Auxiliary substances in the production of mustard plasters. Method for the manufacture of mustard plasters and a device for its implementation

According to the type of formation of a suspension dispersion system, all of the listed substances are introduced into the composition of ointments on lipophilic bases EXCEPT 1 sulfadimesine 2 zinc oxide 3 zinc sulfate 4 camphor 5 bismuth nitrate basic ...

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Technology of finished medicines
The completeness of the extraction of active substances from medicinal plant materials is affected by:
application of concentrate extracts
the ratio of raw materials and extractant
percolator shape
all of the above factors
The completeness of the extraction of active substances from medicinal plant materials is affected by
applied volume of extract-concentrate
order of adding ingredients
extraction temperature
Excipients
all of the above factors
Ultrasound is used in pharmacy to
analysis chemical composition medicinal product
drug drying
ionization of molecules of active substances
accelerating the impregnation of raw materials with an extractant
changes in the properties of substances
The main stages of the extraction process are
reverse osmosis
dialysis
absorption
During extraction, the following physicochemical processes take place
diffusion
desorption
dissolution
dialysis
all of the above

6. According to the type of dispersion system, ointments can be

1) gels

2) extraction

3) homogeneous

4) resorptive

5) pastes

7. The components of the lipophilic bases of ointments belonging to the group of hydrocarbons are all EXCEPT

1) ceresin

2) paraffin

3) ozokerite

4) petrolatum

5) spermaceti

8. Fatty lipophilic bases include

1) polyethylene oxide bases

2) spermaceti

3) petrolatum

4) lard

5) gelatin-glycerin

9. The type of hydrophilic bases includes

1) gels of cellulose derivatives

2) butyrol

3) vaseline/lanolin water

4) silicone

5) base for antibiotic ointments

10. The group of hydrophilic bases containing proteins and polysaccharides includes gels

1) collagen

2) lard

3) polyvinylpyrrolidone

4) bentonite

5) butyrol

11. The type of amphiphilic emulsion bases includes

1) glycerin ointment

2) starch

3) basis of ammonia liniment

4) bentonite clay gels

5) Rosenthal liniment base

12. The type of amphiphilic absorption bases includes

1) alloy of vaseline with anhydrous lanolin and sunflower oil

2) consistent base "water / petroleum jelly"

3) vaseline/lanolin water

4) gelatin

5) gels of acrylic acid derivatives

13. Homogeneous dispersed systems are ointments

1) furacilin

2) mercury amidochloride

3) ophthalmic mercury oxide

4) turpentine

5) ichthyol

14. Heterogeneous dispersed systems are ointments

1) ophthalmic mercury oxide

2) ichthyol

3) turpentine

4) extraction

5) camphor

15. According to the type of formation of a suspension dispersion system, all of the listed substances are introduced into the composition of ointments on lipophilic bases, EXCEPT

1) sulfadimesine

2) zinc oxide

3) zinc sulfate

4) camphor

5) bismuth nitrate basic

16. Absorption-based emulsion ointment forms

1) xeroform

2) dermatol

3) novocaine

4) bismuth nitrate basic

5) streptocide

17. Suspension ointments include

1) synthomycin liniment

2) Pasta Lassar

3) Vishnevsky stabilized liniment

4) ammonia liniment

5) Naftalan oil ointment

18. Emulsion ointments include

1) extraction

2) ichthyol

3) Naftalan oil

5) Vishnevsky stabilized liniment

19. Foundation for ointment does not meet the following requirements:

smearing ability;
absorbent capacity;
chemical resistance;
not indifference in pharmacological terms;
resistance to microbial contamination

20. What is the industrial method for preparing suppositories fromthermolabile substances

1) pouring;

2) drip;

3) pressing;

4) dispersion;

5) rolling out

21. Unlike the bases for ointments, the bases for suppositories should

1) release drugs, be solid at room temperature, dissolve at body temperature

2) dissolve at body temperature, be solid at room temperature, melt at body temperature

3) be soft in consistency, dissolve at body temperature, be storage stable

4) drug release, drug release, melt at body temperature

5) be solid at room temperature, melt at body temperature, release drugs

22. Lipophilic bases for suppositories include

1) cocoa butter, fatty

2) soap-glycerin, fatty

3) fatty, witepsol

4) gelatin-glycerin, witepsol

5) witepsol, cocoa butter

23. The type of amphiphilic bases for suppositories includes

1) hard fat type A

2) cocoa butter

3) witepsol

4) polyethylene glycol

5) soap-glycerin

24. Hydrophilic bases for suppositories are

1) lanol

2) witepsol

3) cocoa butter

4) polyethylene glycol

5) hard fat type A

25. The replacement factor differs from the inverse replacement rate in that

1) shows what mass of medicinal substance is equivalent in volume to 1.0 bases

2) shows the amount of the base, equivalent in volume to 1.0 of the substance

3) calculated for the amount of medicinal substances

4) shows what volume of the medicinal substance is equivalent in volume to 1.0 bases

5) shows the density of the base, equivalent to the density of 1.0 of the substance

26. When conducting research on a base intended for the manufacture of suppositories by pouring into molds, you will determine the solidification temperature as the temperature

1) the beginning of hardening

2) end curing

3) medium

4) remaining constant for a short time of the transition of a substance from a liquid state to a solid state

5) there are no correct answers

27. When a solution of adrenaline hydrochloride is introduced into the composition of the suppository mass in a volume exceeding the water-absorbing capacity of the base, a technological method is used

1) emulsifying

2) evaporation to a minimum volume

3) resuspension

4) dispersion

5) layering

28. In suppositories on lipophilic and amphiphilic bases

DO NOT administer by type of suspension

1) chloramphenicol

2) sulfadimezin

3) belladonna extract

4) streptocide

5) xeroform

29. In lipophilic suppositories, DO NOT administer as an emulsion

1) zinc oxide

2) protargol

3) ichthyol

4) epinephrine hydrochloride

5) collargol

30. Does not dissolve in hydrophilic bases for ointments and suppositories

1) anestezin

2) epinephrine hydrochloride

3) tannin

4) novocaine

5) protargol

31. Amphiphilic bases for the manufacture of suppositories include

1) soap-glycerin

2) gelatin-glycerin

3) cocoa butter

4) lazupol

5) PEG alloys

The absorption bases are

1) water/Vaseline consistency emulsion, eye ointment base, witepsol

2) witepsol, base for antibiotic ointments, base for eye ointments

3) base for eye ointments, fat base for suppositories, witepsol

4) fatty suppository base, eye ointment base, antibiotic ointment base

5) base for ointments with antibiotics, fat base for suppositories, witepsol

When controlling the quality of suppositories in accordance with the Global Fund, all indicators are checked EXCEPT

1) deviations of the mass of the suppository from the average mass

2) dissolution time

3) disintegration

4) full deformation time

5) uniformity

The dissolution time is determined

1) for pills

2) for hydrophilic suppositories

3) for boluses

4) for suppositories on lipophilic and amphiphilic bases

5) for granules (homeopathic grains)

35. In accordance with the classification for medical purposes, plasters are:

1) resin-wax

2) epidermal

3) lead

4) rubber

5) mustard plasters

36. Adhesive masses include the following groups of excipients

1) antioxidants that impart stickiness, aggregation

2) sliding, plasticizers, antioxidants, stickiness

3) imparting stickiness, neutralizing resin acids, lubricating

4) plasticizers, anti-oxidants, tackifiers, neutralizing resin acids

5) plasticizers, antioxidants, softeners, neutralizing resin acids

37. The initial components for the preparation of a simple lead patch include

1) sunflower oil, rubber, lead oxide

2) gasoline, lanolin, lead oxide, zinc oxide

3) lanolin, rosin, lead oxide

4) sunflower oil, pork fat, lead oxide, water

5) gasoline, rubber, lead oxide

38. Does not apply to liquid patches

1) collodion

2) perigel

3) furoplast

4) glue BF-6

5) pepper plaster

39. Does not apply to ordinary patches

1) mercury

2) pepper

3) acrychin

4) complex lead

5) epiline

40. The initial components for the preparation of the adhesive plaster are

1) rubber, rosin, lanolin, liquid paraffin, neozone, gasoline, sulfur

2) rubber, zinc oxide, lanolin, liquid paraffin, neozone, gasoline

3) rosin, zinc oxide, lanolin, liquid paraffin, neozone, salicylic acid

4) rubber, rosin, neozone, zinc oxide

5) rubber, rosin, gasoline, zinc oxide, lanolin, liquid paraffin, neozone

41. The substance used as a film-forming element in liquid patches is not

1) collodion

2) rosin

3) polyethylene glycol

4) ethyl cellulose

5) polymethacrylates

42. The process of making mustard plasters does not include the stage

1) seed pressing

2) oil cake degreasing

3) cake hydrolysis

4) preparation of mustard mass

5) application of mustard mass on paper tape

43. What compounds provide the therapeutic effect of mustard plasters

1) fatty oil, myrosin, sinetrin

2) aliisothiocyanate, myrosin, sinetrin

3) emulsions, fatty oil, myrosin

4) synethrin, aliisothiocyanate, emulsions

5) myrosin, sinetrin, emulsions

44. Medicinalphytofilms are not classified according to their area of application:

dental;
ophthalmic;
otorhinolaryngological;
therapeutic;
gynecological.

45. The composition of transdermal therapeutic systems (TTS) cannot contain substances that meet the following requirement:

good permeability through the skin;
neutrality of molecules;
sufficient solubility in hydrophobic and hydrophilic media;
high efficiency in small doses;
molecular weight exceeds 1000 Daltons;

46. In the production of transdermal therapeutic systems (TTS), excipients of the following group are not used:

penetrators;
propellants;
adhesives;
plasticizers;
prolongators

47. As the main (film-forming) excipients in the production of transdermal therapeutic systems (TTS), the following are not used:

Twin-80;
Collagen;
Dextran;
Polyvinylpyrrolidone;
Methylcellulose

48. In production , molecules of active substances with a carrier, notconnect by type:

the medicinal product is included in a spherical or cylindrical shell for the purpose of implantation or oral administration (no chemical bonding with the polymer);
drug molecules are included in the main chain of the polymer;
drug suspension added to polymer solution
the drug substance is attached by a covalent bond to the side chain of the polymer;
the drug is uniformly distributed in the polymer solution or in the polymer block as a solid solution, or dissolved in the polymer solution (no covalent bond)

49. Phytofilms can be subdivided according to their design features:

on monolayer;
on multilayer;
on bilayer;
on monolithic;
into dispersed

50. Biodegradationtransdermal therapeutic systems (TTS)does not flow through the following mechanism :

destruction under the influence of temperature;
enzymatic degradation;
dissociation of polymer-polymer complexes (PPC);
dissolution or non-specific hydrolysis of polymers in tissue fluids;
intermolecular catalysis of PPK cleavage or intramolecular cleavage of water-insoluble polymers to form soluble fragments

51. Ravioli are called:

matrix ;
phytofilms;
membrane transdermal therapeutic systems (TTS);
medical glue;
film-forming substances

52. What the auxiliary substance, from the above, has the properties of a plasticizer:

water;
glycerin;
dimexide;
polyacrylic acids;
Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose

53. What functions do penetrators perform in transdermal therapeutic systems (TTS):

co-solvent of the active substance;
The solvent of the active substance;
Substances that improve stickiness;
Substances that improve the plasticity of the adhesive mass;
Substances that improve the permeability of the active substance

54. In the production of tablets, the stages follow in sequence

1) granulation, dusting, mixing, pressing, coating, packaging

2) mixing, dusting, granulating, pressing, coating, packaging

3) granulation, mixing, dusting, pressing, coating, packaging

4) mixing, granulating, dusting, pressing, coating, packaging

5) mixing, granulating, dusting, coating, pressing, packaging

55. Disintegration of uncoated tablets in distilled water must be completed

1) in 15 min.

2) in 30 minutes

3) in 10 min.

4) in 45 minutes

5) in 60 minutes

56. The amount of the medicinal substance released from the tablets in terms of "Dissolution" should be

1) 30% in 45 minutes

2) 10% in 15 minutes

3) 100% in 60 minutes

4) 75% in 45 minutes

5) 50% in 30 minutes

57. Powdered granulate for all listed qualities, EXCEPT

1) improve compressibility

2) prevent delamination

3) improve flowability

4) prevent adhesion to punches

5) there is no correct answer

58. Mixers are used to mix powdered materials.

1) with rotating body

2) with rotating blades

3) pneumatic

4) with fluidization

5) all answers are correct

59. Tableting conditions on a rotary tablet press

1) dosing of bulk masses by volume, creation of bilateral gradually increasing pressure on the pressed material

2) tableting due to one-sided impact with the upper punch, the creation of a two-sided gradually increasing pressure on the pressed material

3) tableting due to one-sided impact with the upper punch, dosing of bulk masses by volume

4) the formation of a moistened mass in special forms, the creation of a bilateral gradually increasing pressure on the pressed material

5) formation of a moistened mass in special forms, dosing of bulk masses by volume

60. The analysis of the granulate is carried out according to the following indicators, EXCEPT

1) the average weight of the granule and the deviation from it in order to determine the uniformity

2) particle size distribution

3) bulk density

4) flowability

5) moisture content

61. Direct compression tablets medicinal substances

1) with a crystalline isometric shape, with good flowability

2) included in the tablets in large quantities

3) pretreated surfactants

4) coloring

5) hydrophobic

62. Equipment for wet granulation of tablet masses

1) dryer-granulator, comiactor

2) dryer granulator, universal granulator

3) universal granulator, rotary beater machine

4) rotary beater machine, comiactor

5) comiactor, universal granulator

63. Double-compression tablet machines produce

1) dry pressed coating on tablets

2) trituration tablets

3) matrix tablets

4) pills with risk

5) there is no correct answer

64. The technological properties of powders include

1) bulk mass

2) fluidity

3) compressibility

4) porosity

5) all answers are correct

65. The bulk density of powders depends on all indicators, EXCEPT

1) particle shapes

2) particle size

3) moisture content

4) true density

5) wettability

66. Dosing accuracy depends on the technological properties of powders, EXCEPT

1) flowability

2) fractional composition

3) compressibility

4) bulk density

5) there is no correct answer

67. Powder moisture affects

1) flowability, particle shape

2) fractional composition, flowability

3) particle shape, compressibility

4) compressibility, flowability

5) particle size, flowability

68. Tablets are obtained by direct compression from the following substances, EXCEPT

1) calcium lactate

2) bromocamphor

3) hexamethylenetetramine

4) sodium chloride

5) potassium iodide

69. The technological cycle of tableting on RTM consists of the following operations

1) crushing, tablet ejection, pressing

2) dosing, pressing, ejection of the tablet

3) pressing, grinding, dosing

4) tablet ejection, dosing, packing into concurrencies

5) packing into concurrencies, pressing, grinding

70. Excipients introduced into the tableted mass in an amount of not more than 1% all, EXCEPT

1) stearic acid

2) twin-80

3) calcium stearate

4) starch

5) magnesium stearate

71. Set the correct sequence of technological operations for the manufacture of tablets

1) screening, powder grinding, mixing, granulating, granulate drying, pressing, tablet filling and packaging

2) granulation, powder grinding, screening, mixing, granulate drying, pressing, tablet filling and packaging

3) powder grinding, screening, mixing, granulating, granulate drying, pressing, tablet filling and packaging

4) powder grinding, screening, mixing, pressing, granulating, granulate drying, tablet filling and packaging

5) mixing, powder grinding, screening, granulating, granulate drying, pressing, tablet filling and packaging

72. The requirement is not presented by the Global Fund XI to tablets

1) mechanical strength

2) dosing accuracy

3) localization of the action of medicinal substances

4) disintegration

5) there is no correct answer

73. Excipients used in the manufacture of tablets

1) binding

2) fillers

3) baking powder

4) promote slip

5) all answers are correct

74. DO NOT use as binders in the production of tablets.

1) twin-80

2) water

3) sugar syrup

4) alginates

5) ethyl alcohol

75. Antifriction agents have all effects EXCEPT

1) prevent particles from sticking

2) remove electrostatic charges

3) provide slip

4) reduce the mechanical strength of tablets

5) have a lubricating effect

76. Granulation in the tableting process does NOT allow

1) improve the flowability of powders

2) improve dosing accuracy

3) ensure the release rate of drugs

4) prevent delamination of multicomponent tablet masses

5) ensure uniform distribution of the active ingredient

77. Apparatus not used in granulation

1) centrifugal mixer-granulator,

2) SP-30

3) SG-30

4) rotary pulsation apparatus

5) there is no correct answer

78. Set the correct wet granulation sequence

1) mixing medicinal and excipients, dusting, mixing powders with granulating liquid, rubbing the wet mass, drying the granulate

2) mixing medicinal and excipients, mixing powders with granulating liquid, rubbing the wet mass, drying the granulate, dusting

3) mixing medicinal and excipients, mixing powders with granulating liquid, wiping the wet mass, dusting, drying the granulate

4) mixing of powders with granulating liquid, mixing of drugs and excipients, wiping wet mass, drying of granulate, dusting

5) mixing medicinal and excipients, mixing powders with granulating liquid, dusting, rubbing the wet mass, drying the granulate

79. Methods for obtaining trituration tablets

1) pressing

2) granulation

3) rolling out

4) panning

5) molding

80. Evaluation of the quality of tablets is carried out according to indicators

1) dissolution

2) disintegration

3) average weight

4) deviation from the average mass

5) all answers are correct

81. The strength of tablets does not depend on the specified factor

1) pressing pressure

2) tablet mass

3) the amount of binders

4) properties of active substances

5) the amount of loosening agents

82. Disintegration of tablets does not depend on the following factor

1) the amount of binders

2) pressing pressure

3) powder particle shapes

4) physical and chemical properties of substances

5) properties of active substances

83. Coating tablets with shells does not provide

1) accuracy of dosing of medicinal substances

2) impact protection external environment

3) localization of action

4) improvement of organoleptic properties of tablets

5) prolongation of action

84. The quality of the coating is not affected by the factor

2) the form of tablets-cores

3) coating time

5) the composition of the applied coating

85. What is a spray

airborne spray
powders for inhalation
aerosol, where the drug substance is introduced as an emulsion
drug-free aerosol
all options are possible
According to GF XI aerosols - "a dosage form in which medicinal and excipients are under the pressure of a propellant gas"
right
add "dosage form representing solutions, emulsions, suspensions of medicinal substances in which ..."
should add "...propellant in a sealed package"
add "... propellant, equipped with a valve-spray system (dosing and non-dosing)"
wrong
Inhalers are
aerosols with a liquid dispersed phase
foam aerosols
type of inhalation aerosol
variety of rectal aerosols
everything is wrong
The advantage of aerosols is
ease of use
increasing the stability of medicinal substances to the effects of light, air, etc.
preservation of sterility
all of the above
The disadvantages of aerosols are
psychological impact on the body
toxic effect of a number of propellants on living organisms
poor transportability
decreased drug stability
all of the above
used as solvents in aerosols.
pentol
trilon B
cellulose derivatives
mineral oils
nipagin
According to the method of application, aerosols are
for inhalation
film-forming
suffocating
foamy
all of the above
used as film formers.
ethanol
acrylic acid derivatives
sodium benzoate
twin-80
thymol
Pharmaceutical propellants are required to
chemical inertness
ease of balloon filling
speed of therapeutic effect
possibility of precise dosing
everything is wrong
The advantages of freons include
not hydrolyzed
cheap
at a slight excess pressure and low temperature, they easily pass from a gaseous state to a liquid
has a prolonging effect
improves drug penetration
Aerosol cans are filled
when heated
at low temperatures in freezers
at low pressure
with stirring
with stirring and heating
The disadvantage of chlorinated hydrocarbons is
toxicity
hydrolyze in the presence of moisture
flammable
environmental impact
all of the above
Technological process aerosol production includes
preparation of concentrates of medicinal and excipients
filling aerosol cans
obtaining a mixture of propellants
everything is right
everything is wrong
For transportationpropellants on the filling line apply
method of supplying propellant with the help of overpressure
propellant delivery method using natural pressure
method of propellant supply with increasing temperature
mixing propellant supply method
everything is wrong
Standardization of aerosols is carried out according to indicators
cylinder leak test
valve assembly test
determination of the output of the contents of the package
microbiological purity
all of the above
Depending on the nature of the medicinal substance (substance) and dosage, check
particle size of the dispersed phase;
amount of water;
foreign impurities (related compounds);
dosing uniformity
all of the above
Prospects for the development of aerosols
ensuring highly economical production
expanding the range of excipients and propellants that increase the bioavailability of drugs
creation of environmentally friendly aerosols
introduction of aerosol packages that do not contain propellants and carry out mechanical evacuation of the contents
all of the above
Aerosol cans are subject to the following requirements:
ease of use
sufficient strength
heat resistance
maintaining sterility
all of the above
Aerosol cans are not tested for
transparency
strength
uniform wall thickness
chemical resistance
checked for all indicators
Aerosol cans are not made from
plastics
glass
become
aluminum
white sheet with internal varnishing

105. X-ray diffraction analysis used in the development of new drugs provides information

about the qualitative composition of the sample
about the quantitative composition of the sample
about the ability to adsorb
about distances between crystallographic planes
about the refractive index of light

106. What machines are used for medium grinding

roller crusher
dismembrators
jet mills
colloid mills
ball mills

107. According to the method of obtaining a mesh, sieves are distinguished:

drilled
grate
slotted
cast
all of the above

108. What machines are used for ultrafine grinding

jet mill
drum grass cutter
disintegrator
rod mill
vertical ball mill

109. Mixers are used for mixing solid materials:

with rotating body
worm-bladed
with fluidization of bulk material
centrifugal action
all of the above

110. On what principle do machines for grinding vegetable raw materials work

crushing
impact and shatter
abrasion and crushing
cutting and sawing
breaking and crushing

111. What is the principle of operation of machines for grinding amorphous raw materials

crushing
abrasion and breakage
impact and shatter
impact and crush
cutting and sawing

112. The positive features of the injection route of administration include

speed of therapeutic effect
possibility of shifting osmotic pressure
injection with violation of the integrity of the skin
the need for qualified medical personnel
possibility of embolism

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Mustard plasters (Sinapismata) are a type of rubber plaster. They are rectangular sheets of paper 8x12.5 cm in size, coated on one side with rubber glue and a layer of powder of defatted mustard seeds 0.3-0.5 mm thick. The powder is obtained from the seeds of black (Semina Sinapis nigra) and Sarepta mustard (Semina Sinapis junceae), which contain the glycoside sinigrin, which is decomposed under the influence of the enzyme myrosin into glucose, potassium hydrogen sulfate and essential mustard oil (allyl isothiocyanate). This is the most essential mustard oil and causes severe irritation and redness of the skin. Mustard seeds contain up to 35% fatty oil, the presence of which has a bad effect on the quality of mustard plasters, as it causes rancidity of the powder and worsens their therapeutic effect. The oil from the seeds is first removed by cold pressing, and then its residues are removed by treating the cake with gasoline. From the resulting defatted mustard cake powder, a paste is prepared by mixing it with a solution of rubber in gasoline. Spreading is done using a patching machine.

The technological process of obtaining mustard plasters consists of five stages:

glue preparation - 2% rubber solution in gasoline;
preparation of mustard mass - a mixture of equal parts of mustard powder and glue;
spreading the mass on paper and drying the roll in a drying chamber for 45 minutes at an air temperature of 80 ° C, while gasoline residues evaporate;
cutting of a roll and packing of mustard plasters. The dried tape is cut on a sheeter into sheets, which are cooled for 24 hours, and then the sheets are cut into separate mustard plasters;
gasoline recovery.

Mustard plasters are produced in cellophane bags or paraffin paper bags of 10 pieces. Every tenth mustard plaster on one side has a label indicating the method of application. The bags are stacked in packs of 600 pieces and stored in a dry place, since in the presence of moisture hydrolysis of sinigrin occurs and mustard plasters lose their activity. The shelf life of mustard plasters is 8 months. The use of mustard as an irritant is based on the hydrolysis of the glycoside sinigrin, which is in the mustard seeds, and the release of mustard at the same time. essential oil, consisting entirely of allyl isothiocyanate. Hydrolysis proceeds only if the emulsion enzyme (myrosin) is preserved in the cake. The quality of mustard plasters is assessed by the content of allyl isothiocyanate. In addition, mustard plasters are dipped for 6-10 seconds in water with a temperature of 37 ° C, after which they are tightly applied to the skin, while the mustard plaster should cause a strong burning sensation of the skin no later than 5 minutes later.
More recently, mustard bags have been produced, which consist of porous bags of mustard powder packed in 4 bags per sheet of laminated paper. They are more convenient than mustard plasters in that mustard grains do not stick to the skin and do not remain on it after the mustard is removed.
Mustard plaster (or mustard package) is immersed in warm water (37 ° C) for 15-20 seconds and applied to the skin with the side on which the mustard mixture is located. Mustard plasters and mustard packets should not be used for tuberculosis, cancer, varicose veins and skin lesions. It should also be noted that an allergic reaction may occur at the site of application of the mustard plaster.

Mustard plasters are a type of rubber patches. These are rectangular sheets of paper measuring 8X12.5 cm, coated on one side with rubber glue and defatted mustard seed powder 0.3-0.55 mm thick.

The powder is obtained from the seeds of black and sarepta mustard, which contain the glycoside sinigrin, which is decomposed under the influence of the enzyme myrosin into glucose, potassium hydrogen sulfate and mustard essential oil (allyl isothiocyanate). The latter causes severe irritation and flushing of the skin.

Mustard seeds contain up to 35% fatty oil, the presence of which adversely affects the quality of mustard plasters, as it causes rancidity of the powder and impairs their therapeutic effect. Degreasing seeds is carried out on a hydraulic press by cold pressing.

The technology of mustard plasters consists of preparing rubber glue, obtaining a mustard mass by mixing rubber glue with an equal amount of mustard powder and spreading the mustard mass on paper. The spreading, drying and cutting of mustard plasters are carried out on a continuous installation. The mustard mass is transferred to a spreading bath. The paper, passing under the bath, is covered with a thick layer of mustard mass from above. 0.3-0.5 mm, then enters drying chamber(drying time 45 minutes, air temperature 80 0C) The vapor-air mixture with gasoline formed in the chamber is gradually sucked off and fed to gasoline recovery.

Mustard plasters are packed in packs of 10 pieces. Every tenth mustard plaster has on one side an inscription about the method of application. Packages are stacked in packs of 600 pieces and stored in a dry place. Shelf life 8 months.

The quality of mustard plasters is assessed by the content of allyl isothiocyanate, which in one mustard plaster (100 cm2) should be at least 0.0119 g. severe burning and redness of the skin no later than 5 minutes.

120. Transdermal therapeutic systems- a dosage form, which is a small film with a small diameter, is glued behind the ear. The process of skin absorption of drugs depends on the intensity of blood supply and the chemical composition of the skin surface. The rate of release depends on the surface area of the skin area and on the composition and method of application of the ointment. The process of skin absorption depends on the solubility of drugs in water and fats, fat-soluble drugs easily penetrate the skin (emulsion media such as w \ m or m \ w) The drugs injected into the body using TTS should have high permeability through the skin, be highly effective. Have good tolerance to the skin. According to the method of preparation: multilayer plasters, multilayer plasters with a common layer. Polymer films, metallized coatings are used as a substrate.

Nomenclature: nicotine containing, hormonal patches, nitoroglycerin containing, NSAIDs containing

121. Medical pencils. Solid dosage form, in the form of cylindrical sticks, rounded at one end, 4-8 mm thick, up to 10 cm long. They are obtained by melting salts poured into a special form and frozen in it, or mixing in-in with a pasty base and then rolling out the sticks. When used, the surface of the pencil should melt or gradually wear off without damaging the injured area. they should not break, stain. They are obtained by pouring, pressing, rolling out, dipping. The method of pouring is obtained: alum, lapis, hemostatic. Medical pencils on a hydrophobic basis are obtained by pouring or pressing (menthol and migraine).

The hemostatic pencil contains: aluminum alum, aluminum sulfate and iron chloride. Hemostatic agents are prepared by melting low-melting salts or melting water of crystallization itself. pharmacological action, the salt melt quickly hardens, so it is immediately poured into molds.

Menthol pencil. Ingredients: menthol 1 part, paraffin 4 parts. Prepare in a boiler with a steam jacket, melt the paraffin and dissolve the menthol at 50-60 degrees while stirring. The warm solution is filtered through a cloth and poured into molds placed on ice. The nests are pre-treated with soapy alcohol.

122. Medical gelatin. Obtaining. physical-chemical properties. Application.

The use of gelatin in the manufacture of capsules is based on the ability of its aqueous solutions to form a solid gel upon cooling. It is obtained from various collagen-containing raw materials, mainly bones, cartilage, tendons of cattle and skin of pigs, using 2 methods: acidic and alkaline. Thus, the product obtained during acid treatment is known as gelatin type "A", with alkaline - type "B", they differ in isoelectric. Type “B” gelatin is used in our country, although the most promising is type “A” gelatin, which produces a solution with higher strength and viscosity.

Depending on the raw material and method of preparation, the physicochemical properties of gelatin change. In appearance, it is a colorless or slightly yellowish, translucent flexible leaflets or small plates without taste and smell. The spiral shape of the molecules, which exists at a temperature of 20-250C, determines the structural viscosity and gelation of solutions. As the temperature rises to 35-40 0C, the solutions acquire the properties of a Newtonian fluid.

Gelatin is used for the production of gelatin capsules.

The gelatinous mass is prepared in a steam-jacketed iron-lined reactor equipped with an anchor stirrer.

Depending on the type of capsules, the properties of the encapsulated preparations, the composition and method of obtaining the gelatinous mass are determined: 1) with gelatin swelling; 2) without swelling.

1) Gelatin in the reactor is poured with water (temperature 15-18 ° C) for 1.5-2 hours, then it is melted at a temperature of 45-75 ° C (depending on the concentration of gelatin) with stirring for 1 hour, then others are added necessary excipients, continuing stirring for another 30 minutes. Then turn off the heating and the stirrer, leave the mass in the reactor for 1.5-2 hours with the connection of vacuum to remove air bubbles from the mass. The prepared mass is transferred to a thermostat and kept at a temperature of 50 or 60 ° C (depending on the concentration of gelatin) for stabilization for 2.5-3 hours.

2) In water heated in the reactor to 70-75g, preservatives and plasticizers are dissolved successively and gelatin is loaded with the mixer turned off. The prepared mass is kept in a thermostat for stabilization for 2.5-3 hours at a temperature of 45-50°C.

123.gelatin capsules.classification.production of gelatin capsules by drop method.equipment.- dosed LF, consisting of a drug enclosed in a shell. are intended for oral administration, less often for rectal, vaginal, etc. Pros: dosing accuracy, drugs are protected from exposure to light, air, moisture, in some cases their unpleasant taste and smell are excluded, they have a good appearance and are easily swallowed, able to quickly swell, dissolve and be absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, are characterized by high bioavailability. The disadvantages of capsules are associated with the hygroscopicity of gelatin, from which shells are mainly produced.

There are two types: hard with caps and soft, with a solid one, designed for dosing loose powdery and granular substances. They have the shape of a cylinder with hemispherical ends and consist of two parts: a body and a cap; both parts must freely enter one into the other, without forming gaps, sometimes due to special ditches and ledges to provide a “lock”.

Soft capsules are spherical, ovoid, oblong or cylindrical in shape with hemispherical ends. They encapsulate liquid and pasty medicinal substances.

Capsules with a capacity of 0.1-0.2 ml, filled with oily liquids, are sometimes called "pearls" or pearls, and with an elongated neck - tubatins,

The production of capsules consists of stages: preparation of the gelatin mass, obtaining shells - formation of capsules, their filling, coating of capsules with shells, quality control.

The main raw material is gelatin. Gelatin is obtained from various collagen-containing raw materials, bones, cartilage, tendons of cattle and pig skin.

preparation of gelatin mass: The gelatinous mass is prepared in a steam-jacketed cast-iron-enamelled reactor equipped with an anchor stirrer. Depending on the type of capsules, the properties of the encapsulated preparations, the composition and method of obtaining the gelatinous mass are determined: 1) with gelatin swelling; 2) without swelling.

1) Gelatin in the reactor is poured with water (temperature 15-18°C) for 1.5-2 hours, then it is melted at a temperature of 45-75°C with stirring for 1 hour, then preservatives and other necessary auxiliary substances are added, continuing mixing for another 30 min. The mass is then left in the reactor to remove air bubbles from the mass. The prepared mass is transferred to a thermostat and kept at a temperature of 50 or 60 ° C for 2.5-3 hours.

2) In water heated in the reactor to 70-75 o, preservatives and plasticizers are dissolved successively and gelatin is loaded with the mixer turned off. The prepared mass is kept in a thermostat for stabilization for 2.5-3 hours at a temperature of 45-50°C.

Obtaining shells - forming capsules

There are 3 methods for obtaining gelatin capsules: "immersion", drip, pressing (stamping).

The drip method for obtaining gelatin capsules is based on the simultaneous formation of a gelatin shell and filling it with a dose of a medicinal substance.

The oily preparation from the tank enters the dosing device, is pushed out with the molten gelatinous mass to the node where drops are formed. With the help of a pulsator, the drops come off and enter the cooler, in finished form they enter a vessel with chilled olive oil or liquid paraffin. The capsules are washed and dried.

Mustard plasters (Sinapismata) are a kind of rubber patches produced in the form of rectangular sheets of paper 8x12.5 cm in size, coated with powder of defatted mustard seeds 0.3-0.55 mm thick.

The composition of mustard plasters includes: mustard powder 98.0 parts; natural rubber to obtain a mass of 100.0 parts; aviation gasoline brand B-70 100 parts; paper.

Used as a distracting anti-inflammatory agent.

The raw material for the powder of defatted mustard seeds are the seeds of Sarepta (Semina Sinapis junceae) and black (Semina Sinapis nigrae) mustard, which contain the glycoside sinigrin, which is decomposed under the influence of the enzyme myrosin into glucose, potassium hydrosulfate and essential mustard oil (allyliso-thiocyanate). The essential oil causes severe irritation and flushing of the skin. Seeds after shelling (removal) of the shell are subjected to grinding and fatty oil is squeezed out of them in hydraulic presses. The remaining fatty oil from the cake is extracted in Soxhlet-type apparatuses. The presence of fatty oil adversely affects the quality of mustard plasters - the therapeutic effect slows down and their storage stability decreases (mustard powder goes rancid and peels off the paper).

Production of mustard plasters. The technological process consists of 5 stages:

Preparation of rubber glue
Preparation of mustard mass
· Spreading the mass on paper, drying. Cutting the roll and laying mustard plasters in the foot.
· Packing
Gasoline recovery

First prepare rubber glue. To do this, rubber steamed for 24–36 hours and cut into pieces is placed in the glue mixer, gasoline is added and the paddle mixer is turned on for 30–40 minutes. Then the mass is filtered. The resulting adhesive (1.35--2% rubber solution in gasoline) is a thick, slow-moving mass that easily turns into a jelly-like mass as gasoline volatilizes.

Preparation of mustard mass. Mustard mass - a mixture of rubber glue and mustard powder in a ratio of 1:1 - 1.1:1. The content of essential oil in the cake must be at least 1.11%. Rubber glue is placed in a mass mixer, sifted (large particles and impurities are removed) mustard powder is added and mixed until a homogeneous mass is obtained. The finished mustard mass is served by a pump on a table with a bath for spreading.

The spreading, drying and cutting process is carried out in a continuous plant. Rolled paper passes through the gap between the tabletop and the tub. Passing under the bath, the paper is covered from above with a layer of mustard mass 0.3-0.5 mm thick, then enters the drying chamber (drying time 45 minutes, air temperature 80 ° C). The vapor-air mixture with gasoline formed in the chamber is gradually sucked off and fed to the gasoline recovery.

The dried tape is cut on a sheeter into sheets 75 x 76 x 90 cm in size, which are cooled for 24 hours, then the sheets are cut into separate mustard plasters and discarded.

Mustard plasters are packed in packs of 10 pcs. Every tenth mustard plaster has on one side an inscription about the method of application.

Packages are placed in packs of 600 pcs. and store in a dry place. Shelf life 8 months. The presence of moisture causes the hydrolysis of sinigrin, and mustard plasters lose their activity.

Standardization finished products is carried out according to the quantitative content of allyl isothiocyanate, in mustard plasters (100 cm 2) it should be at least 0.0119 g. Mustard plaster, lowered into water for 5--10 s at a temperature of 37 ° C and applied tightly to the skin of the hand, should cause a strong burning sensation and redness of the skin no later than 5 minutes

Currently, they also produce a “Gardard Package”, which is a heat-sealed bag made of non-soakable porous paper on two or one side and polymer-coated paper on the other side. The bag is filled with mustard mixture. The mustard plaster package is produced in the size of 11 x 10 cm and is divided into four equal bags. Each bag is evenly filled with mustard mixture.

Medical patches. Classification and nomenclature. Technology system. Production of rubber patches. Apparatus for obtaining plaster masses, spreading and drying. Mustard plasters. transdermal therapeutic systems.

General characteristics and classification of plasters

Plasters (Emplastra) - a dosage form for external use, which has the ability to adhere to the skin, has an effect on the skin, subcutaneous tissues and, in some cases, a general effect on the body.

Patches are one of the oldest dosage forms, known since very ancient times, the progenitors of modern fourth-generation drugs - transdermal therapeutic systems that carry out transdermal transport of medicinal substances for the purpose of systemic effects on the body.

Plasters at room temperature have the appearance of a solid mass, at body temperature they soften. At a temperature of 65 -100 ° C - they melt, they can be fused with various medicinal and excipients and mixed with powdered materials. In addition, patches are produced in the form of liquids placed in glass bottles, aluminum tubes, aerosol cans.

Depending on the medical purpose, patches are divided into epidermal, endermatic and diadermatic.

Epidermal plasters are used to protect the skin from harmful effects, to close skin defects, to bring together the edges of wounds and to fix dressings on the skin surface.
Endermatic patches contain medicinal substances that act on diseased skin.

Diadermatic patches contain medicinal substances that penetrate the skin and have an effect on deep-lying tissues or a general effect on the body.

Epidermal patches should have good tack, fit snugly to the skin and not irritate it. They may not contain medicinal substances, acting as a dressing. Due to the "greenhouse" effect, epidermal patches help soften the skin, enhance blood circulation and resorption. Endermatic and diadermatic patches are softer in consistency, as they should provide good release of drugs and their penetration to different tissue depths or provide a resorptive effect.

Plasters are produced in the form of a plastic mass on a substrate (linen, chiffon, calico, paper, etc.); solid plaster masses (cylinders, bars, tiles, sticks); liquid solutions (skin adhesives).

The composition of the patch mass includes medicinal substances and a base. Antibiotics, sulfur, salicylic acid, extracts, tinctures, etc. are used as medicinal substances.

The patch base may contain natural (rosin) and synthetic resins, wax, paraffin, ceresin, petroleum jelly, lanolin, lead salts of higher fatty acids (lead soap), fats, rubber, nitrocellulose, copolymers of vinylpyrrolidone with vinyl acetate, polymethacrylates and acrylates, volatile solvents ( ether, gasoline, ethanol). It contains plasticizers (linetol, vegetable oils, dibutyl phthalate, cetyl alcohol, etc.), antioxidants, fillers, etc.

Depending on the composition, the plasters are classified into lead (lead-resin and lead-wax); tar wax; rubber; liquid (skin adhesives).

The technology of patches depends on which group they belong to.

Lead plasters

Lead plasters contain lead soap. Lead soaps are fused with resins, waxes, various medicinal substances, they are hygienic, stable during storage.

Plain lead plaster (Emplastrum Plumbi simplex). Homogeneous solid mass of grayish or yellowish color, when heated becomes viscous and sticky. The drug should not be greasy to the touch and have a rancid smell.

It is used as a basis for the preparation of other types of plasters and externally for purulent-inflammatory skin diseases, boils, carbuncles, etc.

Composition: lead oxide (lead litharge) 10.0 g; sunflower oil 10.0 g; purified pork fat 10.0 g; enough purified water.

Chemically, the plaster is a mixture of lead salts. At the heart of the industrial method for the production of a plaster is the reaction of saponification of fats with lead oxide in the presence of water at the boiling point of the mass. As reactors, enameled boilers or stainless steel boilers are used (the use of copper and copper-tinned boilers is excluded), equipped with a steam jacket and a stirrer.

Preparation of a simple lead plaster. The calculated amount of pork fat is placed in the boiler and sunflower oil and fused, adjusting the temperature by supplying deaf steam. The volume of the boiler must exceed the volume of the reaction mass by at least 4-5 times, since the mass foams strongly during cooking. Lead litharge is ground into the finest powder, sieved through a silk sieve and mixed with 2 parts of freshly boiled purified water. In a melted but not overheated mixture of fats, a suspension of lead oxide in water is added in portions without residue with constant stirring and heating. A saponification reaction occurs, as a result of which a fatty lead salt (lead soap) is formed. Lead plaster is a mixture of lead salts of oleic, palmitic and stearic acids with a significant predominance of the former.

Cooking should be carried out at a temperature of 100-110 ° C for 2-3 hours. Every 5 minutes, hot water is added in small portions to the reaction mass and it is monitored that it does not boil away, which is determined by the presence of fine bubble foam. The mass is constantly stirred, since the reaction occurs at the interface between fat and lead oxide, which have different densities and tend to separate. Adding the same large quantities water slows down the process, which contributes to the stratification of the system.

The absence of foam with continued heating of the mass indicates that the water has boiled away and the temperature of the mixture may exceed 110 °C. Adding successive portions of water leads to splashing of the mass, so care must be taken.

In the process of cooking, the initial reddish color of the mixture gradually turns into a whitish-gray, and at the end of cooking - into whitish.

The cooking of the patch is considered complete if a small sample, poured into cold water, is a plastic mass, non-staining when crushed and does not stick to the fingers. The finished patch is freed from glycerin by repeated stirring of the mass in warm water using a heated kneader. The plaster washed in this way is again transferred to the reactor and heated to 105-110 ° C until the water is completely removed. A sample of the dried lead plaster on a spatula should be drawn into a thin transparent thread. Poorly dried and insufficiently freed from glycerin, the plaster becomes hard and brittle during storage, goes rancid and moldy.

The quality of the patch is influenced by the quality of the starting fats. So, for example, lead oxide should not contain impurities of minium (Pb 3 0 4), which almost does not saponify fats. The water used should not contain carbonates, sulfates and carbon dioxide, which convert lead oxide into lead sulfates and carbonates, which do not oxidize fats.

Standardization of the finished product is carried out according to the reactions of authenticity and the quantitative content of lead oxide. The preparation should not contain peroxide, lead carbonate and lead oxide. Loss on drying should not exceed 3%.
A simple lead plaster can be used as an independent form, as well as be part of other plasters and lead ointment (diachyl).
Plasters based on a simple lead plaster are divided into lead-resin and lead-wax.

Compound lead plaster (Emplastrum Plumbi compositum) - lead-resin plaster of the following composition: simple lead plaster 85 parts; rosin 10 parts; turpentine oil 5 parts.

Lead plaster and rosin are fused in a steam-heated boiler. Turpentine is added to the semi-cooled mass with constant stirring. Sticks are squeezed out or rolled out of the resulting mass. Used as a mild irritant.

Epilin plaster 4% refers to lead-wax plasters and has the following composition: epilin citrate 4.0 parts; simple lead patch 51.0 part; anhydrous lanolin 20.0 parts; wax 5.0 parts; purified water 20.0 parts. Homogeneous sticky mass of light yellow or brownish-yellow color of soft consistency. The patch should not have a rancid odor. It is used as a depilatory agent for fungal skin diseases.

Preparation of the epilin patch. In a boiler with a steam jacket and a stirrer, pre-weighed simple lead plaster, wax and anhydrous lanolin are placed. The mixture is melted with constant stirring, filtered hot through a nylon mesh. Epilin citrate is dissolved in a measured amount of water, introduced into the melt and emulsified with stirring until a homogeneous mass is formed and it is completely cooled. The finished patch is packed in dark glass jars. The standardization of the finished product is carried out according to the reactions of authenticity and the quantitative content of epilin citrate (3.8-4.2%), organoleptic indicators.

Plaster "Ureaplast»contains: urea; water 10.0 parts; beeswax; lanolin; lead plaster. It is used as a keratolytic agent in the treatment of onychomycosis. The bases of tar-wax plasters are alloys of resins and wax; fats and hydrocarbons may also be included in the composition. The most widely used corn patch.

Corn plaster contains: salicylic acid 20.0 parts; rosin 27.0 parts; paraffin parts; petrolatum 27.0 parts. Homogeneous soft, sticky, but not viscous mass of yellow or dark yellow color. The melting point is not higher than 60 °C. The melted patch has a characteristic smell of rosin. Used as a corn remover (keratolytic agent).

Standardization of finished products is carried out according to qualitative and quantitative reactions to salicylic acid (19-21%), organoleptic characteristics, melting point.

rubber patches

Rubber plasters include adhesive plaster, bactericidal adhesive plaster, corn "Salipod", pepper, mustard plasters.

Sticky plaster elastic smeared. The patch has the following composition: natural rubber 25.7 parts; rosin 20.35 parts; zinc oxide 32 parts; anhydrous lanolin 9.9 parts; liquid paraffin 3 parts; neozone D 0.75 parts All starting materials must be free from water. Residual moisture in the materials should not exceed 0.5%, since the patch will initially be sticky and easily soiled, and then it will peel off the fabric and crumble. Rosin gives the adhesive mass a greater stickiness; and contains resin acids, which are irritating to the skin. To neutralize these acids, zinc oxide is added to the mass, resulting in the formation of resinates. Zinc oxide has a drying effect, thereby preventing excessive soiling of the patch. Lanolin and vaseline oil act as plasticizers. To prevent "aging", anti-aging agents are introduced into the mass - substances that slow down the oxidation of rubber. This is neozone D (phenyl- (3-naphthylamine), paraoxydefinylamine, edgeright (aldol-anaphthylamine). Gasoline is used as a solvent.

Adhesive plasters are obtained on the basis of rubber by simple long-term mixing (for 6 hours) separately prepared:

rubber glue (solution in gasoline of rosin and rubber);
anti-aging pastes (homogenized mixture of lanolin with anti-aging agent);
zinc base (homogenized mixture of lanolin, wax and zinc oxide).

The prepared plaster mass is applied to a moving chiffon tape using a glue-spreading (spreading) machine (Fig. 22.1). Chiffon is wound on a wooden roller 2. The end of the tape is pulled through the upper drying chamber with hollow plates 1 heated by steam, returned back through the lower cooling chamber and fixed on the receiving roller 3. A knife 5 is lowered onto the threaded tape, setting a gap of 0.35-40 mm. A patch mass from the hopper is applied to the fabric in front of the knife. When the tape moves, the knife evenly distributes the leukomass over the entire width of the fabric. Belt speed 7.5-8.5 m/min.

When the tape passes over a heated plate (temperature 100-105 ° C), gasoline evaporates from the applied layer of leucomass, its vapors are sucked out through pipe 6. For more complete evaporation of gasoline, hot air is supplied under pressure towards the movement of the tape. Further, the tape passes through the moving shaft 4 over a jet of cold air (4-16 ° C), supplied through the hole 7 with the help of a fan 8, after which it is wound on the take-up roller. At the end of the reception of the tape on the roller 3, the machine is turned off and the rollers are swapped, repeating the process of applying the leukomass to the fabric. The required layer of plaster mass is achieved as a result of 5-6 spreads. The layer of plaster mass should be of such thickness that a piece of chiffon with a spread mass measuring 5 x 5 cm has a mass of 0.64-0.65 g for chiffon article 85.

The tapes from the roller are rewound with the help of unwinding machines onto cardboard spools into rolls 1 m and 5.2 m long. Then the rolls are cut into coils of different sizes.

Gasoline vapors that are sucked off are passed through an adsorber, where they are absorbed and then desorbed. Recycled gasoline is being re-introduced into production. The adhesive plaster can be produced in small packaging in the form of strips 4 × 10 cm and 6 × 10 cm in size on a staple fabric, covered with a protective layer of cellophane, 10 pcs. in the package.

In the finished patch, the following is determined: the uniformity of the smeared layer (for 1 m 2 of the patch there should be at least 120 g of leukomass); detachable stickiness - not less than 100 g/cm 2 ; acid number - 32-37; the amount of zinc oxide - 29-34%.

Adhesive plaster can serve as the basis for the application of medicinal substances. So, for example, a bactericidal adhesive plaster consists of a gauze pad impregnated with an antiseptic solution (composition: furacilin - 0.02%; synthomycin - 0.08%; brilliant green - 0.01% in 40% ethyl alcohol), and has a fixing adhesive tape . From above, the patch is covered with a protective layer of starch gauze and cellophane. The patch is available in various sizes.

Pepper plaster. Homogeneous sticky mass of yellow-brown color, a peculiar smell, applied to paper or cloth, 12 x 18, 10 x 18.8 × 18 cm in size, two pairs of plasters are inserted into the package, lined with a protective layer of cellophane. It is used as an anesthetic for gout, arthritis, sciatica, lumbago and as a distraction for colds.

Pepper plaster technology consists of the preparation of rubber glue, pepper paste and flour base.

In a reactor with a steam jacket and a stirrer, rubber glue is prepared by dissolving rubber, rosin and an antioxidant in gasoline. Pepper paste is prepared separately. To do this, mix a thick extract of capsicum 11% with a part of lanolin melted and cooled to a temperature of 40-50 ° C, add thick belladonna extract 0.3% and 0.3% arnica tincture. Pepper paste is introduced into rubber glue and mixed for 30 minutes. A solution of rosin in gasoline is added to the reactor with pepper paste and rubber glue and stirred for 60 minutes.

To prepare the flour base, wheat flour is mixed with heated lanolin, vaseline oil and a solution of rosin in gasoline. A fabric tape made of madapolam, calico or chintz is primed with this base, and then pepper leuco-mass is applied on the USPL-1 installation. This equipment provides for one-time application of the plaster mass and its drying. The basis of the movement of the tape in the drying chamber is a snail-like trajectory. The dryer is compact, small in size and has three zones in the technological cycle. In the first two zones, heated air is used (35-40 °С and 65-75 °С, respectively, the web speed is 0.8-1 m/s). In the third zone, the patch is cooled. The length of the tape is 250 - 300 m. Total duration drying of the plaster mass 50 min. Even more promising is the chamber-loop dryer, which allows the use of any substrate materials (paper, non-woven materials). The moving tape with the adhesive mass 1 passes through the drying blocks 4 with the help of support rollers 3 and is heated by heated air through the gas distribution cassettes 2. The vapor-air mixture enters the adsorber for gasoline regeneration.

Corn plaster "Salipod" (Emplastrum adhaesivum ad clavos "Salipodum"). The composition of the adhesive plaster includes salicylic acid and sulfur.
It is produced in the form of rectangular strips of fabric measuring 6 x 10 cm and 2 x 10 cm, protected with cellophane on top.

Hemostatic patch "Feracryl" (Emplastrum haemostaticum "Feracrylum") has the form of a band-aid tape with a gasket consisting of layers of gauze impregnated with a solution of feracryl. Feracryl is an incomplete ferruginous salt of polyacrylic acid, which has the ability to form clots with blood proteins.

Mustard plasters (Sinapismata)- a kind of rubber patches produced in the form of rectangular sheets of paper measuring 8x12.5 cm, coated with powder of defatted mustard seeds 0.3-0.55 mm thick.

The composition of mustard plasters includes: mustard powder 98.0 parts; natural rubber to obtain a mass of 100.0 parts; aviation gasoline brand B-70 100 parts; paper. Used as a distracting anti-inflammatory agent.

The raw material for the powder of defatted mustard seeds are the seeds of Sarepta (Semina Sinapis junceae) and black (Semina Sinapis nigrae) mustard, which contain the glycoside sinigrin, which is decomposed under the influence of the enzyme myrosin into glucose, potassium hydrogen sulfate and essential mustard oil (allyl isothiocyanate). The essential oil causes severe irritation and flushing of the skin. Seeds after shelling (removal) of the shell are subjected to grinding and fatty oil is squeezed out of them in hydraulic presses. The remaining fatty oil from the cake is extracted in Soxhlet-type apparatuses. The presence of fatty oil adversely affects the quality of mustard plasters - the therapeutic effect slows down and their storage stability decreases (mustard powder goes rancid and peels off the paper).

Production of mustard plasters. The technological process consists of 5 stages: preparation of rubber glue, preparation with mustard mass, spreading the mass on paper, drying, cutting the roll and laying in stacks, packaging, gasoline recovery.

First prepare rubber glue. To do this, the rubber, steamed for 24-36 hours and cut into pieces, is placed in the glue mixer, gasoline is added and the paddle mixer is turned on for 30-40 minutes. Then the mass is filtered. The resulting adhesive (1.35-2% solution of rubber in gasoline) is a thick, slow-moving mass that easily turns into a jelly-like mass as gasoline volatilizes.

Process of spreading, drying and cutting performed on a continuous plant. Rolled paper passes through the gap between the tabletop and the tub. Passing under the bath, the paper is covered from above with a layer of mustard mass 0.3-0.5 mm thick, then it enters the drying chamber (drying time 45 minutes, air temperature 80 °C). The vapor-air mixture with gasoline formed in the chamber is gradually sucked off and fed to the gasoline recovery.

The dried tape is cut on a sheeter into sheets 75x76x90 cm in size, which are cooled for 24 hours, then the sheets are cut into separate mustard plasters and discarded. Mustard plasters are packed in packs of 10 pcs. Every tenth mustard plaster has on one side an inscription about the method of application. Packages are placed in packs of 600 pcs. and store in a dry place. Shelf life 8 months. The presence of moisture causes the hydrolysis of sinigrin, and mustard plasters lose their activity.

Standardization of finished products is carried out according to the quantitative content of allyl isothiocyanate, in mustard plasters (100 cm 2) it should be at least 0.0119 g. severe burning and redness of the skin no later than 5 minutes.

At present, there is also a “Gardard-package” being produced, which is a heat-sealed bag made of impervious porous paper on two or one side and polymer-coated paper on the other side. The bag is filled with mustard mixture. The mustard plaster package is produced in the size of 11 x 10 cm and is divided into four equal bags. Each bag is evenly filled with mustard mixture.

Transdermal Therapy System (TTS) - dosage soft dosage form for external use in the form of patches or films, slow-release drug. The transdermal form is convenient in that the patch (or film for transbuccal use) is glued to the skin, and the drug quickly penetrates through the upper layers of the skin (dermis) into the blood (blood vessels)

Transdermal drug delivery has several advantages: the ability to provide faster drug action. Possibility to avoid inactivation or decrease in drug activity Possibility of immediate discontinuation of treatment in the event of adverse reactions. Ensuring a constant concentration of the drug in the blood. Reducing the frequency of assignment. Reducing the required dose of the drug.

Transdermal drug delivery has several limitations: Irritation or contact skin sensitization is possible. It takes more time for the drugs to start working. Only a small percentage of the medicine can penetrate the skin from the patch. The transdermal drug delivery system can only be used for sufficiently potent drugs requiring small doses.

Types of medical pencils. Methods of obtaining: pouring, pressing, dipping, lapis pencils, menthol, hemostatic. Packaging, storage.

Medical pencils -solid dosage form for external application, in the form of cylindrical sticks up to 5–6 cm long and 4–8 mm thick or spherical cones, rounded at one end, weighing from 0.5–0.6 to 10 g. Some painkillers and distractions are produced in the form of pencils , antiseptics

Types: melted, ointment, repellent, anti-cold, dental

Fused pencils. By melting salts, pencils are obtained according to the following prescriptions: Alum pencils. Contain 0.6 g of potassium alum and 0.025 g of glycerin. Hemostatic pencils. Weight 1.0 and 10.0 g. Composition: potassium alum 75 parts, aluminum sulfate 15 parts and ferric chloride 10 parts. Lapis pencils. Weight 0.5-0.6 g. Composition: silver nitrate 1 part and potassium nitrate 2 parts. Medical lapis, not pure silver nitrate, but its alloy with potassium nitrate, sometimes cast in the form of sticks - a lapis pencil. When preparing lapis pencils, first, crushed potassium nitrate and silver nitrate are mixed, then 0.1% concentrated nitric acid is added to the mixture, after which it is melted in a porcelain vessel at 250 - 260 ° C. The molten mass is quickly poured into molds heated to 50 - 70 ° C, previously rubbed with talc. The mass of the pencil is 0.5 - 0.6 g. They are released in orange glass tubes. Pencils made from silver nitrate alone are very brittle; fusion with potassium nitrate achieves the required hardness of the sticks. Menthol or migraine pencils. Weight 5.0 and 10.0 g. Ingredients: menthol 1 part and paraffin 4 parts. Paraffin is melted in a boiler with a steam jacket and, while stirring, menthol is dissolved in it at a temperature not exceeding 50 - 60 ° C. While still hot, the solution is filtered through a cloth and immediately poured into molds set on ice. The nests are filled with some excess. The surface of the nests is pre-lubricated with soapy alcohol or glycerin. After cooling for 20 - 30 minutes, the molds are cleaned of excess mass and unscrewed. The removed pencils are inserted into a plastic case or wrapped in foil and parchment paper and packed in boxes of 10 pcs. Method for obtaining alum pencils. Potassium alum is poured into a porcelain vessel and heated. At 95 - 100 ° C, alum is melted in its own water of crystallization, after which glycerin is added to them and quickly poured into molds previously lubricated with vaseline oil. The cooling of the mass lasts 5-10 minutes, then the molds are unscrewed, the pencils are removed, cleaned of burrs and excess crystals. Then they are checked for purity and quality of pouring and inserted into plastic cases. Preparation methods: pouring, pressing, dipping (see suppositories)

The pencils store at a temperature of 18-20 ± 2°C and a humidity of 45% for 12 months.