Presentation describing "Stone Age. Stonehenge" for a lesson on the history of fine arts
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Stonehenge (eng. Stonehenge, lit. "stone henge") is a megalithic structure in Wiltshire, England, which is a complex of ring and horseshoe-shaped earthen and stone structures. This is one of the most famous archaeological sites in the world.
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It is located about 130 km southwest of London, about 3.2 km west of Amesbury and 13 km north of Salisbury.
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Stonehenge was built at the turn of the Stone and Bronze Ages. Moreover, the creation of this amazing magical place took place in several stages. The first is around 3100 BC. It was then that a moat and an internal earthen rampart were created in the form of a circle, 115 m in diameter, 2.5 m wide and 50-80 cm high. Almost a thousand years later, the “construction” of what would become the main foundation of Stonehenge began. 80 large stones were brought to Salisbury Plain. They were installed inside the moat in two concentric circles - on the outer and inner sides of the semi-ellipsatrilites. A few more centuries later, a ring of thirty huge sandstone monoliths 31 m in diameter was erected. True, at present, only 17 of them remain standing. Around 1800 BC, Stonehenge was again “reconstructed” and has already acquired its usual form.
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On the plan stand out: 1 - Altar stone, a six-ton monolith of green mica sandstone from Wales 2-3 - Mounds without graves 4 - A fallen stone 4.9 meters long (SlaughterStone - scaffold) 5 - Heel stone (HeelStone) 6 - Two of the original four vertically standing stones 7 - Ditch (ditch) 8 - Inner rampart 9 - Outer rampart 10 - Avenue, that is, a parallel pair of ditches and ramparts leading 3 km to the Avon River; now these ramparts are barely visible 11, 12 - Rings of 30 holes 13 - Circle of 56 holes, known as Aubreyholes 14 - Small southern entrance Plan of Stonehenge
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It is difficult to establish the true purpose of Stonehenge because there are no inscriptions, marks, nothing at all on the ancient stones. One of the most common scientific theories about the purpose of Stonehenge suggests that it was most likely an ancient astronomical observatory, thanks to which the priests could calculate the lunar and solar days, mark the dates of important holidays, and so on.
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Professor J. Mitchell, after conducting a computer analysis of Stonehenge and trying to restore the original appearance of Stonehenge using modern digital technologies, concluded that it is, no more, no less, an accurate model of the solar system in cross section. At the same time, ancient astronomers proceeded from the fact that in the solar system there are not nine, but twelve planets, two of which are beyond the orbit of Pluto. And the third planet put the scientist even more in riddles, because it was supposed to be between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, and this place is exactly where the asteroid belt is located.
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It is also often claimed that Stonehenge was used for burials. After the excavations, scientists came to the conclusion that in total about 240 people were buried in Stonehenge, who were cremated before burial. At the same time, archaeologists believe that representatives of the local elite or the ruling dynasty were most likely buried here.
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The English writer and historian Tom Brooks, as a result of his many years of research, concluded that Stonehenge was part of a giant navigation system, consisting of isosceles triangles, the vertex of each of which pointed to the next point
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stonehenge
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In southern England on the Salisbury Plain are the remains of an ancient stone temple. The stones form a composition of vertically installed menhirs, forming a circle with a diameter of 29.6 meters. This circle of stones is connected from above by horizontally lying flat stones.
This is an ancient structure located in England. Now archaeologists agree that this architectural monument built in three stages between 3500 and 1100. BC.
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Construction stages of Stonehenge.
At the beginning (3100-2800 BC) an annular ditch was made with two bulk ramparts, open from the northeast. In front of the entrance to the ring, four holes were dug, the purpose of which is unknown. Two more holes were made on the lintel of the ends of the inner embankment. The heel stone - the first stone of Stonehenge - was dug in 30 meters from the ring to the southeast of the entrance axis. 56 holes were dug inside the ring, forming a vicious circle.
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The final stage began around 2100 BC. A “horseshoe” of five “trilits” (groups of two vertical and horizontal stones set in the form of the letter “P”) was built near the center. Triliths are surrounded by a ring of 30 vertically standing stones covered with horizontal ones. The axis of the “horseshoe” coincides with the main axis of the complex. Triliths are 6, 6, 5 and 7.2 meters high.
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In the heart of Stonehenge, a six-ton monolith of green mica sandstone was placed - the so-called "Altar". In addition, the northeast entrance was moved a little to the side and widened so that it looked exactly at sunrise on the day of the summer solstice.
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Russian Stonehenge. Mount Vottovaara.
In the early 90s, a Neolithic sanctuary called Pegrema was opened on the northwestern coast of Lake Onega, which included zoomorphic idols, sandstone discs, etc., which testified to the development of a religious and magical cult and deep skills in stone processing. from our distant ancestors.
In 1993, the now widely known, but still insufficiently studied, ancient pagan complex was discovered on Mount Vottovaara, in the Muezersky district.
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On the top of Vottovaara, on an area of about 6 km, there are huge rectangular stones, amazing structures made of stones in the form of a regular circle, called cromlechs by archaeologists, and about 1600 seid stones laid in some mysterious order.
Municipal budgetary educational institution additional education for children art school city of Apsheronsk
Methodical development with a presentation for the subject "Conversations about Art"
"Stonehenge"
Developed by a teacher
Pakhomova Yulia Sergeevna
Apsheronsk, 2016
Methodological note for the presentation "Stonehenge".
This presentation is intended for a more visual and orderly study of the material on the topic "Stonehenge" within the subject "Conversations about Art" for students in the general developmental program in the field visual arts(term of study 4 years).
Goals and objectives: increase motivation, instill interest in the study of the history and culture of the Ancient World, the formation of an active, independent and initiative position of students, the development of general educational skills and abilities (research, reflective, self-assessment).
Tutorial contains:
One text to read.
Presentation CD.
STONEHENGE
giant structure stonehenge- a stone mystery in the very center of Europe, as one of the researchers, Dr. Umlmore Trever, called this amazing monument.
This ancient building is located in England, Archaeologists now agree that this architectural monument was erected in three stages between 3500 and 1100 years. BC. Stonehenge I was a circular moat with two halls and may have served as a cemetery.
Circling along the outer rampart are 56 small Aubrey funerary holes, named after John Aubrey, who first described them in the 17th century. To the northeast of the entrance to the ring stood a huge, seven-meter Heel Stone. During the construction of Stonehenge II, an earthen alley was laid between the Heel Stone and the entrance. Two rings of 80 huge blue stone blocks were erected, which were probably delivered 320 km from South Wales. At the final stage of construction, the megaliths were rearranged. The blue stones were replaced by a ring colonnade of 30 triliths, each of which consisted of two vertical stones and a horizontal slab resting on them. A horseshoe of five separate triliths was installed inside the ring.
In general, Stonehenge is a structure of 82 five-ton megaliths, 30 stone blocks, weighing 25 tons each, and 5 huge so-called triliths, stones weighing up to 50 tons. Stacked stone blocks form arches that once served as a flawless indicator of the cardinal directions. Until recently, scientists assumed that this monument was built in 3100 BC by the tribes living in the British Isles to observe the Sun and Moon. But the latest data modern science forced to reconsider many conclusions of researchers. Back in the 20s of the last century, the famous geologist X. Thomas established. that the stones for the construction of the complex were delivered from the quarries. which were located more than 300 kilometers from the construction site. Needless to say, transporting the giant blocks of stone required incredible effort. In late 1994, University of Wales professor David Bowen, with the help of latest method determined the age of Stonehenge. It turned out that it is 140,000 years old. Why did the ancient people need to make great efforts to cut down, the most difficult transportation, processing the strongest blocks and their incredible accuracy in installing them in a strict order?
There is no answer to this question yet. Renowned astronomer Fred Hoyle. having studied all the geometric features of Stonehenge, he determined that the creators of this structure knew the exact orbital period of the moon and the duration of the solar year. According to the conclusions of other researchers, the holes located inside the circle formed by stone blocks exactly indicate the trajectory of the Pole of the World 12-30 thousand years ago! In 1998, astronomers recreated the original appearance of Stonehenge using a computer and conducted various studies. Their findings were shocking to many. It turns out that this ancient monolith is not only a solar and lunar calendar, as previously thought, but also an accurate cross-sectional model of the solar system. According to this model, the solar system consists not of nine, but of twelve planets, two of which are beyond the orbit of Pluto (the last of the nine planets known today), and one between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, where the asteroid belt is now located.
In principle, this model confirms the assumptions of modern astronomical science and is fully consistent with the ideas of many ancient peoples, who also believed that the number of planets in our solar system equals twelve.
A feature of all ancient megaliths is their unusually high seismic resistance. Studies have shown that during their construction, special platforms were used that soften or completely extinguish tremors. Most of all ancient structures were erected on such platforms. In addition, such foundations practically do not give “soil shrinkage”, which inevitably occurs in modern construction. Scientists do not yet know who and why erected a grandiose astronomical observatory in the center during the Stone Age. Ireland.
But after careful research, it became clear that to attribute the construction of this huge "megalith" to the ancient tribes of the Druids who lived on the territory Ireland in those days, just unreasonable. One thing is certain, whoever the ancient builders were, they possessed tremendous knowledge in astronomy, mathematics, geology and architecture. And if we take into account that grandiose monuments and structures in prehistoric times were erected almost all over the world, then we can conclude that we, modern people, know practically nothing about our own history.
In the meantime, scientists are studying this ancient monument, Stonehenge continues to live its life in folklore. According to local legend, giant blue stones have healing powers, they appeared on this earth thanks to the magician Merlin, a sorcerer in the court of King Arthur, who brought them from Ireland. The origin of the huge Heel Stone is connected with another legend.
They say that once the devil saw a monk hiding among the stones. Before the unfortunate man could escape, the devil launched a huge boulder at him, which crushed his heel. For a long time, the ruins of Stonehenge were associated with the priestly cult of the ancient Celtic Druids, although experts deny this connection.
Bibliography:
1. Alpatov M.V. Art: Painting: Sculpture: Architecture: Graphics: kN. for the teacher. In 3 hours, Part 1. Ancient world. Middle Ages. The Renaissance / M. V. Alpatov and others - ed., Corrected. and additional - M.: Enlightenment, 1987. - 218 p., ill.
2. Vardanyan R.V. World art culture: Architecture. / R.V. Vardanyan - M. Humanit. ed. center VLADOS, 2003. - 400 p., ill.
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We, students of the 6A class - Denis Grechko, Daria Guyda, Makar Kostyuchenko and Anastasia Frolova present you the project - "Secrets of Stonehenge".
2 slide In the very center of Europe there is a stone riddle - a gigantic structure called Stonehenge.This is one of the most famous archaeological sites in the world..
3 slide The purpose of our project is to study the history of the emergence and legends associated with the monument of historical heritage.
4 slide The tasks that we solved in the course of our work were the following:
1. Get acquainted with the history of the creation of Stonehenge.
2. Studying the various legends about Stonehenge.
3. Summarize and systematize the information received.
4. Prepare a presentation
5 slide We learned that StonehengeCRY is located about 130 km southwest of London.
6 slide The modern name of the monument was given by the Saxon conquerors of Britain - it comes from the wordsstan ( stone- stone) andhange ( hinge- rod or fence) is not the only translation, here are a few more: blue stones, hanging stones. The ancient British called it the Dance of the Giants or the Dance of the Giants.
See what Stonehenge looks like today.
7 slide Film fragment
8 slide Stonehenge is a kind of structure consisting of vertically mounted large megalithic stones located along several circular perimeters.
9 slide About 40 stones form a circle with a diameter of 33 m, their height is just over 4 meters, and their weight is 25 tons. On top of them, lintel stones more than 3 m long are laid in such a way that the tops of the lintels are at a height of slightly less than 5 meters above ground level.
10 slide During the construction of Stonehenge, stones of two varieties were used: strong boulders from which triliths were formed, smaller dolerites. Well-known scientists have established that the stones for the construction of Stonehenge were delivered from quarries, which were located more than 300 km from the construction site.
11 slide Stonehenge is called the "stone mystery" because scientists and archaeologists still cannot answer the questions of who and why erected this monument on the territory of modern England. It was considered both a palace, and a temple, and a tomb monument, and defensive structure, and even a special device for hunting wild animals. There are over 200 versions. We present to your attention the 4 most popular.
Makar Kostyuchenko will talk about the first two.slide 12
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Version one.
slide 13 It first appeared in 1136 and says that the construction of the megalith was associated with the name of the legendary British wizard Merlin.He moved Stonehenge from the land near the Dnieper rapids to the meadows of England. In the new place, the granite structure froze in its grandeur.
Slide 14 The mighty Merlin was a mentor and adviser to King Arthur -the legendary leader of the Britons in the 5th-6th centuries. Thus, according to this legend, King Arthur and (slide 15) his knights round table used Stonehenge for their meetings.
slide 16 Apparently, the largest trilith was the image of King Arthur himself, and the rest of the knights were imprinted in stone blocks, inextricably connected by powerful ceilings. The whole complex was an image of a brotherhood of knights, bound by bonds of honor and friendship.Slide 17
Slide 18 The next version reports that Stonehenge is the tomb of a woman named Boadicea or Boudicca.This woman was the wife of the leader of the Iceni tribe. The Iceni were one of the tribes of the Britons (Celts) who inhabited the southeastern region of Britain during the Roman rule.
Slide 19 The leader of the Iceni led the war against Rome, but was killed. His wife continued his work. But in a fierce battle, the ices were defeated.
A warlike and courageous woman did not want to surrender to the Romans. She took poison. This tragic fact happened in 61 AD.
Slide 20 Boudica has become a symbol of Britain; a monument has been erected to this fearless woman in the center of London.
slide 21 Boudicca's funeral was a magnificent sight. On her last journey, she was escorted by the Romans, and the Iceni, and other tribes of the Britons. Where her body is buried is unknown. Hence the legend that, especially for a fearless woman, as a sign of respect for her, the Romans built a vast stone burial - Stonehenge.
The next version will be presented by Denis Grechko.slide 22
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slide 23 The next version is more like a legend.In the 19th century, it was decided that there was a place of power for the Druids.Druids worshiped the spirits of nature, were considered soothsayers and were the bearers of ancient knowledge among the Celtic tribes. They arealso served as judges, were engaged in medicine and astronomy.Druids transmitted information of the past orally, from generation to generation, in the form of poems or legends. They were talented and creative people.
slide 24 In modern times, they can be called the intelligentsia of the Celtic peoples. It was they who supposedly built Stonehenge. It was their sanctuary, served as a gathering place for this intellectual creative elite.
Slide 25 Here the druids madeserious rituals, combining their communal forces with the forces of nature - it was believed that the megalith was located at the intersection of energy lines.
slide 26 All these legends - about the Wizard Merlin, Boudicca and the druids, most likely have nothing to do with reality.CRY Through radiocarbon dating, scientists were able to prove that Stonehenge was built when there were no druids or Merlin.
Slide 27 Excavations were carried out on the territory of Stonehenge and a burial place of about 240 people was found, who were cremated before burial. At the same time, archaeologists believe that representatives of the local elite or the ruling dynasty were most likely buried here.
Slide 28 Scientists have determined the age of the found bones. Largest part the remains date back to 2570 BC, and the first part of the ashes, which was discovered in the oldest part of Stonehenge, is dated 3030 BC.
I give the floor to Nastya, she will talk about another very common version of Stonehenge.Slide 29
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slide 30 There are suggestions that Stonehenge was a place for astronomical observations of ancient people: the location of the stones is tied to the apparent annual movement of the Sun. In different months, the star closest to our planet shines through different intervals between the stones, and on the day of the summer solstice, the sun rises over the so-called Heel Stone, which is placed outside the large circle of the structure.
And only thanks to the many years of work of the English professor and astronomerGerald Hawkins , who used the latest electronic computing technology in his research, managed to prove that Stonehenge was the largest megalithic observatory of ancient civilizations, the position of the megaliths of which determined solar and lunar eclipses, the days of the winter and summer solstices, etc.
In 1998, astronomers recreated the original appearance of Stonehenge using a computer and conducted various studies. Their findings were shocking to many.
It turns out that this ancient monolith is not only a solar and lunar calendar, as previously assumed, but also representsan accurate cross-sectional model of the solar system. According to this model, the solar system does not consist of nine, but oftwelveplanets, two of which are beyond the orbit of Pluto, and one is between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, where the asteroid belt is now located. In principle, this model confirms the assumptions of modern astronomical science and is fully consistent with the ideas of many ancient peoples, who also believed that the number of planets in our solar system was twelve.
CRY
Darya Nami was done big job on a project on the theme "Stonehenge".
Denis The result of our work is the following: modern people reliablyonly age is known this colossal building.
Nastya Butby whom and for what purpose Stonehenge was erected is still an unsolved mystery.cry
Makar The famous English artist John Constable painted the painting "Stonehenge". His
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Petrified Time Stonehenge
Architecture is also a chronicle of the world. She speaks when both songs and legends are already silent. Nikolay Gogol
About 130 kilometers from London there is a very strange place - a bunch of huge stones, neatly arranged in a circle in the middle of an open field.
An ancient observatory, a cult building of the druids, a landing site for aliens and even a portal to another dimension - all this is Stonehenge.
United Kingdom, Wiltshire, 13 kilometers from the town of Salisbury. Stonehenge has 82 five-ton megaliths, 30 stone blocks of 25 tons each, and 5 giant triliths weighing up to 50 tons.
The word “Stonehenge” itself is very ancient. It could have been formed from the Old English “stan” (stone, that is, stone) and “hencg” (rod) or “henceforth” (gallows).
Being a religious building, Stonehenge No. 1 was built no earlier than 3100 BC and consisted of two round earthen ramparts, between which there was a moat. A few hundred years later, it began to be used as a fenced cemetery for cremated remains.
Around 2600 BC, the wooden buildings were demolished and replaced by majestic stone structures.
At the final stage of construction, 30 triliths were installed in a circle, a horseshoe of five separate triliths was installed inside the circle.
1 - "Altar"; 2, 3 - mounds with stones, 4 - "block"; 5 - "Heel stone"; 6 - two stones that previously stood on mounds similar to 2 and 3; 7, 8, 9 - dumps of earth and a moat; 10 - "Avenue" (entrance); 11, 12 - two rings of holes excavated relatively "recently"; 13 - Aubrey holes; 14 - small entrance.
To the northeast of the entrance to the ring stands a huge, seven-meter Heel Stone.
According to scientists, the creators of this structure knew the exact orbital period of the moon and the duration of the solar year.
The northeastern entrance was moved a little to the side and expanded so that the Altar monolith looked exactly at the sunrise on the day of the summer solstice.
The very first references that have come down to us connect it with the legend of King Arthur - supposedly this monument was built by the wizard Merlin himself.
In 1615, the architect Inigo Jones claimed that the stone monoliths were built by the Romans - allegedly it was the temple of a pagan deity named Knelus.
The construction of this huge "megalith" is also attributed to the ancient tribes of the Druids who lived in Ireland at that time, although Stonehenge had already been built in those days.
There are stone structures similar to Stonehenge all over Europe - including here, in Russia.
North Caucasian dolmens (stone crypts) are distant relatives of Stonehenge.
Our contemporaries create just such "Stonehenge". Carhenge. State of Nebraska, USA
Simplified copy of Stonehenge. Thailand, Nong Nooch Park.
A mysterious building, a monument with a thousand-year history, around which a great many legends have developed - Stonehenge is still a mystery that no one can solve.