Methods of analysis of financial and economic activity of the enterprise. Vertical analysis of companies across industries

“Greetings, visitor of the blog “Marketer's Diary”. Today we will talk about one of the main tasks of a marketer of any company with a large and diverse assortment. This task is to analyze the product group.

In my work, it is often necessary to analyze a particular group of goods in order to identify its shortcomings and possible ways profit increase. Undoubtedly, all groups are different and it is necessary to analyze them from different angles, depending on the task. I personally developed a general algorithm for analyzing a product group, which I actually try to adhere to. In this article I will reveal the main points with a detailed description.

Algorithm for analyzing a product group

Sales dynamics is an integral part of the analysis of any product group. The dynamics is analyzed according to several main indicators: revenue, quantity of goods sold, profit. Data for the dynamics are taken taking into account the data of past years (from 1 to 3, depending on the global nature of the task). Those. if it is necessary to analyze sales for the last quarter, then the data for the same quarter of the previous year are taken in aggregate. Firstly, this will allow you to see the current dynamics, and secondly, to identify an increase or decrease in comparison with the previous year.

Check analysis, also one of the necessary components of the analysis of a group of goods. I have already mentioned this analysis before, but here I will only add that a comparison with last year is also highly desirable.

ABC - analysis. The article on ABC analysis has already been published, you can read it by clicking on the link. I will only note that when analyzing a product group, it is more logical to carry out ABC analysis according to two parameters, but this depends on the task. I usually use a combination of revenue and number of units sold, but in very rare cases I combine quantity and profit. And I often deviate from the generally accepted standards of 80/15/5 to my own crushing of 50/35/15.

XYZ analysis assortment. An article has also been published on this type of analysis. Here I will only note that xyz analysis ideally distributes the assortment into categories of demand predictability.

Share of missing positions- in the analysis of the product group, it is also a necessary item, since the goods, for various reasons, simply could not be in stock (buyer's mistake, large delivery lag, interruptions at the supplier) and, as a result, no sales. At the same time, it is worth considering not only how many and which positions were missing, but also which of them belong to category “A” of the previous analysis. I deal with such positions separately - why, who is to blame, how to avoid failures.

Assortment change. This takes into account new items added to the assortment, or items excluded from sale. For excluded items, it is highly desirable to view sales statistics in the previous period and understand the reason for the withdrawal from the assortment. This point can be easily clarified by talking with the category manager responsible for these positions.

Representation of positions in various price segments and, accordingly, the share of sales in these segments. Here, as a rule, I analyze the breakdown of the assortment by brand (if the brand in this group of goods has some meaning, for example, power tools). I usually cross these two parameters in one table (header - price segment; column - brand) - this is both clear and understandable in what steppe the failures.

Price and assortment analysis of competitors. I choose 3-5 main competitors and analyze the corresponding product group, by price and representation in the competitor's assortment. It is so established that we want to sell better than competitors, and who does not want more money, and as a result, prices should preferably be lower and the assortment should be appropriate, although here it depends on the positioning of the company. Here we also take into account the deviation from the mean and minimum price competitors.

The last point in the analysis of the product group is the identification of customer preferences. Because third-party sales data is a hard-to-find tool, you have to scour the internet for customer preference surveys and opinion forums. You can also conduct a survey of buyers, but this is with a strong need. Yes, not just, but how else. But this is one of the most interesting moments in the duties of a marketer.

Features of the analysis of the product group

Speaking about the analysis of a product group, it is worth mentioning a number of features that, one way or another, affect the state of the group and the general understanding of its development:

  • Display of the product group in the hall retail outlet sales;
  • The work of sales consultants in the sale of this product group;
  • Awareness of customers about the presence of this product group in the assortment of the company;

Despite the fact that these may be secondary points for the analysis of the product group as a whole, you need to know and understand this, perhaps these are the parameters that are fundamental for this group of products. For example, the sales of the group fell, and why, yes, because they were shifted to the bottom shelf a month ago or the consultants forgot about them, but these are, of course, extremes.

Report on the analysis of the product group

In the end, when the product group has undergone a thorough analysis from all points of view, a single document of 7-10 pages is formed. Graphs, diagrams, tables, conclusions and suggestions are added - and that's it, for the judgment of the authorities. If the product group is characterized by a falling trend and its significance for the company is justified, an action plan is proposed for the "resuscitation" of the group, which is subsequently implemented. If the product group does not represent any value for the company, the option and possibility of withdrawing the group's positions from the assortment is calculated.

Colleague, in this article I tried to display as fully as possible how to analyze the product group. If you have any questions, I will be happy to answer them in the comments, so write. That's all.

This article will cover the topic "How to conduct business analysis". Business analysis is aimed at studying all aspects of the business. What is it for? Mainly, in order to make the work of the business as efficient as possible. If a company is stable, it does not always mean that it has no problems. Perhaps the consequences have not yet made themselves felt. And in order to avoid disastrous situations, continuous monitoring of the company's activities is important.

How to conduct business analysis and where to start?

Before analyzing all the activities of the company at once, it is necessary to study its components. The “environment” of any organization is made up of two smaller ones: external and internal environments.

Internal environment- this is everything that is inside the company: its departments, employees, set of rules, cash flows, information flows and much more.

External environment- this is what surrounds the company from the outside: government policy, consumer demand, partners, investors, etc. How to determine what belongs to the external environment of the company, and what does not apply here at all? Components external environment necessarily have an impact on the performance of the company.

Any business analysis has its purpose. This can be a study to find solutions to a problem that has arisen, a way out of an urgent problem, monitoring the result of innovations introduced into the work of a company, etc. Be that as it may, any analysis should begin with a specific goal. And only after its formation, you can proceed to the process itself.

The analysis plan has the following sequence:

  • goal setting;
  • collection of information that is needed to solve the goal;
  • analysis of the received information;
  • drawing conclusions based on the analysis data.

Business Analysis Methods

Of course, without the methods of business analysis, the topic “How to conduct a business analysis” cannot exist. There are actually quite a few methods. For a full-fledged result, several techniques are used at once in the analysis. Basically, all types of business analysis can be divided into two groups: qualitative and quantitative. In the second case, the analysis is more objective, as it relies on accurate data, indicators, figures.

The most common methods of analysis:

  1. SWOT analysis is the most famous method. Here, four components of the entire business or its individual segment are considered:
    • strengths;
    • weak sides;
    • opportunities;
    • risks.
  2. BCG matrix. Is used for visual presentation the significance of the products manufactured or sold by the company. It is also used to compare companies. The matrix is ​​based on 4 quadrants, each of which has its own name and meaning. The axes of the matrix (growth rate and market share) allow you to correctly position the product in the matrix. This is how the most promising and profitable product or company (in the upper right corner) is revealed, in which, at the end of the analysis, it will be necessary to invest the largest number funds. It is also used to analyze competition in the market.
  3. ABC method. This method is used to analyze the resources used by the enterprise to achieve its goal. Resources, in turn, are analyzed in order to reduce production costs. As a result of this process, all resources are distributed into three groups: A, B, C. Group A is the resources that bring the greatest amount of profit (80% of the total number of all profits). Group B - average (15%), C - the least (5%). If you notice, then this method is based on the "Pareto Principle", according to which 20% of efforts bring 80% of the result.
  4. AnalysisPEST. It is used to analyze the external environment of the company, considering it in parts. Main parts of PEST analysis:
    • political factors;
    • economic forces;
    • social factors;
    • economic forces.

In addition to the above four methods of business analysis, there are a huge number of others. Moreover, each of the techniques is aimed at analyzing a specific segment of the organization's life. The complex use of several of them will help to analyze the company most fully and find the right solution for the existing problem.

Main types of analysis

Depending on the content, purpose, scope of the analyzed indicators, time and place of the analysis economic activity is subdivided into the following types: general economic, technical and economic, periodic, operational, systematic, one-time, thematic, comprehensive, internal, external, current, subsequent and comparative.

General economic analysis is the study of economic enterprise activities, associations as a whole, according to the report, mainly in monetary terms, according to aggregated economic indicators (for example, gross and marketable output, number of employees and fund wages in general and by their categories, cost and sales volume, profitability level, profit amount, etc.). A general economic analysis is carried out without detailing general production indicators, without studying individual factors (equipment, technology, organization of production, etc.) and identifying the degree of their influence on the overall result of the implementation of the production plan. This, however, does not mean that in the process economic analysis in necessary cases, detailing of the aggregated indicators of production is not carried out. So, for example, manufactured products are also studied by assortment, wage fund - by types of wages, cost - by cost elements. Thus, the general economic analysis makes it possible to determine the degree of fulfillment of the plan as a whole in terms of the main production indicators, deviations from the plan, and to establish their main causes.

The technical and economic analysis of economic activity can be considered as a logical continuation of economic analysis. This type of analysis involves the use of technical and production indicators to identify factors and the degree of their influence on the efficiency of the use of raw materials, materials, equipment, labor and financial resources.

In the process of technical and economic analysis, general, enlarged economic indicators work, the work of shops, sections, workplaces and the influence of individual factors on the final results are studied. At the same time, the causes of shortcomings in the work are investigated and their specific culprits are established.

Periodic Analysis is carried out according to the reporting data presented by the enterprise, association. The timing of reporting and determine its frequency - year, half year, quarter, month. At the same time, the final data of the enterprise's work for the past reporting period are studied, this is the disadvantage of periodic analysis, since it is impossible to correct the shortcomings that were in the work.

Operational analysis is carried out immediately after receiving information about the course of the most important business processes - the implementation of the plan, movement material assets or stocks, etc. Its main task is to identify deviations from planned targets, shortcomings in work, evaluate them and immediately inform the management of the enterprise for them to make prompt decisions and correct the situation. The condition for rational analysis is timely receipt necessary information based on operational accounting.

Systematic analysis is carried out constantly for certain periods of time - a shift, a day, a five-day period, a decade, a month, a quarter, a year. It is important to make systematic not only periodic, but also operational analysis, this allows you to constantly monitor the progress production processes identifying performance deficiencies and correcting them.

One Time Analysis It is carried out mainly if it is necessary to study, clarify a particular particular issue. If, for example, it became necessary to analyze the causes of a severe financial position enterprise or increase the cost of its products, then a one-time analysis is carried out on a specific topic.

Thematic analysis is carried out for several or all enterprises of the association, its topic can be both best practices and shortcomings, for example: the presence of defective products, excess stocks of material assets, etc.

Comprehensive analysis differs from thematic analysis by the volume of issues studied. As a rule, it is complete: all the activities of the enterprise for the use of production assets, labor resources, material assets, etc. The results of the implementation of the technical and financial plan are studied comprehensively, according to all indicators, in their mutual connection and conditionality. The analysis penetrates into all pores of the economic mechanism, into all areas of their activity, into workplaces with their performers, and the deeper, in more detail they analyze business processes, the more fully the reserves of production are revealed.

It is known that the assessment of the implementation of the plan is the most important object of analysis. A comprehensive analysis also involves the analysis of the plan itself, the identification of reserves that are not taken into account by the plan, the development of proposals to take into account the possibilities available to the enterprise to increase output, improve its quality and increase production efficiency.

Depending on who performs the analysis, it can be internal or external.

Internal analysis conducted by employees of the functional departments and services of the enterprise directly, it is the most detailed and complete, uses data characterizing all aspects of the production and financial and economic activities of the enterprise.

External analysis is carried out by higher economic organizations controlling and leading government bodies, institutions of the State Bank and Stroybank, financial and statistical bodies, taking into account the specifics of their work and the functions performed. The analysis is carried out on a specific topic. Depending on the time of the analysis of economic activity is divided into current and subsequent.

The current analysis is carried out both by specialists of the functional services of the enterprise, and by the heads of workshops, sections, public organizations(for example, public bureaus of economic analysis, etc.).

This type of analysis is reduced to the daily identification of possible deviations from the production plan, its implementation, cost reduction, from the consumption rates of raw materials, materials, production rates, etc. The current analysis is carried out in the process of "production and movement of material values.

Subsequent analysis is carried out after the completion of certain business processes in order to open additional production reserves and make proposals for improving work. Based on the final data for the past period, the subsequent analysis studies processes and phenomena, outlines ways to improve production and eliminate shortcomings.

Comparative analysis is reduced to comparing the technical and economic indicators of the work of enterprises of an association or divisions of one enterprise. It is important for a more complete identification of the reserves available in production, the study and dissemination of best practices, an objective assessment of the quality of work, the introduction of progressive average industry standards at enterprises and an increase in the efficiency of production in the whole association, industry. The main task of this type of analysis is to identify the possibilities for the most rational use of material, labor and financial resources.

In the process of comparing the technical and economic performance indicators, it is important not only to identify the worst or best state of production, but also the reasons for the backlog or successful work enterprises and their divisions, how they use the available production conditions, material, labor and financial resources, production capacities.

Comparative analysis can be intra-factory and inter-factory. Intra-factory comparative analysis is carried out in relation to the structural divisions of the enterprise - workshops, sections, teams, industries and individual workers (jobs). It gives an assessment of the performance of technical and economic indicators for a certain period by these units.

In the process of intra-factory comparative analysis, positive and negative factors of work, achievements and shortcomings, advanced and lagging areas of various production units are identified. This, in turn, makes it possible for those who are lagging behind to apply the best practices of the units, as a result of which the situation as a whole improves. However, intra-factory comparative analysis is limited by a separate enterprise, the identified reserves are realized only by divisions of this enterprise.

Interfactory Benchmarking carried out in relation to several enterprises or a group of them. Its task is to identify the progressive aspects of production, the best practices of well-performing enterprises, more advanced technical methods and organizational forms of government, proven by practice, for the purpose of implementation at other enterprises. Exchange of experience to improve economic efficiency production and improvement of its organization - the main goal of inter-factory comparative analysis.

This type of analysis is especially characteristic of socialist production, where enterprises are free from competition inherent in capitalist society for the purpose of gaining and suppressing, ruining the weak by the strong. In our conditions, everything advanced, valuable, approved by some enterprises, is used by others on the basis of commonwealth and mutual assistance, thanks to which high results all enterprises, social production generally. This is largely facilitated by inter-factory comparative analysis.

Comparative analysis within the enterprise, for example, by the cost of homogeneous products produced by different shops, allows you to find ways to reduce it per unit of output, identify the best practices of the best departments and extend it to others - lagging shops, teams, individual workers. The results of a comparative analysis are used to assess the quality of work of individual subdivisions, their compliance with the provisions of intra-factory cost accounting, the economy regime, the norms for the consumption of materials and other costs for production, to identify the leaders in production and to sum up the results of socialist competition between subdivisions.

Interfactory comparative analysis is carried out by a comprehensive study of production indicators, i.e., taking into account the influence of all factors. If, for example, at sugar factories, the indicator of sugar yield in relation to the mass of processed beets is studied, then “it is necessary to identify the quality of beets, the duration of production, its rhythm, the types of equipment used and its technological properties for processing raw materials and other factors.

The main conditions for this type of analysis are the comparability of indicators, i.e. the same or similar types of products, the volume of production, its organizational structure management, a degree of specialization that contributes to the expansion of comparative analysis.

Interfactory comparative analysis is carried out in a certain sequence:

    selection of enterprises for grouping in a given industry Food Industry, such as sugar production;

    determination of technical and economic indicators for comparison;

    collection and processing of analytical materials, tables, calculations;

    determination of production reserves that can be used at lagging enterprises;

    development of proposals based on the results of a comparative analysis.

The grouping of enterprises for comparative analysis is carried out on the basis of their identical production capacity, which determines the volume of output, the need for raw materials and materials, production costs. In addition, they take into account the conditions for the procurement of raw materials, which is typical for the food industry, for example, granulated sugar (from beets), the level of technical equipment of production, the quality of raw materials, etc. Taking into account these specific conditions of individual compared enterprises, it is necessary to make adjustments to the analytical conclusions of the comparative analysis.

As an example, we will conduct an inter-factory comparative analysis of the cost of sugar at three factories. The basis of comparative analysis is the conditional costs per unit of output.

Conditional costs per 1 ton of granulated sugar (in rubles) for sugar factories are shown in table 3.

Table 3
Indicators
№ 1 № 2 № 3
plan actually plan actually plan actually
factorycost price 250 246 260 262 254 249
non-manufacturing expenses 2,2 2,1 4,7 5,3 1,9 2,8
Full cost 252,2 248,1 264,7 267,3 255,9 251,8

As can be seen from the data in Table. 3, the most low cost 1 ton of sugar was achieved at plant No. 1 - 248.1 rubles, it is lower than planned by 4.1 rubles. (252.2-248.1), lower than at plant No. 2, by 19.2 rubles. (267.3-248.1) and lower than at plant No. 3, by 3.7 rubles. (251.8-248.1). The highest prime cost was formed at plant No. 2 - 267.3 rubles, compared with the plan, the excess here is 2.6 rubles. (267.3-264.7) or 1%. The rest of the plants overfulfilled the plan for the cost of production.

To find out the reasons for the overestimation of the cost of sugar at plant No. 2 and to find reserves for its reduction, it is necessary to analyze the cost items for its production. Having made a sample from form No. 6 of the annual report “Cost marketable products» of some cost items, we obtain the data presented in Table. 4 (in rubles). They testify that the cost overestimation of sugar was affected by overspending compared to the plan for the articles indicated in the table.

Table 4
Factories № 1 № 2 № 3
Costs and losses per 1 ton of granulated sugar plan actually plan actually plan actually
Fuel and energy 9,9 8,1 10,5 11,8 10,1 10,3
limestone stone 2,4 2,1 2,9 3,4 2,5 2,6
non-manufacturing expenses 2,2 2,1 4,7 5,3 1,9 2,8
Beet losses during storage and transportation, % 5,3 2,7 6,9 9,8 5,7 4,9
Loss of sugar in production, % 1,1 1,0 1,5 1,7 1,2 1,3

The overspending compared to the plan amounted to 1.3 rubles, or 12.3% per 1 ton of sugar (11.8-10.5 and 1.3*100:10.5). These costs actually turned out to be higher than at plant No. 1 by 3.7 rubles, or 45.6%, and higher

e than Factory No. 3, by 1.5 rubles, or by 14.5%; the consumption of limestone is overestimated compared to the plan by 17.2% (3.4-2.9 = 0.5; 0.5 * 100: 2.9), and compared with the consumption at plant No. 1 by 62% (3.4-2.1 \u003d 1.3; 1.3 * 100: 2.1) and at plant No. 3 - by 30.7%. Significantly higher at plant No. 2 are non-production costs and sugar losses in production, as well as losses of beets during storage and transportation. Losses at plant No. 2 are 3.6 times greater than at plant No. 1 (9.8: 2.7), and twice as high as at plant No. 3 (9.8: 4.9), and according to compared with the plan, these losses increased by 42% (9.8-6.9 = 2.9; 2.9*100:6.9=42). Thus, reserves for cost reduction at plant No. 2 should be sought in improving the use of fuel and energy, reducing non-production costs, and reducing losses of beets and sugar in production.

Similarly, a comparative analysis of other technical and economic indicators of enterprises is carried out.

2. Trap for the Black Swan. Video lecture.

Financial reporting?

This concept implies a process that helps to assess both the current and previous financial conditions, as well as controls and monitors the performance of the organization. Thus, this definition consists of a set of research methods and tools that allow you to identify the most important characteristics and the main connections necessary to make the right verdict. Financial statement analysis has the following significant advantages: it eliminates the influence of guesswork, intuition and hunches, reduces the risk of uncertainty, and helps to simplify and specify the decision-making process. It should also be noted that this type of control does not reduce the healthy need for business sense, but allows you to create a solid system that serves as the basis for its effective use.

Analysis financial activities: what is it for?

It should begin with the calculation of the main and necessary indicators, as well as factor analysis, which is carried out in order to identify the ways to most effective management and further successful development organization and, therefore, to bring together the results of past decisions. All this helps to make the most correct and rational forecast of the future position of the company and Money that she may have. The analysis of financial statements contains summary information about the obligations of the organization, its assets and funds, exercises full control over all events and operations, as well as their results. This information has a significant range of users involved in making accounting decisions. These can be both employees of this organization, and suppliers, investors, creditors, buyers, as well as government agencies. It must be remembered that each of them may have information needs of different quality and scale.

Analysis of financial statements: principles

It includes several principles according to which it is compiled. This includes accrual accounting, objectivity and conservatism, consistency and reasonableness. An important form of this type of monitoring is the balance sheet. It does not illustrate the nature of the cash flow and does not indicate the facts of business transactions. The main purpose of such an analysis is to determine the financial position of the organization in a specific time period. It should be noted that the balance sheet may contain information about liabilities, assets and equity. Analysis of financial statements can be carried out in several ways, depending on the task presented to be performed. In addition, it should be remembered that each user's attention can be focused on different indicators. For example, liquidity of the enterprise is important for creditors, and data on the profitability of the organization is important for shareholders.

The long-term development of any enterprise depends on the ability of management to identify emerging problems in a timely manner and competently neutralize them. To achieve this goal, financial analytics is used, the purpose of which is to identify all the problematic elements in the company's management tools.

What is the financial analysis of the enterprise

Financial analysis should be understood as the complex use of certain procedures and methods for an objective assessment of the state of the enterprise and its economic activity. The basis for the assessment is quantitative and qualitative accounting information. It is after its analysis that specific managerial decisions are made.

Financial analysis is focused on studying the economic, technical and organizational level of the enterprise, as well as the departments related to it. The goals of financial analysis include the assessment of the financial and industrial economic activities of the company, including the diagnosis of bankruptcy.

Financial Analysis Priorities

The financial and economic analysis of the state of the enterprise sets specific tasks, the fulfillment of which determines the accuracy of the analytics result. We are talking about discovering the reserves and possibilities of production that were not used, about assessing the quality, establishing the impact specific types activities on the overall results of management and on the identification of factors that caused deviations from the standards. In the process of analysis, a forecast of the expected results of the enterprise's activities and the preparation of information necessary for making a management decision are also carried out.

It can be argued that the financial analysis of the enterprise plays a role financial management both in the company itself and in the process of cooperation with partners, tax authorities, financial and credit system. It takes into account business activity, financial stability, profitability and profitability. The analysis itself can also be defined as a tool for managing, planning, as well as monitoring the company's activities and its diagnostics.

At the same time, it should be noted that the analysis of specific aspects of the enterprise's activity is based on the analysis of the system of indicators, moreover, in a dynamic state. This is explained by the fact that the financial and production and economic activities of the company, as well as its divisions, have interrelated indicators. For this reason, changes in specific indicators can affect the final financial technical and economic indicators of the enterprise.

Financial and economic analysis of the enterprise: goals

Speaking about this form of analysis of the company's activities, it is worth noting that it involves a combination of deduction and induction methods. In other words, during the study of single indicators, the analyst should also take into account the general ones.

Another important principle is that when analyzing an enterprise, all types of business processes are studied taking into account their interdependence, interdependence and interconnection. As for the analysis of factors and causes, in this case, the analytics is based on the understanding of the following principle: each factor and cause must receive an objective assessment. Therefore, both causes and factors are initially studied, after which their classification into groups follows: secondary, main, insignificant, essential, little determining and determining.

The next step is to study the influence on economic processes of the determining, basic and significant factors. On the other hand, little-determining and insignificant factors are studied only if necessary and only after the completion of the main part of the analysis. It is worth considering the fact that financial analysis does not always involve the study of all factors, since this is relevant only in some cases.

At the same time, if we talk about the exact goals of the financial analysis of the enterprise, it makes sense to define the following components of the assessment process:

  • analysis of the ability to repay loans;
  • tracking the state of the enterprise at the time of assessment;
  • bankruptcy prevention;
  • assessment of the value of the company in case of its merger or sale;
  • dynamics tracking financial condition;
  • analysis of the enterprise's ability to finance investment projects;
  • making a forecast of the financial activity of the enterprise.

It should be noted that in the process of studying the financial condition of an enterprise, the help of a financial analyst can be used by those economic entities that are focused on obtaining extremely accurate and objective information about the activities of the enterprise.

These entities can be divided into two categories:

  • External: creditors, auditors, government agencies, investors.
  • Internal: shareholders, audit and liquidation commission, management and founders.

Another purpose for which financial analysis can be carried out, but not at the initiative of the enterprise, is to assess the investment potential and creditworthiness of the company. Such analytics, as a rule, is of interest to banks, for which it is important to ensure the solvency and profitability of the enterprise. This is logical, since any potential investor is interested in obtaining information regarding the company's liquidity and the degree of risk regarding the loss of a deposit.

Features of internal and external analysis

Internal financial accounting and analysis is necessary in order to meet the needs of the enterprise itself. It can be focused both on identifying the degree of liquidity of the company, and on a thorough assessment of its results within the last reporting period. Such valuation methods are relevant when a financial analyst or firm's management intends to determine how realistic and relevant the allocation of funds for the expansion of production that was planned, and what effect additional costs can have on it.

With regard to external financial analysis, it is carried out by analysts who are not related to the enterprise. Access to inside information They also don't have a company.

If carried out internal analysis, then there will be no problems with attracting information of any category, including the one that is not available. In the case of external analysis, some limitations of assessment methods are initially taken into account due to the lack of information in full.

Types of financial analysis

Analytics, with the help of which the state of the enterprise is assessed, can be divided into several key types according to the content of the management process:

  • retrospective, or current analysis;
  • perspective (preliminary, predictive);
  • operational financial and economic analysis;
  • analysis that takes into account the results of a particular period of time.

Each of the types is used depending on the key task.

Methods of financial analysis

The current methods of financial analytics include the following areas:

  • Vertical analysis. This is one of the types of assessment of the financial statements of an enterprise, in which the share of balance sheet items and various types of liabilities and assets is analyzed. With this technique, the distribution of resources is shown in shares.

  • Horizontal analysis. We are talking about the financial analytics of the company, in which a dynamic assessment of the balance sheet items is made. Both the nature and the direction of the trend are assessed.
  • Ratio analysis. With this type, financial, economic and production figures based on financial statements. Such financial and accounting analysis also examines reports of losses, profits and other normative documentation. The calculation of the coefficients makes it possible to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of various resources, activities and capital of the company, including.
  • Trend analysis. With such an assessment, each reporting position is compared with specific previous periods, as a result, the trend of the enterprise's movement is determined. With the help of the established trend, the possible values ​​of future indicators are formed. In other words, a prospective analysis is carried out.
  • Factor analysis. In this case, an assessment of the impact of specific factors on the final results of the company's activities is used. Stochastic and deterministic methods are used for research.
  • Comparative analysis. We are talking about on-farm analytics of the summary indicators of workshops, divisions, subsidiaries, etc. An inter-farm financial analysis of the organization is also carried out in relation to the indicators of competing enterprises.

Ratio analysis as the main tool of financial analytics

As key method financial analysis can determine the ratio. This is explained by the fact that a quantitative assessment of the state of the company and the adoption of various managerial decisions aimed at changing specific indicators are made on the basis of financial and economic ratios. In this case, one can observe a direct relationship between those resources of the company that were taken into account and the efficiency of their operation, expressed through the values ​​of financial and economic ratios and data in the balance sheet items.

This method of financial analysis involves the evaluation of four relevant groups of economic indicators:

  • Profitability (profitability) ratios. Such data serves to reflect the profitability of the company's capital when generating income through the use of assets of various types.
  • Coefficients of financial reliability (stability). In this case, the level of own and borrowed capital of the company is demonstrated, and the capital structure of the company is also displayed.
  • Solvency (liquidity) ratios. Reflect the ability and ability of the organization to timely short-term and long-term debt obligations.

  • Turnover ratios (business activity). Using this information, you can determine the number of company assets for a particular reporting period and the intensity of their turnover, among other things.

The method of financial analysis, in which the coefficients of the enterprise are taken as the basis for calculations, is considered important because it makes it possible to timely identify crisis phenomena in the company and take relevant measures to stabilize the situation.

This type analysis is part of the strategic management of the organization.

Examples of financial analytics

In order to understand the essence of assessing the state of the organization, it is necessary to study the example of financial analysis. For example, for the entire period of the period under study, the margin was stable, but there was a certain decrease.

During the study period, an increase in the turnover rate of goods by 35 days was revealed. This indicates the presence of illiquid stocks and an increase in the number of stocks of goods. At the same time, the optimal value of turnover for hardware stores is 80-90 days.

As for accounts receivable, the enterprise does not have it - all retail of the company is made on the terms of payment upon delivery. Receivables turns around within 4-7 days, which can be defined as a positive indicator.

At the same time, the operating cycle also increased by 35 days within the period covered by the analysis. It is obvious that it (the cycle) corresponds to an increase in the duration of the turnover. Due to the increase in the term of trade turnover, the term of the financial cycle has also increased.

An example of this kind defines the financial analysis of an enterprise as sufficient stable activity, at which overstocking of the warehouse is possible. To optimize the process as much as possible, it is necessary to revise the procurement policy in order to reduce the turnover period.

How to analyze bank activity

The financial analysis of the bank is focused on ensuring quality management through the development of key parameters of its activities. We are talking about such indicators as the profitability of operations, capital and payment turnover, the structure of assets and liabilities, the efficiency of the bank's divisions, the risks of the portfolio of financial resources and intra-bank pricing.

In order for the study of the state of the bank to be successful, certain conditions must be met: the information used for the analysis must be reliable, accurate, timely and complete. If the provided data does not correspond to reality, the applied methods of financial analysis will not be able to lead to objective conclusions. This means that the impact of some problems will be underestimated, which may worsen the situation.

The reliability of information is assessed in the process of inspection checks and during documentary supervision.

Methods for researching the state of the bank

Various aspects of the bank's activities are evaluated through the use of scientific and methodological tools. It is with their help that you can develop the optimal solution to specific problems of a managerial nature.

There are popular methods of bank financial analysis:

  • Dynamic balance sheet equation. This technique involves accounting for profits and losses. Through such control, factorial financial assessment the state of the bank and the fact how profitable its activities are.
  • Modified balance sheet management (liabilities are equal to assets). In this case, financial analysis involves quick assessment efficiency of bank liabilities management.
  • Basic balance sheet management (assets are equal to the sum of equity and paid liabilities). The key principle of this valuation technique is the effective disposal and ownership of all bank assets.
  • The capital balance equation (the bank's capital is equal to assets minus paid liabilities). This type of equation is relevant when it is necessary to obtain a final assessment of how effective the management of available capital was within the increment own capital. This methodology is also used to identify and exploit higher yield reserves.

Thus, we can conclude that the financial analysis of the enterprise, an example of which was given above, is necessary measure determination of the state and profitability of the company. Without such analytics, the efficiency of the enterprise's activities can be significantly reduced, and at the same time, rehabilitation measures in case of untimely assessment may turn out to be irrelevant.

Analysis of the financial condition of the enterprise: