Russian folk toy is an important ethnic element and a monument of the traditional culture of the Russian people. It is a synthetic form of folk art, which combines the means of arts and crafts and visual arts, musical elements. A toy is also a traditional element of child rearing. Children learn about the world and socialize in society through play. Traditional folk toys vary in type, material and method of manufacture. In addition, there is a relationship between folk toys and different types economic activity people, tools and religious beliefs. Folk toy was important element socialization and education of children.

Russian folk toy is attractive for its ambiguity, depth, symbolism of the image, decorativeness, conciseness, sense of the material and its natural properties, traditional technological methods, conventional images, and many others. Folk toys depict people, fauna objects: birds, deer and elks, bears, horses, goats and other animals. Russian traditional toys are made mainly from clay, wood, straw and birch bark.

Dymkovo Russian folk toy "Water carrier"

Russian folk toy has different symbols. For example, a toy in the form of the sun, a rocking horse, a swing is a symbol of well-being. A toy in the form of an egg, a rooster - a symbol of the sky. The deer symbolizes sunlight, peace on earth and a happy marriage. The bear is a symbol of strength and wealth.

Russian folk toy made of clay and wood

For centuries, the inhabitants of a certain region created and passed on from generation to generation the original traditions of making folk toys, which were original, original and combined the national characteristics of a certain region of Russia. According to the external features of the Russian folk toy, one could understand in which particular area it was made.

Bogorodsk Russian folk toy made of wood

As mentioned above, toys were mainly made from two materials: clay (Abashevskaya, Dymkovskaya, Kargopolskaya, Pleshkovskaya and Filimonovskaya toys) and wood (Bogorodskaya Mazykskaya toy, matryoshka, bird of happiness).

Abashevskaya Russian folk toy is made of clay. Its name comes from the village of Abashevo in the Penza province. In the XIX-XX centuries. in the village of Abashevo lived the best masters of pottery, whose work was valued throughout Russia. In the Penza province, in the village of Abashevo, there were rich deposits of clay, which was originally used to make beautiful dishes. For the first time, Abashev toys began to be made in the middle of the 19th century for children's games. But after a while, toys began to be given a satirical character, with the aim of ridiculing liars and those who profit from their neighbors.

The peak of development of the Abashev toy came in the 20th century, when many craftsmen in the manufacture of clay dishes could no longer compete with factories and plants. It was during this period that most of the craftsmen started making whistles, which aroused genuine interest and even delight among children. One of the famous masters of that period was Timofey Zotkin. His work had a significant impact on later generations.

The plots of the Abashev toy are varied, among the main ones are animals and birds, the main feature of which is an overly long body with a neck and short legs. Animals were often depicted with lush curls and beards. Basically sculpted sheep, deer, goats. In appearance, they resemble fantastic centaurs, which are characterized by some satire. Abashevskaya toy is designed to make fun of human vices, especially the love of money and deceit. That is why, along with unusual figurines of animals, you can see an elegant young lady, a dashing horseman and a prince in the form of a ram with a human face.

When making a toy, the master uses clay and several stacks, with the help of which he forms a figure, makes holes and patterns. After the product is fired and painted. To paint the Abashev toy, the craftsmen used oil and enamel paints, which ensured the durability and richness of the drawings. The theme of the painting is, first of all, nature and the world not devoid of symbolism. The Abashev toy is dominated by red, green and blue colors.

The Dymkovo Russian folk toy, which is also made of clay, is widely known to this day. The Dymkovo toy has been made for more than one century. Such a toy was made in the Dymkovo settlement, located near the city of Kirov. Craftsmen worked in the Dymkovo settlement alone and in families. By the beginning of the 19th century, toys from Dymkovo had spread throughout Russia.

In those days, more than 100 thousand toys were produced per year, which were sold, including in the capital and the Orenburg province. 59 families from Dymkovo worked on their creation. The most famous masters were Koshkins And Nikulin. At the beginning of the 20th century, Dymkovo toys lost their former popularity, although already in the 1930s, Dymkovo craft began to revive in Kirov. The Dymkovo toy is traditionally made in the form of a lady, horsemen, hussars, fantastic birds and animals, and there are also multi-figure plot compositions.

Manufacturing process Dymkovo toys consists of two stages: sculpting the product and painting it. There are traditions in the creation of the form of the toy and in the design, expressed primarily in the static, pomp of the forms and the brightness of the painting. For example, in the composition "Mother with Children" the figure of a woman looks straight ahead, she seemed to freeze in this position. The same static is present in toys depicting birds and animals.

The following images of the Dymkovo toy are especially popular.:

• The turkey is colorful, like a peacock.
• The lady is both an elegant city person and a traditional peasant woman in a kokoshnik. Children can be depicted next to her.
• Lamb - figurines of this animal can be with different sizes of horns. Note that they are always gilded. Lambs are depicted as ordinary or in smart clothes.
• Horse - traditionally in bright blue colors.
• Men in the Dymkovo toy are most often depicted as a rider on a horse, a walking city or village cavalier.
• Pigs, birds, bells. Depicted in different variations and tones.

For the manufacture of Dymkovo toys, Vyatka red clay is used and river sand. Each part of the toy is created separately: a body is molded from a round piece of clay, on which the rest of the toy is attached. Then the product is dried for several days in the open air. Then it is burned on fire. In Russia, a stove was used for this. Today it is a muffle furnace, where the temperature reaches 1000 °C. When the figurine cools down, it is subjected to bleaching. In Russia, milk was also used for this.

The next step is coloring. In ancient times, this was used natural dyes based on eggs, milk, soot, vinegar, tempera. Nowadays, the most commonly used acrylic paints. The tails of birds, the horns of animals, the clothes of people are covered with copper potal (thin foil). The Dymkovo toy is characterized by the use of red, blue, yellow, emerald, light blue, green and orange colors. White and black paint is used in small quantities. Each color that the toy is painted with has its own meaning: white is a symbol of purity; black - lies; green - nature; red - strength, health; blue is the sky.

The patterns used in painting the Dymkovo toy are closely related to folk beliefs, symbols of nature. For example, the sun and moon are a symbol of the origin of life; diamonds - a sign of fertility; waves are a sign of the sky and moisture. The final moment of the painting is the application of gold leaf. At present, the Dymkovo toy is developing, new technologies are emerging, fresh ideas are emerging, but the manufacturing traditions remain unchanged.

Clay Kargopol toys are known throughout Russia and abroad. The name of the product comes from the ancient city of Kargopol, Arkhangelsk province, which in the old days was one of the centers of the Old Believers. It is known that the inhabitants of this city and its environs have long been engaged in pottery, made a traditional toy.

Compared to the brightly colored Dymkovo and Filimonovo toys, the Kargopol toy looks harsh. It is characterized by a multi-figure composition (merry troikas with riders in a sleigh, dancing figures, boat rides, fairy tales, and more). All figurines are slightly squat, with short arms and legs, their torso is elongated, their neck is thick and short, and their head is relatively large. Interestingly, the animals are depicted with thick paws.

The Kargopol toy is characterized by the theme of the village. The heroes of local craftsmen are ordinary Russian people working in the fields, plowmen and sowers who have a rest during the lunch period, women who wash clothes and nurse children. Often masters created not only existing, but also fictional animals. For example, a half-horse, half-man, who is depicted in military uniform with orders; two-headed horse or bird Sirin.

Kargopol craftsmen humanized real animals, that is, they painted clothes, household items, and musical instruments for them. They depicted bears, elks, sheep, horses, cats, dogs, birds. Women were depicted in long sundresses, their hair was braided, beads were drawn around their necks, and a bundle with a baby or a dish of food was placed in their hands. The man was necessarily depicted with a thick beard, in a painted shirt, loose trousers and high boots with a small heel. On the head is a cap or hat to protect from the sun.

Each toy has its own symbolism, hidden meaning. The woman is a symbol of the Earth, fertility, nurse. Bear - a symbol of the owner of the forest, a deer or a ram - a symbol of the sky and the sun. The Kargopol toy was made from a single piece of clay, sometimes additional elements were added. After firing, the figurine was placed in a thick solution of flour. Thanks to the burnt flour, bizarre dark patterns appeared on the surface, which were later covered with paints. This technology gave the figure relief and volume. When painting, the following colors were most popular: red, green, yellow and blue.

The toy was always decorated with a pattern: in the images of people it was an ornament on clothes, and animals were decorated with horns or limbs. The pattern was simple and uncomplicated: wavy lines, geometric shapes and flowers. In addition, images on the toy of the sun, sky, moon, fire, earth and water served as a pattern.

Toys from Pleshkovo are molded from a mixture of clay and mica. After firing the toy, mica inclusions give the product an additional silvery sheen and sparks over the entire surface. Burnt whistles have a porous structure and a pink tint. Craftsmen paint the clay in a free manner and spread the natural paint in patches. Initially, in the manufacture of Pleshkov toys, paint was not used at all, but more modern craftsmen grind brick to fully cover the whistle and mix it with pomace from burdock or hemp. Previously, it was enough to find the required amount of local golden clay and draw 2-3 strips along the figurine.

The name of the toy comes from the village of Pleshkovo, Oryol province. Toys are simple and concise. The main colors of the Pleshkov toy are blue, red, green. When coloring the product, natural dyes were used - elderberry and burdock juice, which were applied to the surface of the figurine in the form of spots. The plots of the Pleshkov toys are different: animals (horses, rams, cows, deer, roosters), birds (ducks), people (soldiers, ladies), fantastic creatures (mermaids, birds - Sirin).

The theme of peasant life was also widespread. For example, a very popular image for a clay figurine is a woman with a baby on her left hand. Among the livestock, cows, roosters, rams, and horses were most often depicted.

In our time, Pleshkov's bells-whistles are created according to traditional technology and ancient Russian mythical symbols, such as mermaids.

Filimonov Russian folk toy

The Filimonovo Russian folk toy also belongs to clay. The toy was made in the village of Filimonovo, Odoevsky district, Tula province. This village is located near deposits of good white clay. According to legend, a certain old man lived in this area. Filimon who made toys. The Filimonovo traditional toy is made in the form of a lady, a peasant woman, a soldier, a dancing couple, as well as in the form of animals, such as cows, rams, foxes, roosters and fantastic forest creatures.

By the middle of the 19th century, the Filimonovsky craft was widely known outside the Tula province. The Russian people loved bright original clay figurines, bought them at fairs and gave them to children. At this time, almost all the inhabitants of the village of Filimonovo lived at the expense of pottery. But at the beginning of the twentieth century, fishing lost its former popularity. People began to look for new ways to earn money, craftsmen began to lose their skills, therefore, the number of craftsmen and craftswomen was significantly reduced. Three women lived in the village, who did not lose the art of modeling and continued to make toys. Production more or less improved in the 1950s, when interest in Filimonov toys began to revive among the people. In the 1980s, the Filimonovo toy regained its former popularity and reached new heights, thanks to a creative group consisting of graduates of the art and industrial lyceum.

Most Filimonovo toys are used as whistles. There are also local features of the image of the toy. For example, a lady is always molded in a long skirt, in the shape of a bell, with a hat on her head. The man is depicted in a uniform with shoulder straps, a peaked cap and boots with a small heel. Animals are depicted with a thin waist and a long graceful neck. Sometimes it is difficult to distinguish animals from each other, and only the color of the figurine or certain features helps in this. A horse is sculpted with medium-sized brown ears, a ram with round horns, and a cow with a crescent-shaped horn.

In general, the Filimonovo toy differs from others in its elongated shape and elongated proportions. This is dictated by the peculiarities of the area, since in the Tula region there are rich deposits of oily clay, it is well suited for shaping, however, when dried, it settles and cracks significantly. Masters repeatedly straighten the figure, stretch it, in order to hide uneven contours and cracks.

They paint the Filimonovo toy poorly. The main colors used are yellow, red and green, and sometimes blue and purple. However, the painting takes place in a certain order: initially they write yellow spots, then circle them in red or draw patterns, and then supplement them with green. They start painting with patterns from the center, using a smooth transition to the edges of the product. It should be noted that the patterns are very simple and uncomplicated: stripes, Christmas trees, geometric shapes and stars. When painting the Filimonovo toy, floral ornament prevails: leaves, the sun, branches, berries and flowers.

Russian folk toy made of wood.Bogorodsk toy

Bogorodskaya Russian traditional toy comes from the village of Bogorodskoye, Moscow province. The toy is made of wood, mainly linden. Before making a toy, the linden must dry for two years. Wood chips are used to make toy stands. Bogorodsk toys are rarely painted or painted. The surface of the finished figures in Russia was cleaned sandpaper. Further, the toys are finished with carvings, which rhythmically lie on the surface and decorate the product. By tradition, some parts of the toy were made movable. Some toys were attached to stands, bedside tables, and a spring was inserted inside - it set the figure in action.

Other toys were made on slats (“Herd”, “Cavalry”, “Soldiers”). There are toys, the moving parts of which are attached to threads with a load; the load sways, pulls the thread along, it sets the parts of the figures in action. The plots of the Bogorodsk toy are diverse - these are the heroes of fairy tales and fables.

Mazyk Russian folk toy

The wooden Mazyk Russian folk toy is very rare. It was made for relatives - children, wives, parents, etc. In Russia, the Mazyk toy was called "Bolvashka", "tararushka", "chip goods". The type of carving that is made for the toy has been preserved among the Mazyks, a part of the offen community, peddlers who lived in the former Vladimir province - hence the name of the product. The plots of the Mazyk toy are diverse: people, animals, birds.

The main feature of the production of toys is the use of only an ax, other tools are used extremely rarely. The toy is made of pine, aspen or linden. Traditionally, it is also made from wood with protruding knots. These knots are used in the product, they can turn into a tail or beak, or they can become fins for a pike.

Russian matryoshka is known and loved all over the world. The city of Sergiev Posad is considered to be the birthplace of the matryoshka, where a wooden lady was first made, from which, when opened, similar female figures of different sizes appeared. The invention of the Russian nesting doll dates back relatively recently - the end of the 19th century. During this period, the famous turner V.P. Zvezdochkin, who was engaged in the manufacture of wooden toys, at the request of the artist S.V. Malyutina I made a blank from wood, in which I put the same drop-down blanks, but different in size.

The subject for painting the very first toy was the daily activities of Russian beauties. Matryoshka consisted of 8 wooden dolls. Later, the number of dolls varied and even reached 48 wooden ladies. Matryoshkas were produced in artels S.I. Mamontova in Sergiev Posad. Russian matryoshka was exhibited at exhibitions in Paris. This amazing toy attracted the attention of foreigners who began to place orders with Russian craftsmen.

Russian nesting doll

Mostly nesting dolls were distributed, which consisted of 3, 8 and 12 dolls. The more dolls there were, the more valuable the matryoshka became. The main plot of nesting dolls was life. Most often they depicted the homework of ladies. The girls were depicted in traditional dresses and always in a headscarf. The girls held in their hands sickles for harvesting, jugs of milk, baskets of berries. Later, other plots began to be depicted on nesting dolls, for example, characters from fairy tales and fables, heroes of stories by famous writers.

Once they tried to change the shape of nesting dolls, for example, there were cone-shaped dolls that were inserted one into the other. But this form was not popular among the people, so the masters returned to the former.

Matryoshkas also differed in painting. Currently allocate the following types painting:

• Zagorsky (bright, saturated colors and many small, clearly traced elements);
• Merino (large flowers);
• Semenovskie (strict symmetrical painting);
• Polkhovskie (image of wild rose flowers);
• Vyatka (a northern lady).

For the manufacture of nesting dolls, linden is used, which, after staining, is covered with a transparent oil-based varnish. First, the master grinds the smallest solid figure. Then he makes the bottom of the next figure. After processing, this element dries well, and only then adjusts the upper part of the figure. According to this scheme, all the components of the matryoshka are prepared. Dried parts are necessarily treated with starch glue, which serves as the basis for painting. After the product dries, they start painting nesting dolls.

First, the master draws the face. The head of the matryoshka is depicted covered with a scarf, which is painted in traditional Russian ornaments. From clothes, a sundress is most often depicted, sometimes it is complemented by an apron. The figurine is decorated with floral ornaments. After the paint dries, a finishing layer is applied, which protects the matryoshka from moisture and chips.

Fedoseevskaya Russian folk toy was made in the village of Fedoseevo, Nizhny Novgorod province. At the end of the 19th century, toy business developed everywhere in the Nizhny Novgorod region. A craftsman lived in Fedoseevo Yakov Alexandrovich Alexandrov who made movable toys from chips and boards.

Toys are made with a knife and an ax, using wood chips and planks. Chips and planks are hammered together with carnations and painted with uncomplicated patterns. Initially, toys were painted with a goose quill. Later, they began to dip the entire product in yellow paint, getting a sunny background, and then applied flowers.

The main plot of the Fedoseev toy is horses. Also carved doll furniture, cars, boats, carousels, sledges, planes, trams, multi-storey steamers. By the 1930s, Fedoseev toys began to be produced on an industrial basis in the city of Semenov. In 1948, the Fedoseev toy artel was attached to the Semenov cooperative.

The main colors of the Fedoseev toy are yellow and red. In the 1950s, fishing began to lose its former popularity. Master is currently N. S. Muravyov revives the toy industry.

The bird of happiness is a toy made of wood using a special technique. It comes from the Arkhangelsk province. Initially, the toy was called "Pomeranian dove". In the middle of the 20th century, the art of making this toy was practically lost. The master began to revive the craft Martyn Filippovich Fatyanov from the village of Selishche, Leshukonsky district, Arkhangelsk region. The bird of happiness was usually hung from the ceiling in the front corner of the village front room, where there was a table with benches. When a boiling samovar was placed on the table, the carved bird, obeying the currents of hot air, slowly and solemnly began to rotate around the axis.

Famous ethnographer S.V. Maksimov reports that in the 19th century, a chipped bird suspended from the ceiling was an obligatory attribute of a Pomeranian house. He mentions that Pomeranian Old Believers made such doves in their hermitages, as well as Murmansk industrialists:

Here are the same doves made of splinters - the leisure of skilled wanderers, attached to the ceiling for decoration.

MM. Prishvin in his story "According to Maimaksa" he mentions a bird, describing an old Pomor man:

And then I'll take a picture of him, and he will hang a portrait in a "clean" room over a table with a clean tablecloth. Saints Zosima and Savvaty will look at him from the corner, and from the ceiling - a little dove carved from wood and painted in blue paint - sort of like the Holy Spirit.

From the above quotation it follows that such a dove was personified with the Holy Spirit. But these are not folk symbols either, since in the Gospel the dove personifies the Holy Spirit. In the 1920s, the ethnographer Nina Hagen-Thorn in the story "The Way to the North" mentions a bird:

I stopped in amazement, the wide window shone with an azure casing. Behind him shone silver ocean distances, and against their background swayed a carved boat hung on a rope to the window frame. It was so skillfully carved and rigged that it seemed to have floated here from the ocean, miraculously not growing, and hung on the window. Birds cut from thin shavings swayed on its sides on the same strings. One, spreading a multi-colored tail, turned her head to the sea; the other, with a girlish face and a high crown, looked into the room, bright blue wings folded across her chest.

Birds of happiness were made from two solid bars, chips, without the use of glue and fasteners. Opposite ends of one bar are thinly cut lengthwise. The very tips are cut out figured. On the second bar, a bird's head is cut out from one end, and longitudinal cuts for the tail from the other. Cutouts are made in the middle of each of the two bars for subsequent connection. They join together to form a cross. The ends of the chips are split in a special way, like a fan. The result is wings and a tail. Chip feathers are sometimes fastened with threads.

The bird is usually made from Karelian pine, spruce, fir or Siberian cedar. Initially, the product is light, but over time, the wood acquires a golden hue. In the old days in Russia, it was not customary to paint doves. These days, even painted birds have become popular.

1 of 15

Presentation on the topic: Folk clay toy

slide number 1

Description of the slide:

slide number 2

Description of the slide:

Clay toys are a special kind of folk art. It is intended not only for the game, but serves to decorate everyday life. Images of toys are quite simple, original and expressive. Clay toys are a special kind of folk art. It is intended not only for the game, but serves to decorate everyday life. Images of toys are quite simple, original and expressive.

slide number 3

Description of the slide:

The most famous of the clay crafts of Russia. It is distinguished by an extremely simple and clear plastic form, a generalized silhouette, and bright ornamental painting on a white background. The most famous of the clay crafts of Russia. It is distinguished by an extremely simple and clear plastic form, a generalized silhouette, and bright ornamental painting on a white background. This craft originated in the settlement of Dymkovo, which is near the city of Vyatka (now Kirov). There are excellent clays and river sand suitable for ceramic craft.

slide number 4

Description of the slide:

slide number 5

Description of the slide:

The whitewashed toy signs. The pattern is strictly geometric, consisting of combinations of stripes, cells, circles, round spots. The whitewashed toy signs. The pattern is strictly geometric, consisting of combinations of stripes, cells, circles, round spots. Usually the painting is built according to the following scheme: a person with a slightly convex nose has round red cheeks and a mouth, black arches of eyebrows above the points of the eyes, black or brown hair. The nature of the clothes is yellow, blue, green, red, crimson, black. In addition to the bright and original painting, the Dymkovo toy has a gold leaf finish.

slide number 6

Description of the slide:

Filimonovskaya toy is a Russian art craft, formed in the Odoevsky district of the Tula region. According to local legends, the village was named after the potter Filimon, who discovered deposits of high-grade clay. Filimonovskaya toy is a Russian art craft, formed in the Odoevsky district of the Tula region. According to local legends, the village was named after the potter Filimon, who discovered deposits of high-grade clay. To this day, the Filimonovo toy is characterized by elongated shapes and a major, unusually bright painting of a solid color, with alternating colored stripes of scarlet, crimson, yellow and green. The craft of toys arose on the basis of local pottery in the middle of the 19th century. At the beginning of the XX century. died out and was restored in the 1960s.

slide number 7

Description of the slide:

The main type of products is whistles of traditional forms (various birds, a lady, a rider, a horse, a bear, etc.). They are characterized by elongated proportions associated with the plastic properties of the local "siniki" clay. When fired, the clay gives a white surface, on which a colored painting with characteristic rhythmic stripes is applied. The main type of products is whistles of traditional forms (various birds, a lady, a rider, a horse, a bear, etc.). They are characterized by elongated proportions associated with the plastic properties of the local "siniki" clay. When fired, the clay gives a white surface, on which a colored painting with characteristic rhythmic stripes is applied.

slide number 8

Description of the slide:

Unusual bright toys, decorated with geometric patterns of crimson, yellow, blue and green, were very different from the already well-known Dymkovo ladies, water carriers and horsemen. They became a revelation not only for many lovers of Russian art, but also for most specialists. In their silhouettes, shapes, ornaments, a thousand-year tradition can be traced. They are very similar to the clay figures of the 10th-11th centuries found by archaeologists during excavations in Kyiv. But, perhaps, most of all, Filimonov's toys resemble, both in terms of modeling and painting, ancient Greek terracotta sculpture. Unusual bright toys, decorated with geometric patterns of crimson, yellow, blue and green, were very different from the already well-known Dymkovo ladies, water carriers and horsemen. They became a revelation not only for many lovers of Russian art, but also for most specialists. In their silhouettes, shapes, ornaments, a thousand-year tradition can be traced. They are very similar to the clay figures of the 10th-11th centuries found by archaeologists during excavations in Kyiv. But, perhaps, most of all, Filimonov's toys resemble, both in terms of modeling and painting, ancient Greek terracotta sculpture. A few samples of old Filimonovo products (mid-19th century - early 1930s), which are now in the collections of only a few museums, allow us to judge that the period from the middle of the 19th century to the end of the 20s of the 20th century was the heyday for the Filimonov craft . The modern Filimonov toy in museums and private collections is mainly represented quite widely by the works of the late 1950s - 1970s.

slide number 9

Description of the slide:

Kargopol toy - Kargopol, Arkhangelsk region. Kargopol toy - Kargopol, Arkhangelsk region. The production of the toy accompanied the ancient pottery trade in the Panfilov volost of the Kargopol district. Unlike pottery, making toys in the 20th century did not interrupt. In the craft, the most traditional types of Russian toys are preserved - female figures, images of animals. In recent decades, genre scenes have become widespread. The Kargopol toys are characterized by colorful painting on the previously whitewashed surface of the figures. Currently, attempts are being made to restore the Kargopol pottery.

slide number 10

slide number 11

Description of the slide:

The production of toys developed within the ancient pottery industry in the Volga villages. The extinction of pottery led to the separation of the toy into an independent craft, which became famous in the 1930s. The Abashev toy is characterized by bright oil painting, which developed in the 1930s, and special sculptural techniques in the depiction of animals, often with a fabulous appearance. The production of toys developed within the ancient pottery industry in the Volga villages. The extinction of pottery led to the separation of the toy into an independent craft, which became famous in the 1930s. The Abashev toy is characterized by bright oil painting, which developed in the 1930s, and special sculptural techniques in the depiction of animals, often with a fabulous appearance. In Abashev, the blank of the toy is covered with solid bright paint, which is then complemented with silver or gold. This technique ("animation") gives the toys an individual, very souvenir character. Therefore, Abashev's blanks, from the point of view of their toy value, are certainly more interesting.

slide number 12

Description of the slide:

slide number 13

Description of the slide:

The methods of decorating Gorodets whistles have also survived to this day: fashioned toys are arranged in close rows on boards and dried in the shade for several days. Then they are fired, and after firing, each figurine is painted with sonorous enamel paints - in red, orange, yellow, green, blue colors. The entire body of the toy is covered entirely with one color. Horns, ears, hooves, the end of the tail - a whistle, in birds - scallops, are silvered with aluminum paint. After that, several spots are applied with a poke with enamel paint, but of a different color (red spots on a yellow background, milky white on red, etc.). They continue to paint toys “under Khokhloma”. The methods of decorating Gorodets whistles have also been preserved to this day: fashioned toys are placed in close rows on boards and dried in the shade for several days. Then they are fired, and after firing, each figurine is painted with sonorous enamel paints - in red, orange, yellow, green, blue colors. The entire body of the toy is covered entirely with one color. Horns, ears, hooves, the end of the tail - a whistle, in birds - scallops, are silvered with aluminum paint. After that, several spots are applied with a poke with enamel paint, but of a different color (red spots on a yellow background, milky white on red, etc.). They continue to paint toys “under Khokhloma”.

slide number 14

Description of the slide:

slide number 15

Description of the slide:

The main characters, including domestic animals and birds, a bear, riders and ladies, are typical for any folk toy. But in Skopin, as elsewhere, purely local techniques for arranging figurines, their modeling, and decorative design have developed. Skopinsky toy is original and original, they are not inferior to others. The main characters, including domestic animals and birds, a bear, riders and ladies, are typical for any folk toy. But in Skopin, as elsewhere, purely local techniques for arranging figurines, their modeling, and decorative design have developed. Skopinsky toy is original and original, they are not inferior to others.

Folk clay toy

3 class

Goals:

• Continue acquaintance with folk art (Dymkovo, Filimonov, Kargopol, and Abashev toys), introduce new ways of making some details.
• Develop cognitive interest, the ability to generalize and compare;
• Develop creative abilities;
• To form independence, feelings of mutual assistance.

Forms of work: frontal individual.

Basic concepts: clay toy

Equipment: computer class, multimedia projector; screen, presentation, Internet access.

Practical significance

After getting acquainted with the types of clay toys, an excursion was organized to the village of Nizhniye Tavolgi near Nevyansk, which is known for its production of ceramic products. Here they produce ceramics from local red clays, which differ good quality. The students, together with their parents, got acquainted with the whole process of making ceramic products, and also had the opportunity to try themselves as a potter. (Attachment 1)

The file will be here: /data/edu/files/f1461659644.pptx (presentation)

During the classes:

I.Formulation of the topic of the lesson

Do you want to go to a fairy tale

about the computer and bright colors?

Clay toy

We will dedicate the lesson

Computer techologies

With difficulty we connect.

The students are getting ready to work. The theme of the lesson appears on the screen.

(Presentation, Slide 1)

IIIntroduction of new material.

Since ancient times, many cities and villages in Russia have been famous for the products of their potters. People began to sculpt from clay a long time ago. At first it was vessels. For strength, clay products were dried in the sun. But the fire made the dishes durable, and the hands and imagination of people made them beautiful. Clay toys are a special kind of folk art. She was sculpted everywhere where pottery was practiced. The master of making pots will get bored, and he will take it and blind something of that kind, for the sake of fun. Gradually, the clay toy became an independent craft for ceramists-toymakers. Ceramics is also called fired clay products. These are jugs, vases, plates, toys, figures of people, animals, as well as various decorations.
Each area has its own unique toys.

Let's learn more about these toys.

Students watch a video presentation of the developed electronic lesson at https://ed.ted.com/on/tzJsIXFo

IIKnowledge update.

- What is a fairy tale without trials?

Answer the first question.

According to the description of toys, the area in which they are made, students remember and name the craft. After that, a photograph of the village appears on the screen, and then an image of the corresponding toys.

On the screen is a photograph with a view of Dymkovo.

(Presentation, Slide 2)

What are those toys called? What is sold on Svistunya? (Dymkovo toy)

On the screen is an image of a Dymkovo toy.

(Presentation, Slides 3, 4)

On the screen - a photograph with a view of Filimonov.

(Presentation, Slide 5)

On the screen is an image of a Filimonovo toy.

(Presentation, Slides 6, 7)

On the screen is a photograph with a view of Kargopol.

(Presentation, Slides 8, 9)

On the screen is an image of a Kargopol toy.

(Presentation, Slides 10, 11, 12)

On the screen is a photograph of the village of Abashaev.

(Presentation, Slide 13)

What are those toys called? What do they live in Abashaev? (Abashaevsky toys)

On the screen is an image of an Abashaev toy.

(Presentation, Slide 14)

IIIRepetition of the features of clay toys of different crafts.

- Second test.

The computer has prepared for us

Description of toys

You read carefully

Fishery name

Define yourself.

Students complete the second "Think" activity from the interactive lesson at https://ed.ted.com/on/tzJsIXFo#review

The task contains a description in poetic form of the main features of the toy and the names of four crafts. It is necessary to read the task and enter the answer in an empty box.

1. What kind of toys are painted like this? On the clothes of the ladies and on the little animals - Dots, berries, circles, Wavy lines and curls.
	2. Quill - not a brush! - The artists will take Christmas trees, stripes They will put it on toys. unusual flowers Connected into an ornament, Stars and Suns Glitter on skirts. Earth and sun symbols - Triangles and circle - Weave into patterned inflorescences. In what toy will we find Are these features?
3. Circles and lines, double leaf strokes, Sun, rhombuses and flowers Fun in the pattern lie down, To entwine in it "Herringbone" and "spikelet" Decorate a skirt or stack.
	4. There are no intricate patterns on the toys. Individual parts have a special color. They are covered with silver or gold. What is the name of this industry?

IVSample analysis

Look carefully at the sample of our toy.

Sample display.

(Presentation, Slide 15)

- What material will we use to make the toy?
- What properties does plasticine have in contrast to clay?
- What parts does the toy consist of? (Head, body, paws, tail)
How are toys made?

(From a rolled layer, pulling from a whole piece, rolling)

VWork planning

A. Modeling the body by rolling the layer.
B. From a piece of plasticine, we sculpt the head of a dog by pulling.
B. We sculpt paws and tail by rolling.
G. We connect all the details of the toy.

4. Rules for safe work

Repetition of sanitary and hygienic rules.

VI Practical work

Mastering the method of work (according to the instruction card).

(Presentation, Slide 16)

torso

To sculpt the torso, you will need a piece of plasticine with a flat cake in the shape of a semicircle, from which a cone is then rolled up.

Sculpt a layer from plasticine.

With a plastic cap, measure its height 3 times. To determine the size of a semicircle.

We turn the semicircle into a cone.

Paws and tail

To sculpt the paws and tail, you need 1 piece of plasticine. We divide it into two parts: tail and paws. We divide a piece of plasticine for paws into two more halves (2 paws).

Preparation of other parts

Pay attention to the presence of ears.

2. Product assembly.

You can connect the parts in your own way. The dog's head can look up, you can hide your head under the tail, etc.

VII. Lesson summary

Demonstration of the finished product

We will decorate and color the toy at the drawing lesson. Now sign your toy and we will arrange an exhibition of your work.

Reflection

What centers of folk clay toys did you meet in the lesson?

Will you now be able to distinguish the Dymkovo and Abashev, Filimonov toys from each other? By what signs?

What toy did we sculpt today?

Did you like the lesson?

Students answer these questions in an interactive lesson in the " Discussion" at https://ed.ted.com/on/tzJsIXFo#discussion

Evaluation of works:

Criteria:

The correctness of the work performed according to the assignment and instructions received.

Creative approach to the implementation of the product.

Workplace organization.

The time spent on the manufacture of the product.

Evaluation:

"five"- when all criteria are met;
"4"- subject to the same requirements, but corrections and shortcomings in the work are allowed;
"3"- if the work is done carelessly, but without violating the design of the product.

VIII. Homework.

1) Get acquainted with the products "Gzhel" and "Kalinin Toy" in an interactive lesson in the "Dig Deeper" section on the website https://ed.ted.com/on/tzJsIXFo#digdeeper

2) Find out the practical purpose of the product that was performed in the lesson in the interactive lesson in the "And Finally" section of the site https://ed.ted.com/on/tzJsIXFo#finally

Clay is a wonderful natural material that is ideal for children's creativity. Every child sincerely rejoices when a bright colorful toy is born from a small gray lump. Give your children a master class on painting clay toys, and you will leave them with an unforgettable holiday experience.

Who is the Masterclass for?

The master class on painting clay toys is suitable for children of all ages. It is not only exciting, but also useful activity. Modeling develops spatial thinking in a child, teaches him visual literacy, and painting helps to feel the wide possibilities of color play.

You can order a master class on painting clay toys:

• for birthday,
• holiday at school or kindergarten,
• New Year or Christmas
• graduation or creative class hour.

How is the master class?

During the master class, our experienced craftsmen:

• Tell the children about the types of painting clay toys;
• Will demonstrate bright ready-made examples works;
• Reveal the secrets of painting clay toys;
• They will tell you how to use paints correctly;
• They will control the work process and help everyone create their own original painted toy.

You can not worry about the course of the event, because we have taken care of everything for you! The cost of the master class on painting toys includes:

• clay toys,
• paints and others expendable materials,
• all the necessary fixtures,
• disposable gloves and aprons.

You are only required to provide a spacious place for participants to accommodate, the required number of chairs and tables and free access to water. Each of the guys will leave the holiday with a good practical experience in creating their own toys, vivid impressions and an excellent souvenir.

5 reasons to order this master class

Introduction

“Many today are trying to find the origins of their culture, their roots in the hope of finding a future while maintaining their national dignity. The spiritual revival of folk art will help us on this difficult path” ( folk master N. Frolova).

Toys occupy a special place among clay products. Clay toys have been known in Russia since ancient times (the earliest toys in the 10th-11th centuries were found on the territory of ancient Russian cities - Kyiv, Novgorod, Moscow, Kolomna, Radonezh), when our distant ancestors worshiped pagan gods. The goddess of the hearth Rozhanitsa, who was depicted as a strong and healthy woman, and the sun god Yarilo, a two or three-headed horse, with a symbol of the sun on his chest (a circle with rays), enjoyed special reverence. The worship of the divine forces of nature was associated with the wish for well-being and a good harvest. The desired god was sculpted from clay, and so that the gods understood what they wanted from them, they depicted next to them what they were asking for. Therefore, Rozhanitsa was sculpted with pets, and if they prayed for a child, they made a figurine with a baby in her arms. The Sirin bird was also a favorite image, which embodied the nurse of the family, the feminine principle of nature. Christianity replaced the pagan faith, but according to tradition, women continued to sculpt figurines of pagan gods from clay, and so that the church would not forbid this, they began to be called toys.

With the loss of the original meaning of the ritual figurines, their appearance also changed at the same time. So, for example, in the twentieth century, the goddess Rozhanitsa became a lady with an umbrella, a lady with a dog, a nanny, a water carrier. Sirin bird turned into bird of paradise, God's messenger. Plots of toys of that time: horses, bears, whistle birds and other animals, as well as male and female figurines. Over time, the methods of making toys changed and improved, but local artistic traditions were preserved and developed, which laid the foundation for commercial centers for making toys. The craftsmanship has been passed down through family tradition from generation to generation. The new masters were not required to re-create the image, but only to improve the traditional forms of toys, to make them more entertaining, without deviating from accepted norms. In pre-revolutionary Russia, several commercial centers for the manufacture of toys developed, and many of them, fortunately, have survived. So, in the Arkhangelsk region they are famous Kargopol toys, in Kirovskaya - Dymkovo, in Tula - Filimonov, in Kaluga - Khludnev, etc. All of them have characteristic distinctive features, which is associated with the culture and local traditions of the places where the craft originated.

The history of the creation of a clay toy

A toy is one of the brightest manifestations of mass culture, deeply vital and popular. From generation to generation, the traditions of crafts and the art of toys are passed on, ideas about life, work, and beauty are transmitted among the people. The toy is close to folklore, creates a sense of the peculiarities of Russian national folk art.

The oldest clay toys found by archaeologists in our country date back to the Bronze Age, to the 2nd millennium BC. These are small clay axes, dishes, rattles. Probably, these are cult objects. They found a clay toy in the excavations of the X-XVII centuries. (Moscow, Ryazan) - whistles (horses, birds, figures of people). They are molded of clay, fired, sometimes decorated with painting and glaze.

It is known that the royal court under Alexei Mikhailovich bought toys in "Moscow at the auction". Toy production in the XVII-XVIII centuries. reaches great heights. Wealthy families ordered expensive toys, they were also bought for the royal family. The book of expenditures of Empress Catherine I for 1721 states: “Bought in Moscow at the auction of various toys for the Empress Tsarevna Natalya Petrovna and the Grand Duke and Princess - three cows, two horses, two deer, four rams, two pairs of swans, two roosters, one duck, with her three children, a city with soldiers. For everything, 4 rubles 9 altyn two money were paid.

In the XVIII-XIX centuries. the production of clay toys reached an unprecedented flourishing, the main buyers were ordinary people.

A unique center of folk art, a typical phenomenon folk culture-- Khludnevo village, Duminichsky district Kaluga region. The Khludnev toy is evidence of an enduring folk tradition, which is based on the closeness of man to nature. In addition to pottery, there was another - female, "woman" craft - the manufacture of clay toys. Local clay soils gave a poor harvest, and the development of a side peasant industry was necessary. This craft became pottery and making toys. Soft, plastic material (clay) was used not only for the manufacture of dishes. In all areas where they worked pottery, sculpted small rattles (rattles) figurines - whistles. Whistles were especially fond of, which could be given any visual image and also used as a kind of musical instrument.

Toys were sculpted by women and girls, starting from 7-8 years old. They did this in their free time from rural work - mostly in winter and spring before mowing.

Bright, cheerful, naive (in the highest sense of the word), clay toy, solved with the utmost clarity in plastic and color terms, has a magical ability to decorate our life, bring warmth and joy to the decoration of the home.

A clay toy was found by archaeologists during excavations along with earthenware. Of course, the manufacture of toys from clay was not the main industry, but a passing one. The master will get tired of the main work, take a piece of clay and even blind something like that, some kind of trifle for his children or for himself for fun. Only later did clay toys become a commodity. They began to be made especially for spring fairs, while away the long winter evenings making whistles, horns, horses, ladies, riders and other toy army. Entire families began to deal with toys, passing on the secrets of making, harvesting and firing clay from generation to generation. Each master developed his own style, his own manner of modeling and designing products.

Toys differ in the manner of modeling, in what kind of clay is taken for the product. Toys, whistles from greasy clay are best molded. This clay is used for Filimonovo toys. For the blue-black color, she was nicknamed blueberry. In general, toys are molded from the clay that is in the area.

2. Features of clay toys in different regions

1. Dymkovo toy

Dymkovo (Vyatka) clay toys are the most famous and loved in our country. This craft originated in the village of Dymkovo, located near the city of Kirov, where there are excellent deposits of clay and sand. The craft developed from primitive simple toys and whistles to decorative sculpture, multi-figure complex genre compositions on the themes of urban life with elements of architecture (houses, carousels) and landscape. In the assortment of toys, in addition to female figures - fashionistas, ladies, nurses (they were also updated over time in the images of kindergarten teachers, teachers, collective farmers, etc.), handsome turkeys, horses, goats and deer, various genre scenes, round dances , musicians and other sculptural compositions. The origin of the craft was associated with the May folk holiday "whistle" (the former name was "whistle dance"), when trills and whistles of bright, cheerful clay whistles were heard throughout the district, which Dymkovo toys prepared in piles as goods for the fair. This toy is distinguished by a special style and color, it is colorful and rich in details, all kinds of decorations, it is distinguished by warmth and naturalness of forms. So, for example, female figures in bell-shaped skirts expanding downwards and high headdresses - kokoshniks (nannies, nurses, ladies, water carriers) are distinguished by expressive details: elegant hairstyles, luxurious headdresses, frills on sleeves, aprons, capes, muffs, umbrellas , handbags, etc. characteristic details. Horsemen, roosters and other sculptures, traditional in the Dymkovo toy, are painted brightly and fantastically: a turkey with a magnificent fan-shaped tail, a horse in bright blue circles, a goat has red and gold horns. For various whistles (horsemen, birds, horses with one, two and three heads, goats, rams, military figures, etc.), only the upper front part of the figure is molded more carefully. In all these naive and colorful images, the features inherent in the Russian people are embodied - innocence, boldness, optimism and a penchant for a fabulous, song interpretation of reality.

The festive look of the toys is created by painting on a chalky white background, the painting is based on a geometric ornament and bright, contrasting colors, complemented by pasted pieces of golden foil. The toys were covered with a dazzling white layer of chalk diluted in skimmed milk, and then on this whitewash with dry aniline paints rubbed on an egg diluted with vinegar or peroxide kvass, a bright multi-color painting (4--8 colors) was performed. Currently, gouache paints diluted on an egg and other paints are used. In the past, the brush was homemade from a stretched canvas rag wound on a stick, stains were applied with the end of an evenly cut twig, now they use kolinsky or ferret brushes.

Bright and original painting is a large geometric pattern, combined with smooth-colored parts. Skirts and figures of animals are especially varied and elegantly ornamented. The colors of the painting are combined according to the principle of contrast and mutual complementation; the multicoloration is emphasized by the presence of white and black colors and complemented by shiny squares of gold leaf (now copper potash) pasted on the headdresses and collars of ladies, epaulettes and cockades of military men, magnificent tails of turkeys, etc. Bright colors are used in the painting of toys: blue, red, yellow paint was complemented by pieces of gold and silver potal.

A modern Dymkovo toy is distinguished by its special plasticity, a variety of shapes and plots, and painting. The meaning of the Dymkovo toy has long ceased to be playful. This is a folk decorative sculpture that fits perfectly into a modern interior and not only decorates it, but always carries an active positive emotional charge, ensuring its high popularity and not only in Russia.