Required warehouse area, m 2
Total for the planned period Q about, t	Average daily, t	Receipt of materials to the warehouse, K 1	Consumption of materials in constructionK 2
Steel pipes				1.1	1.3			2m 2 /t
Sand				1.1	1.3			1m 2 /m 3
Prefabricated reinforced concrete				1.1	1.3			3.5m 2 /m 3

How to avoid delays in the commissioning of construction projects?

How to control the productivity of builders?

How to increase labor productivity and reduce construction time?

Prolonged construction problems

Sometimes the construction of facilities is delayed, the deadlines for commissioning housing are disrupted. It is believed that the main reasons for such situations are the general economic instability in the country, the fall in the solvency of the population, and the decline in industrial production.

However, not everything can be attributed to the economic crisis. The determining factor in the timeliness of the commissioning and commissioning of buildings in many cases is the organization of labor at construction sites. Employment of low-skilled personnel, marriage and poor quality of work, sluggishness of employees of the supply and accounting department, weak control over the execution of work by the heads of the enterprise, heads of facilities and construction sites, incorrect calendar and operational planning, failures in the operation of transport and mechanisms, ineffective motivation labor — and this is not a complete list of the reasons for low labor productivity at construction sites.

And the pace of construction largely determines its cost. This means that labor productivity requires close attention and constant monitoring.

Labor productivity in construction is characterized by such indicators as labor intensity and output per main worker.

Labor productivity indicators in construction

In most cases, actual labor productivity indicators in construction are calculated in accordance with Form No. 2 - an estimate-act is formed in the Grand Estimate program or in another similar program based on the Work Acceptance Certificate (compiled by site managers).

The act is an internal document of the organization and can be drawn up in any form. The main thing is that it contains all the information about the implementation of a certain stage of work in kind at a specific facility.

The act is checked and approved by representatives of the department of capital construction (technical supervision).

The act is drawn up for each construction site at the end of the reporting period after the end of a certain stage of construction and installation works (each site performs a certain type of general construction work). Approximate list of sites:

• finishing works;
• masonry work;
• electrical work;
• low current works;
• electrical repair work;
• special works and gas cutting;
• plumbing work and installation of plumbing systems;
• installation of ventilation and air conditioning systems;
• installation and manufacture of metal structures;
• monolithic works, etc.

Labor intensity: we calculate and analyze

The estimates-acts formed by the estimate department on the basis of acts of acceptance of the completed work of construction sites indicate the amount of work performed in kind and value terms, taking into account the estimated standard cost of a unit of work, overhead costs and estimated profit.

In the upper field of the generated documents, the total estimated and normative labor intensity of construction and installation work is indicated (labor costs for the entire volume of completed construction and installation activities under the act).

The estimate itself indicates the estimated and normative labor intensity (labor costs) of the work performed in the context of operations, types and subtypes of work for each unit of work (column 15) and for the volume performed (column 8). Of these, the total labor intensity of the work performed specified in the act is formed.

To analyze the labor productivity of a construction organization, data on the total labor intensity of work and the cost of work performed under the act are mainly used.

This is due to the fact that during construction, many types and subtypes of work are performed, which, among other things, are also divided into operations. In addition, the units of measure for the volume of work can be different (square, cubic and linear meters, tons and kilograms, pieces, etc.). Therefore, it is quite laborious to analyze the labor intensity by operations, subtypes and types of work.

However, if the construction schedule is significantly disrupted and the backlog is growing, it is necessary to pinpoint the cause and/or those responsible. In this case, it will be necessary not only to analyze the indicators of actual labor intensity for most of the nomenclature positions of construction and installation works, but also to conduct timing and photography of working time directly at the workplace.

Timing will also allow you to find out how the estimated norms of labor intensity correspond to real and optimal labor costs.

Labor intensity of construction and installation works- this is the amount of labor per unit or amount of work in man-hours, man-days, etc.

The amount of labor costs for the volume of construction and installation work(TZO) is calculated as the sum of the working time spent on the production of this type of work by each employee of the site (team, organization):

TZO \u003d B 1 + B 2 + B 3 + ... + B n ,

where B 1 is the time worked by the first main worker, etc.

For example, in a team of monolithic workers - 20 people. Each of them worked in August for 184 hours on pouring floor slabs (according to timesheets). The actual labor costs for the amount of work or the labor intensity of work on the installation of floor slabs amounted to:

184 h × 20 people = 3680 man-hours

Estimated and normative labor intensity determined according to the State elemental estimated norms for construction work, approved by the Decree of the Gosstroy of Russia in 2001

UESN are used to calculate the need for various resources (labor costs of construction workers, machinists, operating time of construction machines and mechanisms, material resources) when performing construction and installation works and to draw up on their basis estimates (estimates) for the production of these works by resource and resource-index methods.

In our example, the estimated and normative labor intensity consists of the sum of labor costs for positions 43, 44, 52, 54, 56, 58 gr. 15 estimates and is 2696 man-hours.

Let's determine how much higher the actual labor costs are than the estimated normative:

3360 man-hours - 2696 man-hours = 664 man-hours

Now let's figure out what the reason is, and try to eliminate it.

It would seem that it is easy to calculate the actual labor input and carry out its elementary analysis. However, not all so simple. And first of all, because from the available documents (acceptance certificate for construction and installation works and estimate certificate) it is impossible to single out either the volume or labor intensity of work in progress of past periods completed and executed by an acceptance certificate in the reporting period. That is, the above calculation of the actual labor intensity may be completely wrong if at the beginning of the reporting period there was a “work in progress”.

How to solve this problem?

Construction site managers are required to keep production logs and note in them the start date of the work phase. In addition, the logs should keep records of the daily performance of the shift task in physical terms in the context of the work performed with distribution to the site personnel (who, when and where did what work).

Thus, on the basis of the log data, it is possible to determine the actual complexity of performing a particular stage of work. The period of work performance before the date of acceptance and closing, taking into account the "incompletion" of previous periods, must be indicated in the internal act of acceptance of construction and installation works:

Thus, the calculation and analysis of the actual labor intensity of the work will look different.

Actual labor intensity - 4168 man-hours.

The total excess of actual labor costs over estimated and standard labor costs:

4168 man-hours - 2696 man-hours = 1472 man-hours, or 54.5%. This size of deviation requires serious analysis.

Output

Labor costs for the production of work on the installation of floor slabs are more than the estimated and normative labor intensity by 1472 man-hours. This means that the deadline for commissioning the object only due to the increase in labor costs for the construction of floor slabs has moved forward by:

1472 people-h / 20 people = 73.6 hours, i.e. more than 9 average shifts of 8 hours or more than 6 shifts of 12 hours.

Shifted deadlines for the delivery of monolithic works - this is a delay in the performance of masonry, finishing, roofing and installation of internal networks at home and other works. We need to find out the reason.

First of all, the operation of the concrete pump and the quality of the concrete mix can affect the magnitude of the labor intensity of monolithic works, in particular:

1. The composition of the concrete mixture.

2. Diameter of the concrete pipe.

3. Operational power of the concrete pump.

4. The length of the concrete pipeline, the floor of the object under construction.

5. Weather conditions (low air temperature).

6. Concrete pumping system.

7. The number of bends in the pipes of the concrete pipeline.

8. Quality of installation of all concrete pump systems.

9. Violation of the operating conditions of the concrete pump.

The reason for the increase in labor intensity can also be longer than the estimated standards, the necessary technological breaks: the beginning and end of the shift, breaks in the delivery of concrete, lifting and transferring reinforcement to the place of laying, checking and cleaning the formwork, etc. This is where timing data and photos of the working day of the site of monolithic works.

If the reason for technological breaks is recognized as objective, and their duration is justified, this should be taken into account when analyzing labor intensity.

The reason for the increase in the complexity of all types of construction and installation works can be:

• insufficient pace of work in the presence of all necessary conditions for work:

Low qualification of workers and engineers;

Inefficient system of labor motivation;

Low level of labor and production discipline of workers at the construction site;

• downtime caused by lack of materials due to malfunction of machines and mechanisms, irregular work of the supply department;
• poor organization of construction and installation works, lack of effective planning and control;
• staff turnover;
• lack of elementary mechanization of construction works or its low level (the main workers at the facility must be provided with modern mechanized construction tools);
• weather conditions (low air temperature significantly slows down the pace of construction);
• poor technical equipment and the use of outdated technologies.

When using this method of calculating the labor intensity of work, it may be difficult to attribute the data on the man-hours worked, recorded by the time sheet of the site, to one or another act of acceptance of work performed, if several acts are closed for the site per month and the work performed of a different nature is carried out in month almost in parallel.

In order not to complicate the task and not to carry out unnecessary calculations, it is possible to analyze the amount of labor intensity of work for several acts of acceptance of completed construction and installation works for the reporting period.

Working out

One of the most important indicators of labor productivity in construction is production- completed for a certain period (hour, day, month, quarter, year) the volume of construction and installation work per one main worker. This is the most common and universal indicator of labor productivity.

Production in construction can be determined in physical and cost terms. In practice, for the analysis of labor productivity, the most commonly used indicator is the output in terms of value based on the total volume of construction and installation works according to the estimate-act of acceptance of work performed.

In general, based on the results of the work of the site and the construction object, the output is determined by the sum of all acts of acceptance of the work performed.

To determine the output per worker or per man-hour in value terms, it is necessary to divide the volume of construction and installation work by the number of key personnel who performed these works, or by the number of man-hours worked.

With the help of a comparative analysis of standard and actual output indicators, one can determine how productive a particular section or team worked, find out the reasons for low labor productivity and take measures to reduce construction time.

Consider an example of calculating planned and actual output and the procedure for its analysis.

Standard yield calculation formula:

V \u003d O / H sr / cn,

where B is the output;

O - the amount of work performed;

H sr / cn - average number.

That is, to calculate the output per employee, you need to know the number of employees. The standard formula for calculating the output includes the average headcount, by which the volume of completed construction and installation work should be divided.

However, one of the features of construction is a high level of staff turnover due to difficult working conditions and low wages.

In addition, if a construction company is building multiple sites at the same time, it may "shuffle" workers from one site to another (to meet deadlines).

It is necessary to take into account frequent absenteeism, drunkenness, injuries - all this is far from uncommon in our construction.

Therefore, the calculation of output, taking into account the average number of construction sites and the construction organization as a whole, will not give the correct result.

How to correctly determine output?

In any construction organization, the output of workers must be taken into account in the time sheets and in production journals. Based on these data, it is possible to compile a daily report on the output of construction workers to construction sites in the context of construction sites. And when calculating the number to determine the output, use the average daily number of workers.

Consider the differences in the results of calculating the average payroll and average daily headcount in a construction organization.

The average headcount is calculated as follows:

H cf / cn = (Number at the beginning of the period + Number at the end of the period) / 2.

Calculation of the average number - in table. 1-3.

Table 1

Calculation of the average headcount for sites and facilities as of 08/01/2016

Day of the month	Plot
	Finishing area
	Site of masonry work
	Area of ​​low current works
	Plumbing area
	Glass installation area
	Site of monolithic works

table 2

Number as of 31.08.2016

Day of the month	Site name
	Finishing area
	Site of masonry work
	Electrical work site
	Area of ​​low current works
	Electrical repair area
	Area of ​​special works and gas cutting
	Plumbing area
	Site for installation of ventilation and air conditioning systems
	Site of installation and fabrication of metal structures
	Glass installation area
	Site of monolithic works
	Total man-days worked in all areas at two sites

Table 3

Average headcount

Month	Site name	Average headcount for August
	Finishing area
	Site of masonry work
	Electrical work site
	Area of ​​low current works
	Electrical repair area
	Area of ​​special works and gas cutting
	Plumbing area
	Site for installation of ventilation and air conditioning systems
	Site of installation and fabrication of metal structures
	Glass installation area
	Site of monolithic works
	Total man-days worked in all areas at two sites

Table 4

Calculation of the average daily population

Month	Site name	Total average daily population for two objects	In total, the average daily number of the object on the street. Zhuravleva, 46	In total, the average daily number of the object on the street. Pankrashchenko, 44
	Finishing area
	Site of masonry work
	Electrical work site
	Area of ​​low current works
	Electrical repair area
	Area of ​​special works and gas cutting
	Plumbing area
	Site for installation of ventilation and air conditioning systems
	Site of installation and fabrication of metal structures
	Glass installation area
	Site of monolithic works
	Total man-days worked in all areas at two sites

Table 5

Deviation of the actual average daily number from the average number

Month	Site name	Deviation for two objects	Deviation on the object on the street. Zhuravleva, 46	Deviation on the object on the street. Pankrashchenko, 44
	Finishing area
	Site of masonry work
	Electrical work site
	Area of ​​low current works
	Electrical repair area
	Area of ​​special works and gas cutting
	Plumbing area
	Site for installation of ventilation and air conditioning systems
	Site of installation and fabrication of metal structures
	Glass installation area
	Site of monolithic works
	Total Deviation

Output

The average number of the construction organization in August is more than the calculated average daily number of actual output by 34 people. This suggests that the calculation of output by the average headcount will be incorrect.

Let us calculate the actual and estimated normative output per one operating section of monolithic works according to the number of actual output and the estimate-act of performed monolithic works on the facility at Pankrashchenko Street, 44 per month.

Actual output = 3,045,206.8 rubles. / 17 people = 17,913.34 rubles/person

Let's define the estimated-normative output (B norms) per hour:

In norms \u003d TZO norms / P months,

where П months is the duration of the period in hours.

Normal = 2696 person-hours / 184 hours = 14.65 people.

184 hours - working time standard in August 2016

Hence B norms per month = 3,045,206.8 rubles. / 14.65 people = 20,786.8 rubles/person

So, the actual output for the month is lower than the estimated normative by 2873.46 rubles per person, or by 13.8%. Possible reasons for this situation are listed above.

Note!

When calculating actual output, work in progress of the previous period closed in the reporting month may not be taken into account. Such an analysis will not reveal a discrepancy between the estimated normative and actual output per worker based on the average payroll or average daily number for the full period of work, taking into account the "incomplete".

In this case, the output per person per day should be calculated, since the number of days in the presence of work in progress at the beginning of the reporting period and their closure in the reporting period will be greater than if there was no work in progress.

First, we determine the actual output per worker per day:

RUB 3,045,206.8 / 17 people / 31 working days (from July 22, 2016 to August 31, 2016) = 5778.38 rubles / person in a day.

Normative production per day:

RUB 3,045,206.8 / 14.65 people / 23 working days in August 2016 = 9037.56 rubles / person in a day.

As you can see, the actual output is one man-day lower than the estimated normative by 3259.18 rubles / person, or 36%.

To control labor productivity, you can calculate the actual (In h / actual) and standard (In h / norms) output per person-hour:

In h / fact \u003d O / TSO fact,

In h / norms \u003d O / TZO norms.

This indicator will be correct if there are work in progress at the beginning of the reporting month, included in the act of completion of the reporting month.

In our example:

RF / fact = 3,045,206.8 rubles. / 4168 person-hours = 730.62 rubles / person-hours

HF / norms = 3,045,206.8 rubles. / 2696 person-hours = 1129.53 rubles / person-hours

As you can see, the actual output per man-hour is lower than the estimated norm by 398.91 rubles / person, or 35.3%, i.e., more than a third.

The discrepancy between the actual production and the estimated and normative one indicates a high probability that the deadlines for putting the facility into operation will be disrupted, unless, of course, timely effective measures are taken to increase labor productivity.

conclusions

Calculations have shown that to control labor productivity in construction, it is advisable to use three indicators:

• labor intensity of work in man-hours (actual and estimated-normative indicators are compared and in dynamics);
• output per person per day (actual and estimated-normative indicators are compared and in dynamics);
• output per man-hour (actual and estimated-normative indicators are compared in dynamics).

Missed deadlines for commissioning an object can be fraught with a significant increase in the cost of maintaining the object (lighting, heating, security, remuneration of management and other personnel, interest on loans, etc.). In addition, long-term construction has a negative impact on the image of the enterprise.

In order to comply with construction schedules and calendar plans, it is necessary to identify weak links in the overall construction process in time. A good tool for solving this problem is the control of labor productivity, but only on condition that all indicators are calculated correctly.

L. I. Kiyutsen,
Head of PEO LLC "Corporation Mayak"

Calculation of the number of construction personnel

The basis for calculating the composition of construction personnel is the general schedule of movement of workers. The total number of personnel employed in construction per shift is determined by the formula:

Nmax - the maximum number of workers in the main and non-main production;

NITR - the number of engineers (engineering and technical workers);

NMOP - the number of MOP (junior service personnel);

NSERVICE - the number of employees.

The number of engineers, MOS and employees is determined in accordance with the ratios indicated below, depending on the categories of employees:

N - 100%; Nmax - 85%; NITP - 8%; NMOS - 5%; NSERVICE - 2%.

The total number of personnel employed in the construction shift:

N= 72+ 7+ 4+ 2= 85 people

Determination of need and selection of types of inventory buildings

Temporary buildings and structures are placed in areas that are not subject to development by the main facilities, in compliance with fire safety rules and safety regulations, outside the dangerous zones of operation of mechanisms. The office of the foreman or foreman should be located closer to the object under construction, and the household premises near the entrance to the construction site. The room for heating workers should be located at a distance of no more than 150 m from the workplace. Food points should be located at least 25 m and not more than 600 m from workplaces from toilets and garbage bins, a first-aid post should be located in the same block in the same block with amenity premises and no further than 800 m from workplaces. The distance from toilets to the most remote places inside the building should not exceed 100 m, to workplaces outside the building - 200 m. The construction site should provide a place for workers to rest and smoke, and there should also be shields with fire fighting equipment.

The distributing network of temporary water and power supply is designed after all their consumers are placed on the building plan. The fire (permanent) water supply network must be looped, and fire hydrants are located on it no further than 100 m from one another. The distance from the hydrants to the building should be at least 5 m and not more than 50 m, and from the edge of the road - no more than 2 m. Temporary transformer substations should be located in the center of electrical loads and no further than 250 m from the consumer. To illuminate the premises and the construction site, a temporary electrical network independent of the power supply should be provided.

When designing a construction plan, it is necessary to provide for measures to protect the environment: the preservation of the soil layer, compliance with the requirements for dust and gas contamination of the air, the treatment of domestic and industrial wastewater, and others.

Modern requirements for the development of a construction plan prescribe: to equip exits from construction sites with points for cleaning or washing vehicle wheels; to close the facades of buildings and structures overlooking the streets, highways and squares with a hinged decorative mesh fence; free the construction site from foreign buildings, structures and structures (in accordance with the construction organization project).

The basis for choosing the nomenclature and calculating the need for space inventory of administrative and domestic temporary buildings are the duration of the construction of this facility and the number of construction personnel.

Number calculation for:

foreman's choice:

people = 6 people;

sanitary facilities:

dressing room:

The volume of inventory buildings should be minimal, but providing normal production and living conditions for workers and rational organization of the construction site. The results of the calculation of inventory buildings are given in table. 6.

Table 6 Calculation of inventory buildings

Based on the established need for space, the type of inventory buildings is selected. Their construction should be carried out according to standard projects.

Table 7 Explication of inventory buildings

Name of inventory buildings	Estimated area, m2	Plan dimensions, m	Number of buildings	Accepted area, m2	Constructive characteristic	Used sample project
Prorabskaya					container	UTS 420-04-10 SPD
checkpoint					mobile	Orgtechstroy of the Ministry of Construction Lit. SSR
Wardrobe					container	Trest Leningradorgstroy
					container
Heating and drying room					container
Dining room					mobile	Trest Leningradorgstroy
Honey. paragraph					container	Trest Leningradorgstroy

1. Calculation of the number of construction personnel.

The list of workers at the construction site includes workers who are directly involved in the construction process, as well as in transport and service facilities. The basis for calculating the composition of construction personnel is the general schedule of movement of workers. The maximum number of workers (determined according to the calendar) schedule is 85% of the total number of personnel employed in construction per shift.

The number of employees, engineering and technical workers and junior workers is taken to be 2%, 8% and 5%, respectively, of the total number of workers employed in construction per shift. The total number of personnel employed in construction is determined by the formula:

Ntotal=(Nmax*100) /85=(73*100) /85=86 people

NITR=0.08*N=0.08*86=7 people

Nservice=0.02*N=0.02*86=2 people

NMOP=0.05*N=0.05*86=4 people

2. Determining the need and choosing the types of inventory buildings.

The basis for choosing the nomenclature and calculating the need for space inventory of administrative and cultural temporary buildings is the duration of the construction of this facility and the number of construction personnel.

In the process of forming inventory buildings, it is necessary to determine their quantity and quality characteristics, which should

satisfy the conditions of construction in any period of time, as well as the specified restrictions.

The number of workers is calculated as follows:

for the foreman

Nforeman \u003d 0.5 * (NITR + NMOS) \u003d 0.5 * (7 + 4) \u003d 5.5 \u003d 6

for sanitary facilities:

Nsanitary life \u003d 0.7 * Nmax + 0.8 * (NITR + NMOS ”+ Nservice) \u003d 0.7 * 73 + 0.8 * (7 + 4 + 2) \u003d 61.5 \u003d 62

for dressing room

Table 1. Calculation of inventory buildings.

	Number of staff	Norm for 1 person		Estimated area, m2
		unit of measurement	Indicator value
Construction office (foreman)	6	m2	4	24
checkpoint		m2	-	10
Wardrobe	73	m2	0,6	43,8
shower room	62			24
Warm room for workers	62	m2	0,1	6,2
Clothes drying room	62	m2	0,2	12,4
Dining room	73	m2	1,0	73
Toilet	73			15
health center		m2	12	12

Table 2 Explication of inventory buildings

Name of inventory buildings	Estimated area,		Plan dimensions, m	Number of buildings		accepted area,		Storage construct	Used sample project
Prorabskaya	24		3.1x8.5	1		24,3		Move	PC-5
checkpoint	10		2.3x5.5	1		11,5		Move	Orgtechstroy of the Ministry of Construction Lit. SSR
Wardrobe		43,8	2.9x8.8		2	47,6	Move		Trest Leningradorgstroy
shower room		24	3.1x8.5		1	24,3	Move		PD-4
Warm room for workers and dryer		18,6	2.7x9.0		1	22,0	Cont.		UTS 420-01-13
Dining room		73	6.9x12.0		1	75,5	Cont.		UTS 420-04-33
Toilet		15	2.8x8.2		1	21,5	Move		SAT
health center		12	2.7x6.0		1	14,3	Cont.		UGS 420-04-23

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