Intra-company environment of business entities are. External business environment

The entrepreneurial environment is divided into external, independent of the entrepreneurs themselves, and internal, which entrepreneurs form (create) themselves.

External business environment . The external business environment is a set external factors and conditions directly or indirectly affecting the entrepreneurial activity itself, including its formation and development.

The external business environment is a complex system external regulation entrepreneurial activity, so for individual entrepreneurs and legal entities it is objective in nature, since they cannot directly change it (for example, federal laws, natural factors, etc.), but must take it into account when conducting their own business.

The external business environment as an integrated system includes the following subsystems:

· economic situation in the region, country;

political situation, which is characterized by the stability of the development of society;

the legal environment;

· governmental support and business regulation;

the presence of natural factors of production;

physical environment associated with climatic (weather) conditions for the functioning of business organizations, the absence of force majeure natural disasters;

the level of unemployment and solvency of the population;

the institutional and organizational environment, indicating the presence of a sufficient number of organizations that provide the possibility of carrying out commercial operations, business connections etc.;

manifestation of terrorism.

The external business environment in today's Russia can be characterized as not meeting the requirements for the development and establishment of entrepreneurship. And the main factors that can confirm this statement are:

First of all this is the general corruption of both the society itself and the state governing bodies;

Secondly this is insufficient state support for entrepreneurship, which would meet modern requirements for building market relations;

Thirdly it is not an adequate and insufficient legal framework aimed at supporting entrepreneurship.

A special role in the regulation of entrepreneurial activity belongs to federal laws, on the basis of which not only indirect, but also direct regulation is carried out. An important role in the regulation and support of entrepreneurship belongs to such supreme state bodies as the President of the Russian Federation, the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation, as well as the Constitutional, Arbitration and Supreme Courts of the Russian Federation, the Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation and its bodies in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, others law enforcement, as well as Federal ministries: on antimonopoly policy and support of entrepreneurship, finance, economic development and trade, justice, etc. A large role in the regulation and support of entrepreneurship belongs to the representative and executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. It is also necessary to eliminate administrative barriers, to reduce the number of bodies inspecting entrepreneurs.

Let us consider in more detail the factors of the external business environment (hereinafter referred to as the environment) (Table 14)

Table 14

Factors of the external business environment


International	International competition. Military conflicts (hot spots) in the world. The level of terrorism. International exhibitions, conferences, exhibitions.
Political	Democracy level. Political reforms taking place in individual countries. Level of corruption and criminal situation in the country.
Economic	Average annual inflation rates. The level of the country's financial system. bank interest rate. The share of private property in the total property of the country. The level of taxation of business participants. Investment climate. Level of shadow and criminal economy.
Socio-demographic	Population migration. The structure of the population by income, social status, education, sex. The prospects of the region.
Legal	Legal framework that meets the principles of entrepreneurship development. The quality of prosecutorial control over compliance with legal acts regulating entrepreneurship.
External environment	Environmental factors
Ecological	Man-made disasters. Ecosystem parameters for individual cities and territories. The level of state financing of environmental programs (budget). The legal framework governing the state of the ecosystem.
Natural and climatic	Climate. Natural disasters. Availability of natural resources and their location.
Scientific and technical	Level of automation industrial production and construction. The level of computerization of the country. Specific gravity scientists in the total number of employees. Material support of scientific personnel.

Some scholars consider the external business environment for small businesses. So A. Hosking singles out the macro-environment and the micro-environment of entrepreneurship. Macroenvironment includes economic, legal, political, socio-cultural, technological, physical (geographical) conditions of activity. The microenvironment includes the institutional system of entrepreneurship. Solodkov M.V. conducted a study based on statistical data for the period 1995-1998. the following factors and revealed their influence on MT using correlation and regression analysis:

population density of the region;

composition of the population of the study region (rural or urban);

· gross regional product (GRP) per capita;

· the share of own expenses of the regional budget;

· resource and raw material potential of the region;

the infrastructure of the region;

· institutional capacity of the region;

the production potential of the region;

the intellectual potential of the region;

· Innovation potential region;

labor productivity (income per inhabitant);

· risks: political, criminal, ecological, social.

Solodkov M.V. revealed that such factors as the density of the population living in the territory have the greatest influence on the activity of the region's SE (correlation coefficient 0.28); the share of rural residents in the total population (correlation coefficient was -0.36), labor productivity (correlation coefficient was from 0.34 to 0.41), institutional capacity (correlation coefficient - from 0.21 to 0.40), intellectual potential (correlation coefficient 0.35).

Basareva V.G. proves that the relative demand for labor in the MB segment is affected by regional differences in the level of risk that arise due to the institutional weakness of the regions and the conservative attitudes of the regional elite. Differences in expected risks lead to varying degrees of people's trust in the rules of doing business.

One of the latest World Bank studies, conducted in 69 countries, where 3,600 entrepreneurs were interviewed, made it possible to state that institutional barriers exist in all countries, but the significance individual factors different.

As factors influencing the development and birth of new small firms, the authors also noted:

· human capital;

the level of various costs of setting up an enterprise, including transaction costs;

· industry structure economy, the share of unstable industries such as construction, retail, services);

Availability of factors of production, market infrastructure

access to research and development, information, innovation, new technologies;

the level of spending on public infrastructure;

Support for entrepreneurship or lack thereof from the authorities;

social norms that promote trust in entrepreneurship.

· Factors influencing the development of SE can be divided into objective (which little depend on the will of the entrepreneur, his desire) and subjective. Objective factors include population density, territorial factor, potential of the region, sectoral structure of the region. An entrepreneur can only adapt to these factors, assessing and predicting the direction of their development and adapting to their change.

· Subjective factors include criminogenic risk, administrative barriers for an entrepreneur, competitive environment and others. These factors the entrepreneur has the ability to change and influence them.

Internal business environment. Factors of the internal environment are directly related to financial - economic activity entrepreneurial structures and those relations, contacts that appear as a result of this activity.

The internal business environment as an integrated system includes the following subsystems:

· Availability equity;

Choice of organizational legal form;

The choice of the subject of activity;

selection of partners;

knowledge of the market;

recruitment and management of personnel, etc.

Compliance with laws and legal acts regulating entrepreneurial activity can also be attributed to the factor of the internal environment.

The internal business environment is also determined by the totality of internal conditions of functioning entrepreneurial organization(Fig. 18).

Rice. 18. Internal conditions and entrepreneurial activity.

It turns out that the internal business environment is subjective and largely depends on the owner (leader), i.e. his competence and ability to manage personnel, a changing situation, external and internal influences. In many ways, the internal business environment depends on the moral and psychological climate that prevails in the team. The internal factors include the motivation of employees, which should have not only a material form, but also a spiritual component.

In this aspect, undoubtedly, of practical interest for Russian entrepreneurs is the experience of forming the internal entrepreneurial environment of the Japanese entrepreneur K. Tateishi, which he spoke about in his book “The Eternal Spirit of Entrepreneurship”. The essence of effective, rational management at Omron, which makes it possible to achieve success according to Tateishi, is to provide each employee with the opportunity to earn enough, feel satisfaction from their work and participate in the management of the enterprise.

Great value for efficient operation personnel, and, accordingly, the company, have the working conditions of the employee (Fig. 19).

Rice. 19. Efficient working conditions.

The set of working conditions consists of the following requirements of the employee:

a) workplace must be clean and equipped necessary equipment, means of communication, if necessary, computerized, etc.;

b) the team must have a stable moral and psychological climate, perceived by the management system, adequate to the needs and requirements of the employee;

c) work for the employee should be interesting, in demand and promising;

d) the work of the employee must be adequately paid, based on his qualifications, diligence, dedication.

Of particular importance for successful entrepreneurial activity are the development of a sound business plan, anticipation and calculation of the consequences of the onset of anticipated risks, the introduction of new technologies, the diversification of activities, the development and implementation of a sound strategy for the development of the company. The factors of the internal environment should also include strict observance by entrepreneurs and hired managers of laws and regulations governing the activities of this type of business or the corresponding organizational and legal form of an entrepreneurial organization.

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Introduction

2. Economic freedom is the leading element of the business environment

3. The market is the environment for the existence of an entrepreneurial environment

Conclusion

List of information sources used

Introduction

Relevance. Economic reforms are inevitably carried out in Russia, although not always consistently and reasonably. The result of the reforms is the formation and development of new economic, financial, social and other relations based on the formation of a market economy, in which entrepreneurs (collective and individual) are the leading economic entity.

A significant contribution to the development of the theory of entrepreneurship was made by A Smith (1723-1790). An entrepreneur, according to Smith, is an owner of capital who, in order to implement a commercial idea, takes economic risks and makes a profit. According to the scientist, the entrepreneur is mostly a capitalist.

Of theoretical and practical importance is Drucker's point of view on the essence of such new terms as entrepreneurial economics, entrepreneurial society, entrepreneurial management.

Target control work- deep study of the essence of the business environment and its role in the economy of society.

Study the literature on the topic;

To study the concept and essence of "business environment";

Consider the external and internal business environment;

Consider the role of the business environment in society.

Object of study: business environment

Subject of study: the main features of the business environment.

The structure of the work consists of "Introduction", the main part of "Conclusion", "List of references"

1. The essence of the business environment

1.1 External business environment

Entrepreneurship can develop if there are certain external and internal factors (conditions) in the country, which together provide favorable opportunities for the development of a civilized successful entrepreneurship, i.e. if a certain business environment is formed.

The business environment should be understood as the favorable socio-economic, political, civil and legal situation that has developed in the country, providing economic freedom for capable citizens to engage in entrepreneurial activities aimed at meeting the needs of all subjects of a market economy.

Entrepreneurs operate in certain conditions that together make up the business environment, which is an integrated set of various (objective and subjective) factors that allow entrepreneurs to succeed in achieving their goals, in implementing entrepreneurial projects and contracts and making a profit (income).

As an integrated complex system, the business environment is divided into external, as a rule, independent of the entrepreneurs themselves, and internal, which is formed directly by the entrepreneurs themselves.

The entrepreneurial environment is formed on the basis of the development of productive forces, the improvement of production (economic) relations, the creation of a favorable public and state mentality, the formation of the market as an environment for the existence (activity) of entrepreneurs and other important conditions.

The state of the external business environment has a decisive influence on the development of entrepreneurship in the country as a whole, in individual regions. The external business environment is understood as a set of external factors and conditions that directly or indirectly affect the formation and development of entrepreneurship.

The external business environment includes the following subsystems:

economic situation in the country and regions;

political situation, characterized by the stability of the development of society and the state;

a legal environment that clearly establishes the rights, obligations, responsibilities of entrepreneurial and other subjects of the market economy;

state regulation and support of entrepreneurship;

socio-economic situation associated with the level of payment demand of the population (consumers), the level of unemployment;

cultural environment, determined by the level of education of the population, providing the opportunity to engage in certain types of entrepreneurial business;

scientific and technical, technological environment;

the presence of a sufficient number of natural factors of production necessary for the development of certain types of activities;

the physical environment associated with climatic (weather) conditions that affect the process of functioning of business organizations;

lack of manifestation of natural disasters;

business environment economy society

institutional and organizational environment, indicating the presence of a sufficient number of organizations that provide the possibility of carrying out commercial operations, business relations, etc.

Undoubtedly, the development of entrepreneurship requires the stability of the political situation in the country and in individual regions, agreement between all branches of government, their recognition of the fact that without the development of civilized entrepreneurship, economic growth, the effective development of all sectors of the economy and the improvement of the welfare of society are impossible.

1.2 Internal business environment

Entrepreneurial Success depends on many factors, among which the most important is the internal business environment as a certain set of internal conditions for the functioning of an entrepreneurial organization.

The internal business environment includes: goals, structure, tasks, technologies and people working in the organization.

A goal is a specific end state or desired outcome that a group seeks to achieve by working together. In the planning process, management formulates goals and communicates them to the members of the organization. For modern organizations characterized by a variety of goals.

The structure of the organization consists of several levels of management and divisions. The structure of the organization should be consistent with the levels of management and functional areas in a manner that effectively achieves the objectives of the organization.

Division of labor. A characteristic feature of modern organizations is a specialized division of labor, the assignment of this work to specialists - those who are able to perform it best of all, from the point of view of the organization as a whole.

The sphere of control of the leader is the persons subordinate to him. The scope of control is an important aspect of organizational structure. If one leader reports a large number of people, then there is a wide sphere of control, which results in a flat management structure. With a narrow sphere of control, few people report to each leader, which leads to a multi-level structure.

Tasks are prescribed work, a series of tasks, or a piece of work that must be completed in a predetermined manner in a predetermined manner. deadlines. Tasks are assigned not to the employee, but to his position. It is believed that if the task is performed in such a way and in such time as prescribed, then the organization will operate successfully.

The tasks of the organization are traditionally divided into three categories:

Working with people and objects

Working with energy

Working with information.

Technology is a means of transforming "raw materials" - be they people, information or physical materials - into desired products and services. Tasks and technology are closely related. Completing a task involves the use of a particular technology.

Personnel is the main factor in any management model. The main characteristics of the staff are:

Capabilities. Organizations almost always try to take advantage of differences in ability when deciding what position and what job a particular employee will do. Selecting a person who is best able to do a certain job is a means of increasing the benefits of specialization.

Predisposition, giftedness. Managers, in particular, must be able to assess the ness of people.

Needs are an internal state of psychological or physiological feeling of lack of something.

Expectations. People, based on past experience and assessment of the current situation, form expectations about the results of their behavior.

A perception that significantly influences expectations and behavior. If management wants employees to strive to achieve the organization's purpose, it must prove to employees that the desired behavior will lead to the satisfaction of their individual needs.

Attitude can be defined as dislike or attachment to objects, people, groups or any manifestations environment. Relationships form a biased perception of the environment and thus influence behavior.

Values are shared beliefs, a belief in what is good and what is bad or what is indifferent. Every organization consciously or unconsciously establishes its own value system. The organization tends to have its own morals and customs.

The internal business environment should also include:

the amount of own capital;

choice of organizational and legal form;

choice of subject of activity;

The business environment is the presence of conditions and factors that affect business entities and require acceptance management decisions to fix or fix them.

It is an integrated set of objective and subjective factors that allow business entities to achieve success in achieving their goals, and is divided into an external environment, usually independent of business entities, and an internal environment, which is formed directly by the business entity.

The external environment of business entities is a complex heterogeneous (heterogeneous in composition) formation, covering a wide range of elements interconnected both with the business entity and

among themselves, forming a kind of system-organized "space" in which processes function and develop, limiting or activating entrepreneurial activity. To reveal the structure of the external environment of entrepreneurship, one should refer to the nature of the relationship that develops between the subject of entrepreneurship and environmental elements. In this case, it is possible to single out a number of elements that are not subject to direct control by the organization and cannot adequately respond to its behavior due to indirect, unmediated impact. For example, a business entity is not able to directly influence the nature of the activities of competing firms, however, by forming the quality of manufactured goods, implementing a certain pricing policy, carrying out activities that help strengthen its image and public recognition, it creates certain conditions for competition that are taken into account by all organizations competing On the market. The entrepreneurial system, therefore, has a tangible impact on all participants in the competition process, distributed indirectly with the help of marketing influence tools. Such influence is captured by the market and requires an adequate response from its various subjects.

Elements of the external environment that can be indirectly influenced by the business system can be combined into a stable and fairly homogeneous set using a criterion that expresses the nature of the impact (indirect). This set can be characterized as a separate group of elements of the external environment - the microenvironment, which, as it were, is in the focus of market processes, reflecting the most significant market fluctuations.

Together with the elements of the microenvironment, the external environment of a business entity reflects the influence of factors that are more “hard” in nature. These factors (they can be called macro-environmental factors) have limiting and sometimes stimulating properties, but in any case, these are properties that manifest themselves in one direction - from an element of the environment to a specific business entity.

The macro-environment includes a wide range of elements: natural, demographic, economic, environmental, scientific and technological, legislative, national, etc. In fig. 1.5 presents a classification based on five large groups of elements that reflect various aspects of socio-economic relationships.

Each of these elements has its own multicomponent structure. A group that combines scientific and technical elements reflects the level of scientific and technological development that imposes technical and technological restrictions on specific view entrepreneurship.

Economic elements determine, first of all, the volume Money, which the consumer can direct to the market of a particular product and which form the conditions of demand and the capacity of this market. The action of these elements also determines the structure of demand, which includes various types of goods that correspond to consumer preferences and are affordable. The economic factors of the macro environment also cover the formed labor market, the availability of vacancies and, consequently, the excess or shortage of labor, which affects the level wages workers.

Economic situation formed under the influence of political factors. The ways of managing the economy and the economic situation they cause are, to some extent, a reflection of the political goals and tasks solved by government bodies.

Elements of a macro-competitive external environment

Legal

Environmental

Social

Economic

Scientific and technical

Rice. 1.5. The structure of the elements of the macro-environment

Political factors are sometimes considered as independent environmental factors, but their influence on the conditions of a particular business is usually manifested through other factors, in particular economic ones, which impose clearly defined restrictive frameworks on many parameters of entrepreneurial activity. The political situation has an impact on other environmental factors: social, legal, environmental. The greatest "political impulse" is experienced by the legal environment.

An expanded set of elements is united by environmental factors. Expressing the relationship between society and nature, they include three independent subgroups of elements: natural and climatic; natural resource and environmental protection.

Natural and climatic factors express the peculiarities of the geographical location of the consumer market and the business structures that satisfy its demand. It is important to note that the natural conditions in which the consumer and the entrepreneur operate may not coincide.

Natural resource factors are associated with the availability, volume, quality and conditions for the use of all types of natural resources used in business activities: natural raw materials, water, fuel, energy.

Environmental components express the degree of pollution of the ecosystem surrounding the territory of the consumer market, including all its components. The influence of environmental factors is expressed both in a fixed degree of environmental pollution and in a form that determines the type of social behavior in relation to environmental problems.

From the point of view of modern socio-ethical needs, the social elements of the macro-environment deserve the closest attention. By the nature of their impact on entrepreneurial activity, two subgroups can be distinguished: elements that have a material form of expression, and elements that do not have such a form.

The first subgroup includes a wide range of systems and networks that ensure the vital activity of an individual, their groups and society as a whole. These are objects of engineering support, cultural and community sphere, public transport, protection public order, regional and local government. Their presence and absence form the conditions for determining the way of doing business.

activity, its scope and territorial specifics. For example, in the absence of a wide and diverse well-functioning infrastructure, it is difficult or almost impossible to develop certain types of business (tourism, manufacturing household services, some types of construction industry).

The second subgroup includes elements of the so-called socio-spiritual environment. It is they who form the psychological climate, social preferences, tastes and predilections.

In the socio-spiritual environment, one can single out the historical traditions inherent in the territorial entity, within the boundaries of which target segment consumers, ethical standards, type of social structure, worldview and moral principles. The socio-spiritual environment includes national, racial, religious characteristics of consumers, which determine the specifics of social behavior and lifestyle.

Social elements the external environment are of particular importance in solving problems of competition, determining the competitiveness of the organization in the market. Additional methods include competition based on strengthening the image and public recognition of the manufacturer's company. Competing on the basis of the image, which is an independent socio-psychological characteristic, the company focuses on social (or rather, socio-spiritual) components, on the basis of which a program is built to form public opinion in relation to the organization, its inclination and desire to solve social problems, entrepreneurial ethics and common culture.

The internal environment of business entities covers a wide range of elements representing the totality of internal conditions for the functioning of a business entity, and is completely dependent on the business entity. When it comes to the internal environment of a business entity, we mean:

Availability of capital (both own and invested);

The choice of the object of entrepreneurial activity and the organizational and legal form of economic activity;

Organizational structure organizations;

Rationality and efficiency of entrepreneurial activity, etc. The internal environment of an entrepreneurial organization is its structure,

covering not only a management mechanism aimed at optimizing scientific, technical and production and marketing activities, but also at improving the technologies of the processes being implemented, with the help of which entrepreneurial activity (energy), materials and information are converted into the final product of an entrepreneurial organization.

When forming the internal environment of business entities, two of its components are usually distinguished: situational factors and elements of the internal environment. Elements of the internal environment are the components of the organization necessary to achieve goals. The main elements of the internal environment of the organization are presented in fig. 1.6. Situational factors of the internal environment of a business entity are internal variables that are created by an entrepreneur based on an analysis of the external environment and are used to determine the boundary conditions for the functioning of an entrepreneurial organization. The main situational factors are:

Corporate culture;

Intra-company entrepreneurship (intrapreneurship);

Business goals.

32 1 Functional areas 1 Marketing Manufacturing Finance 1 1 R&D

Staff

Supply

Manufacturing

Sales _| Production process Objects of labor Labor Means of labor w Management V t_

Structure

Rice. 1.6. The main elements of the internal environment of the organization

Culture is a set of industrial, social and spiritual needs of people, or high level something, high development, skill. There are many more definitions, but they all boil down to the fact that culture is a concept that integrates various aspects of life, activities, behavior of people, their associations of society as a whole at a certain historical stage of its development. Any culture, including an entrepreneurial one, contains two main aspects: values and procedures. Values are ethical ideals, qualities that are the highest moral categories. Procedures are formally fixed and unwritten rules of conduct based on specified values.

Currently, the terms “enterprise culture”, “enterprise (firm) culture”, “economic culture”, “corporate culture”, “ organizational culture". All these are identical concepts, which are understood as the spiritual life of people in an entrepreneurial environment, in an organization, their ideological moral state, feelings, thinking and actions.

Economic culture is, as it were, a projection of the economy onto the sphere of culture; the converse statement is also true, according to which it is a projection of culture onto the sphere of the economy. In other words, the cultural component economic activity(economic culture) is inseparable from this activity itself, is its necessary prerequisite and is able to actively influence it, enhancing or slowing down the development of the economy. It can also be argued that the economic component of culture (economic culture) affects the entire cultural environment of a given

society (including science, art, religion), and directly, directly reflected in those areas of culture that are most closely related.

Corporate culture is a system (not necessarily formalized) of cultural, ethical, moral and other postulates generally accepted in the company and protected by its members (not always consciously) in relation to goals, business, intra-company relationships and interaction with the environment (clients, partners, competitors, government agencies). society as a whole). The system of these postulates finds its expression in the values and beliefs, norms, principles, rules, procedures, standards that have developed spontaneously or consciously cultivated and declared (declared) by the company and its members, as well as in customs, traditions, manners, rituals. Corporate culture is a multifactorial substance, and therefore it is always individual, and therefore, as a rule, is one of the factors that gives the organization individual features.

There are many approaches to the analysis of the content side of a particular corporate culture. F. Harris and R. Moran proposed to identify ten meaningful characteristics inherent in any corporate culture:

Awareness of oneself and one's place in the organization;

Communication system and language of communication;

Appearance, clothing and self-image at work;

Habits and traditions associated with the reception and assortment of food;

Awareness of time, attitude towards it and its use;

Relationships between people;

Values and norms;

worldview;

Development and self-realization of the employee;

Work ethic and motivation.

These characteristics of the corporate culture together point to non-traditional, but very effective ways management, when a corporate ideology, a system of organizational values come to the aid of the manager.

A study by Russian psychologists shows that more than 60% of organizations prefer their company to stand out in some way, to have its own principles. Sometimes employees of companies believe that it is better to have a corporate culture even negatively perceived by society than not to have any. The desire to identify with the team is still one of the strongest personal motivations.

In theoretical studies and in practice, more attention is paid not only to entrepreneurship as a special type of economic activity in terms of concentration and creating better business conditions for oneself through

market exchange, but also intra-firm entrepreneurship - intrapreneurship. It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that internal entrepreneurship should be considered as an internal variable situational factor, which is set by the head of the organization based on an analysis of the external environment and is used to achieve the organization competitive advantage.

Singling out intrapreneurship as a special type of entrepreneurial activity deprives entrepreneurship of being, turning it into an “arising, then disappearing phantom”.

The emergence of intrapreneurship (Fig. 1.7), firstly, is due to objective trends in the socio-economic development of society, when the dominant ones for

The term "intrapreneur" was introduced by the American researcher G. Pinchot.

many become social aspects of the motivation of human activity, when people strive for independence, self-expression. Prerequisites for the emergence of intrapreneurship / Economic crisis commercial organization

The need to obtain funds for the survival of the organization

The final phase of the life of the organization (obsolete products and equipment)

\ The need to create a base for the long-term development of the organization

\ Desire to get additional profit to the existing

Availability of unused resources (including new technologies) Fig. 1.7. Needs that form the prerequisites for the emergence

intrapreneurship

They want to fulfill these needs, to get more autonomy in their organization within its organizational structure. Underestimation of these desires can lead to a decrease in interest in the work performed and the departure of the most capable and promising employees from the organization in search of opportunities for self-realization and creativity.

Secondly, the reason for the interest in intrapreneurship was the trend towards the need to introduce new technologies to increase competitive advantages.

In large organizations that work quite stably and successfully, as a rule, innovation is held back, innovations are blocked, initiatives can be ignored, especially if they are not directly related to the main activity of the organization, that is, conservatism is observed. Organizations with a traditional management structure most often operate on the basis of a clear hierarchical subordination and a set of instructions that comprehensively regulate their life.

An entrepreneurial organization is an organization that actively pursues all possible entrepreneurial ideas.

In entrepreneurial-type organizations, the leader creates an atmosphere of search, encourages put forward ideas, proposals and new solutions. The development of the spirit of intrapreneurship ensures the effective development of an entrepreneurial organization and allows you to achieve competitive advantages compared to other organizations.

From a socio-psychological standpoint, entrepreneurial activity is a means of realizing the needs of an individual for independence, wealth, prestigious work, and position in society. In some organizations, conditions are created for the transformation of a person who put forward an entrepreneurial idea into a co-owner of a partner company; there are other types of interest. An individual entrepreneur can fully realize these needs. In partnership business

they are somewhat limited, therefore, in an entrepreneurial organization, certain conditions must be created for the intrapreneur to ensure the implementation of his innovative ideas (Fig. 1.8).

Entrepreneurial orientation of the enterprise

Creation of the atmosphere of search. Encouragement of suggestions and ideas

Conditions for intrapreneurship

Organizational and production capabilities

Providing an opportunity for the employee who put forward the idea to become a co-owner, partner

Availability of finance (possibility of commercialization of resources), loans, funds, etc.

Resource opportunities

Human capital (professional staff, intellect)

Production and technological capabilities and the availability of high technologies

Possibility to allocate and create new business units

Rice. 1.8. Conditions for the emergence of a partnership between an intrapreneur and an entrepreneurial type organization

Intra-company entrepreneurship is understood as the implementation of entrepreneurial goals within an existing commercial organization that produces certain products (works or services), in which the head creates conditions for the promotion and implementation of innovative entrepreneurial ideas for the commercialization of new technical, technological and other achievements, resources are allocated for their implementation and comprehensive assistance for practical implementation ideas.

Intra-company entrepreneurship can be viewed as an activity for the production and sale of products (works) based on the integration of entrepreneurial initiative and the capabilities of a commercial organization. A person who initiates and conducts his entrepreneurial activity within the framework of an existing organization is an intrapreneur.

The essence of the activity of an intrapreneur is that he does not wait for any changes in the activities of the organization and only then reacts to them in an appropriate way, but “forces” to make changes that are beneficial for the commercial organization, that is, he restructures the usual process into an entrepreneurial, innovative intrapreneurial one.

The business environment (ES) is understood as the presence of conditions and factors that affect entrepreneurial activity and require managerial decisions to be made to eliminate them or adapt to them.

PS is an integrated set of objective and subjective factors that allow entrepreneurs to succeed in achieving their goals, and is divided into external, as a rule, independent of the entrepreneurs themselves, and internal, which is formed directly by the entrepreneurs themselves.

The external environment of entrepreneurship seems to be a complex heterogeneous formation, covering a wide range of elements related both to the firm - the subject of entrepreneurial activity, and among themselves, the external environment of entrepreneurship forms a kind of systematically organized "space" in which processes operate and develop that limit or activate entrepreneurial activity. . To reveal the structure of the external environment of entrepreneurship, one should refer to the nature of the relationship that develops between the subject of entrepreneurship and the elements of the environment. In this case, it is possible to single out a number of elements that are not subject to direct control action on the part of the company and cannot adequately respond to its behavior due to indirect, indirect influence. For example, an entrepreneur is not able to directly influence the nature of the activities of competing firms, however, by forming the quality of manufactured goods, implementing a certain pricing policy, carrying out activities that help strengthen his image and public recognition, he creates certain conditions for competition that are taken into account by all organizations competing on market. The entrepreneurial system, therefore, has a tangible impact on all participants in the competition process, distributed indirectly with the help of marketing influence tools. Such influence is captured by the market and requires an adequate response from its various subjects.

Elements of the external environment that can be indirectly influenced by the business system can be combined into a stable and fairly homogeneous set using a criterion that expresses the nature of the impact - indirect. In this regard, it is possible to single out a separate group of elements of the external environment - the microenvironment.

When studying the microenvironment, it is important to remember that it not only experiences some influence from a particular entrepreneurial organization and adequately responds to its behavior in the market, but also has a noticeable formative influence on the style and nature of entrepreneurial activity. The microenvironment is, as it were, in the focus of market processes, reflecting the most significant market fluctuations. Its elements are in a state of constant mutual influence, when each of them is able to cause changes in the behavior of the other, but is also forced to adapt to these changes.

Along with the elements of the microenvironment in the external environment of entrepreneurship, there is the influence of factors that are more "hard" in nature. These factors (they can be called macro-environmental factors) have limiting and sometimes stimulating properties, but in any case, these are properties that manifest themselves in one direction: from an environmental element to a specific entrepreneurial organization. The most important feature of such factors is the impossibility of any influence on them by individual market entities, and vice versa - the need to adapt to the conditions formed by these factors. Of course, in general theoretical terms, it would hardly be legitimate to talk about the complete absence of the possibility of influencing any factors, since all elements of socio-ecological and economic systems are in unity and dynamic interconnection. We can only talk about a very insignificant impact, which has practically no manifestation in the practice of entrepreneurship, which can be neglected when solving specific management tasks. For example, one cannot fail to note the influence of entrepreneurship, as a phenomenon, and entrepreneurs, as its representatives, on the nature of the legal and regulatory framework. The entrepreneur expresses his preference for one or another form of state structure that has normative legal levers, participates in the creation of a certain public opinion, and finally gives his “vote” to representatives of this or that political platform, but it can hardly be argued that his position and actions can have a significant , which forms the value. It is more expedient and fruitful to forecast and take into account legal processes regulated by the state than attempts to adapt them to one's own interests. Factors of the macro environment, thus, form a certain restrictive segment that requires study and active adaptation on the part of business structures.

The macro-environment includes a wide range of elements: natural, demographic, economic, environmental, scientific and technological, legislative, national, etc. They have a different character and socio-economic nature and have a different impact on a particular type of production and entrepreneurial activity .

In order to identify the factors that determine the parameters of a particular entrepreneur, it is necessary to have a scientifically based classification that reflects the structure of macro factors. Such a classification can be based on five large groups of elements reflecting various aspects of socio-economic relations.

Each of these elements has its own multicomponent structure. The group that combines scientific and technical elements reflects the level of scientific and technological development, which imposes technical and technological restrictions on a particular type of entrepreneurship. Yes, under the conditions Russian market markedly limiting influence of the level of development information technologies covering almost all areas of business activity

Economic elements determine, first of all, the amount of money that a consumer can direct to the market for a particular product and which form the conditions of demand and the capacity of this market. The action of these elements also determines the structure of demand, which includes various types of goods that correspond to consumer preferences and are affordable.

The economic factors of the macro environment also cover the formed labor market, the availability of vacancies and, consequently, the excess or shortage of labor, which affects the level of wages of workers.

Among the economic factors include features of the development production area. At the same time, it is important to consider two aspects of the development of the production base: sectoral and regional. In the sectoral aspect, the production, technological and organizational hierarchy of the sectoral structure, its retrospective dynamics and prospects are studied. In the regional - it is required to study the nature of the distribution of productive forces and specific objects of production infrastructure that determine the structure of supply within the boundaries of a particular region, the features of the material and technical base production processes, influencing the performance indicators of production and all business activities. Taking into account the peculiarities of the Russian market, it is important to highlight the production and transport infrastructure, its capacity, length, technical equipment, as well as the current transportation tariffs as a special structural element.

The economic situation is formed largely under the influence of political factors. The ways of managing the economy and the economic situation they cause are, to some extent, a reflection of the political goals and tasks solved by government bodies. Political factors are sometimes considered as independent environmental factors, but their influence on the conditions of a particular business is usually manifested through other factors, in particular economic ones, which impose clearly defined restrictive frameworks on many parameters of entrepreneurial activity.

The political situation has an impact on other environmental factors: social, legal, environmental. The greatest "political impulse" is experienced by the legal environment. Types of laws and other legal acts are, as a rule, the result of political processes, lobbying, social and political pressure. legal documents of any kind are always "hard" and unequivocal constraints on entrepreneurship.

Political factors have an impact on the environmental situation, in particular in the form of protectionism against social movements in the field of struggle for the preservation and restoration of the environment. Thus, political factors spread their influence, bypassing several stages - with the help of economic, legal or other characteristics. At the same time, it is possible to admit their absence in the presented structure of elements, where those that are in direct contact with the entrepreneurial link and actually form the boundaries of its activity are highlighted.

An extended set of PS elements is united by environmental factors. Expressing the relationship between society and nature, they include three independent subgroups of elements:

Natural and climatic;

Natural resource;

Conservation.

Natural and climatic factors express the features of the geographical location of the consumer market and the business structure that satisfies its demand. It is important to note that both types of such factors need to be taken into account, since the natural conditions in which the consumer and the entrepreneur operate may not coincide.

Natural resource factors are associated with the availability, volume, quality and conditions of handling all types of natural resources used in business, including: natural raw materials, water, fuel, energy.

From the point of view of modern socio-ethical needs, the social elements of the macro-environment deserve the closest attention. Their group is perhaps the most numerous. Trying to give an extended description of its structure, economic nature and the nature of the impact on entrepreneurial activity, two subgroups can be distinguished:

Elements that have a material form of expression;

Elements that do not have this shape.

The first subgroup includes specific objects of social infrastructure of a particular market. Such objects include a wide range of systems and networks that ensure the vital activity of an individual, their groups and society as a whole. These are objects of engineering support, cultural and community sphere, public transport, public order protection, regional and local government. Their presence and absence form the conditions for determining the way of doing business, its scale and territorial specifics. For example, in the absence of a wide and diverse effectively functioning infrastructure, it is difficult or practically impossible to develop certain types of business (tourism, consumer services, some types of construction production).

The second subgroup includes elements of the so-called socio-spiritual environment. It is they who form the psychological climate, social preferences, tastes and predilections.

In the socio-spiritual environment, one can single out the historical traditions inherent in the territorial entity, within the boundaries of which the target segment of consumers, ethical norms, type of social structure, worldview and moral principles are concentrated. The socio-spiritual environment includes national, racial, religious characteristics of consumers, which determine the specifics of social behavior and lifestyle.

The social elements of the external environment form the social basis of entrepreneurship in the form of infrastructure facilities and consumer demand for specific goods. These same elements are of particular importance in solving the problems of competition, determining the competitiveness of the company in the market. It is known that the most effective methods of competition are price and non-price methods. At the same time, non-price methods include improving the quality of the product and improving its parameters that are most significant for the consumer. However, as the market develops, business activity intensifies and the demand for various goods the task is to use additional methods of competition. Such methods include competition based on strengthening the image and public recognition of the manufacturer's firm. Such methods are most effective within the framework of subject (marketing) competition, when the goods present on the market are close or completely identical in terms of quality characteristics, or high solvency target market pushes price factors into the background.

Competing on the basis of the image, which is an independent socio-psychological characteristic, the company focuses on social (or rather, socio-spiritual) components, on the basis of which a program is built to form public opinion in relation to the company, its inclination and desire to solve social problems, entrepreneurial ethics and common culture. The implementation of such a program ensures the creation of additional competitive advantages that are objectively necessary in an active competitive environment.

The internal environment of entrepreneurship covers a wide range of elements representing the totality of the internal conditions for the functioning of an entrepreneurial organization, and is completely dependent on the entrepreneur. When it comes to the internal environment of entrepreneurship, it means:

Availability of capital (both own and invested);

The choice of the object of entrepreneurial activity and the organizational and legal form of economic activity;

Organizational structure of organizations;

Rationality and efficiency of entrepreneurial activity, etc.

When it comes to the internal environment of an entrepreneurial organization, it means its structure, covering not only the management mechanism aimed at optimizing scientific, technical and production and marketing activities and improving the technologies of the implemented processes, with the help of which entrepreneurial activity (energy), materials and information are transformed into the end product of a business organization.

When forming the internal environment of entrepreneurship, two of its components are usually distinguished: situational factors and elements of the internal environment.

Elements of the internal environment are the components of the enterprise necessary to achieve the goals. The main elements of the internal environment are shown in Fig. 2.2.

Situational factors of the internal environment of an entrepreneurial organization are internal variables that are created by an entrepreneur based on an analysis of the external environment and are used to determine the boundary conditions for the functioning of an entrepreneurial organization. Consider the main situational factors, these include:

Business goals;

Ethics and culture of entrepreneurial activity;

Intra-company entrepreneurship (intrapreneurship).

The entrepreneurial environment is divided into external, independent of the entrepreneurs themselves, and internal, which entrepreneurs form (create) themselves.

External business environment . The external business environment is a set of external factors and conditions that directly or indirectly affect the entrepreneurial activity itself, including its formation and development.

The external business environment is a complex system of external regulation of business activity, therefore, for individual entrepreneurs and legal entities, it is objective in nature, since they cannot directly change it (for example, federal laws, natural factors, etc.), but must take into account when running your own business.

The external business environment as an integrated system includes the following subsystems:

economic situation in the region, country;

political situation, which is characterized by the stability of the development of society;

the legal environment;

State support and regulation of entrepreneurship;

the presence of natural factors of production;

physical environment associated with climatic (weather) conditions for the functioning of business organizations, the absence of force majeure natural disasters;

the level of unemployment and solvency of the population;

· institutional and organizational environment, indicating the presence of a sufficient number of organizations that provide the possibility of commercial transactions, business relations, etc.;

manifestation of terrorism.

First of all this is the general corruption of both the society itself and the state governing bodies;

Secondly this is insufficient state support for entrepreneurship, which would meet modern requirements for building market relations;

Thirdly it is not an adequate and insufficient legal framework aimed at supporting entrepreneurship.

A special role in the regulation of entrepreneurial activity belongs to federal laws, on the basis of which not only indirect, but also direct regulation is carried out. An important role in the regulation and support of entrepreneurship belongs to such supreme state bodies as the President of the Russian Federation, the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation, as well as the Constitutional, Arbitration and Supreme Courts of the Russian Federation, the Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation and its bodies in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, other law enforcement agencies, as well as Federal ministries: for antimonopoly policy and support of entrepreneurship, finance, economic development and trade, justice, etc. A large role in the regulation and support of entrepreneurship belongs to the representative and executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. It is also necessary to eliminate administrative barriers, to reduce the number of bodies inspecting entrepreneurs.

Let us consider in more detail the factors of the external business environment (hereinafter referred to as the environment) (Table 14)

Table 14

Factors of the external business environment


International	International competition. Military conflicts (hot spots) in the world. The level of terrorism. International exhibitions, conferences, exhibitions.
Political	Democracy level. Political reforms taking place in individual countries. Level of corruption and criminal situation in the country.
Economic	Average annual inflation rates. The level of the country's financial system. bank interest rate. The share of private property in the total property of the country. The level of taxation of business participants. Investment climate. Level of shadow and criminal economy.
Socio-demographic	Population migration. The structure of the population by income, social status, education, sex. The prospects of the region.
Legal	Legal framework that meets the principles of entrepreneurship development. The quality of prosecutorial control over compliance with legal acts regulating entrepreneurship.
External environment	Environmental factors
Ecological	Man-made disasters. Ecosystem parameters for individual cities and territories. The level of state financing of environmental programs (budget). The legal framework governing the state of the ecosystem.
Natural and climatic	Climate. Natural disasters. Availability of natural resources and their location.
Scientific and technical	The level of automation of industrial production and construction. The level of computerization of the country. The share of scientific workers in the total number of employees. Material support of scientific personnel.

population density of the region;

composition of the population of the study region (rural or urban);

· gross regional product (GRP) per capita;

· the share of own expenses of the regional budget;

· resource and raw material potential of the region;

the infrastructure of the region;

· institutional capacity of the region;

the production potential of the region;

the intellectual potential of the region;

· innovative potential of the region;

labor productivity (income per inhabitant);

· risks: political, criminal, ecological, social.

As factors influencing the development and birth of new small firms, the authors also noted:

· human capital;

the level of various costs of setting up an enterprise, including transaction costs;

sectoral structure of the economy, the share of unstable industries, such as construction, retail trade, services);

Availability of factors of production, market infrastructure

access to research and development, information, innovation, new technologies;

the level of spending on public infrastructure;

Support for entrepreneurship or lack thereof from the authorities;

social norms that promote trust in entrepreneurship.

Internal business environment. Factors of the internal environment are directly related to the financial and economic activities of entrepreneurial structures and those relationships, contacts that appear as a result of this activity.

The internal business environment as an integrated system includes the following subsystems:

availability of own capital;

choice of organizational and legal form;

The choice of the subject of activity;

selection of partners;

knowledge of the market;

recruitment and management of personnel, etc.

Compliance with laws and legal acts regulating entrepreneurial activity can also be attributed to the factor of the internal environment.

The internal business environment is also determined by the totality of internal conditions for the functioning of an entrepreneurial organization (Fig. 18).

Rice. 18. Internal conditions and entrepreneurial activity.

Of great importance for the effective operation of the staff, and, accordingly, the company, are the working conditions of the employee (Fig. 19).

Rice. 19. Efficient working conditions.

The set of working conditions consists of the following requirements of the employee:

a) the workplace must be clean, equipped with the necessary equipment, means of communication, computerized, if necessary, etc.;

b) the team must have a stable moral and psychological climate, perceived by the management system, adequate to the needs and requirements of the employee;

c) work for the employee should be interesting, in demand and promising;

d) the work of the employee must be adequately paid, based on his qualifications, diligence, dedication.