Presentation on the topic of chemistry everyday life of a person. Presentation on the topic "chemistry and everyday human life"

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Any detergent must have a dual function: the ability to interact with a pollutant (most often fat) and transfer it to water or an aqueous solution. For successful washing and washing, abundant foam is not at all necessary. When using washing machines, abundant foam is even undesirable, but it is necessary for cleaning carpets and upholstered furniture. Therefore, there are different foaming agents: stabilizers, amplifiers, foam destroyers.

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Every item, be it a shirt, a coat, a suit or a cloak, always has symbols. They indicate how to properly wash, iron or dry products, which washing powders can be used and which cannot.

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Means for combating household insects

Regularly cleaning the room, keeping the dishes, stove, floors, linen in perfect cleanliness, you are still not guaranteed from the appearance of harmful household insects in the house. If they appear, then insecticides come to the rescue - insect control agents. Insecticides are used in the form of solutions, emulsions, suspensions, aerosols.

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During the treatment of the premises, you can not eat, drink water, smoke. Windows should be kept open to avoid creating a high concentration of toxic substances in the air. All food and utensils must be removed. To avoid fire, do not spray the contents of aerosol cans on an open flame. It should be remembered that all wooden objects absorb pesticides well, and varnished surfaces may deteriorate. Many insecticides are allergenic. Weakness, headache, nausea, skin itching, rash, asthmatic attacks are signs of an allergic reaction. The room after treatment with drugs should be well ventilated, as many insecticides are odorless.

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Chemical means of hygiene and cosmetics

Cosmetics and hygiene are in close contact, as there are cosmetic products (lotions, creams, shampoos, shower gels, etc.) that also perform a hygienic function. The most important hygiene products include, first of all, soaps and detergents (see above). Here we will pay attention to some other means that are most often used in everyday life.

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Cosmetics

In men, this was especially manifested in a penchant for tattoos, and women tinted their eyelids, eyebrows, lips, and cheeks. Naturally, in the distant past, only natural substances were used as cosmetics. For example, eyelids were tinted blue with the finest pollen from crushed turquoise - a mineral, and eyebrows were dyed with soft natural minerals - antimony luster.

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Cosmetics for nails are varnishes. The basis of nail polishes is a solution of nitrocellulose in organic solvents. Nitrocellulose is obtained by nitrating cellulose (cotton or wood) with a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids. Acetic acid amyl ester, acetone, various alcohols, and mixtures thereof are used as solvents. In addition to the dye, plasticizers (for example, castor oil) are added to the varnish, which prevent the degreasing of the nails and prevent their fragility.

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Powder is an excellent adsorbent of moisture (mainly due to kaolin). A thin layer of it is quite enough to absorb the secretions of the sweat glands operating in the normal mode. On a hot day, the powder clogs all the pores and causes harm. Talc gives the powder flowability and a sliding effect.

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Chemistry and food

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Questions!

Question 1. Why is beetroot soup red? ... This is due to the fact that the coloring matter of beets, like litmus, retains its red color only in an acidic environment. Question 2. Why do potatoes “float”? ... usually a potato sinks in water, but when a saturated salt solution is added, the specific gravity of which is higher than the specific gravity of the potato, the tuber floats. When pure water is added, the solution is diluted and its specific gravity changes again, so the potatoes sink to the bottom.

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Question 3. How to light a sugar cube? .... If you pour a little ash from cigarettes on a piece of sugar and bring the sugar to the flame, then it will light up, and will burn with a bluish-yellow flame. Ash serves as a catalyst here. Question 4. How to cook a “pop” that quenches thirst well on a hot day? ... Take half a glass of cold boiled water, pour a quarter teaspoon of baking soda and one teaspoon of granulated sugar into it, add a little (at the tip of a knife) solid citric acid or lemon juice.

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Introduction Everywhere we are surrounded by objects and products made from substances and materials obtained at chemical plants and factories. In addition, in everyday life, without knowing it, each person carries out chemical reactions. For example, washing with soap, washing with detergents, etc. Lighting a match, mixing sand and cement with water, burning bricks, we carry out real, and sometimes quite complex chemical reactions. Cooking is also a chemical process. It should only be noted that in any living organism various chemical reactions are carried out in huge quantities. The processes of digestion of food, respiration of animals and humans are based on chemical reactions.

Home first aid kit Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) is an excellent antiseptic. Ammonia (an aqueous solution of ammonia NH 3) excites the respiratory center. Aspirin, or acetylsalicylic acid, is one of the drugs that is widely used as an antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antirheumatic agent. Medicines for the treatment of the cardiovascular system are validol, corvalol, nitroglycerin. Means for the treatment of the digestive system. Antibiotics. Vitamins - a means of strengthening the body, increasing the general tone, resistance to diseases. Medicines - potent drugs.

Matches and lighters In a lighter, the fuel is ignited by the action of a spark resulting from the combustion of the smallest particle of "flint" cut off by a gear wheel. There are several varieties of modern matches. By purpose, matches are distinguished that are ignited under normal conditions, moisture-resistant (designed for ignition after storage in humid conditions, for example, in the tropics), wind (lighted in the wind), etc.

Pencils To make the working part of a graphite pencil, a mixture of graphite and clay is prepared with the addition of a small amount of hydrogenated sunflower oil. Depending on the ratio of graphite and clay, a stylus of different softness is obtained; the more graphite, the softer the stylus. Colored pencil leads contain kaolin, talc, stearin and calcium stearate (calcium soap).

Glass In glassmaking, only the purest varieties of quartz sand are used, in which the total amount of contamination does not exceed 23%. The composition of the glass includes oxides of SiO 2, Na 2 O and CaO, and also contains a little alumina A l 2 O 3. Boric acid oxide B 2 O 3 makes the glass more resistant to sudden temperature changes. The coloring of glass is carried out by introducing into it oxides of certain metals or by the formation of colloidal particles of certain elements.

Crystal This is a silicate glass containing varying amounts of lead oxide. Lead content is often indicated on product labels. The greater its quantity, the higher the quality of the crystal. Crystal is characterized by high transparency, good brilliance and high density.

Foam glass Foam glass is a porous material, which is a glass mass penetrated by numerous voids. It has heat and sound insulation properties, low density and high strength, comparable to concrete. Foam glass is an exceptionally effective material for filling the interior and exterior walls of buildings.

Soaps Soaps The French chemist Chevrel discovered stearic, palmitic and oleic acids as decomposition products of fats during their saponification with water and alkalis. The sweet substance was named glycerin by Chevrel. Rosin has long been used in the manufacture of soap. The introduction of rosin into large quantities makes soap soft and sticky. In addition to using soap as detergent it is widely used in the finishing of fabrics, in the production of cosmetics, for the manufacture of polishing compounds and water-based paints.

Cleaning agents Under the influence of cleaning agents on the surface layer of the material, a complex set of physico-chemical processes occurs, including wetting, dispersion and sorption of contaminant particles, preventing their re-deposition on the treated surface. Cleaning agents are used in the form of powders, liquids, pastes, suspensions, emulsions. The composition of powder preparations may include surfactants, sodium metasilicate and tripolyphosphate, Na 2 CO 3, fragrances, glycerin and ethylene glycol, sodium tripolyphosphate, Na 2 CO 3, surfactant disinfectants, urea, organic solvents, etc.

Chemical means of hygiene and cosmetics Chemical means of hygiene and cosmetics Cosmetics and hygiene are in close contact, as there are cosmetics (lotions, creams, shampoos, gels) that perform a hygienic function. Important hygiene products include, above all, soaps and detergents.

Dental care products The most important means of dental care are toothpastes. The main components of toothpaste are abrasives, binders, foaming agents and thickeners. The first of them provide mechanical cleaning of teeth from plaque and polishing. Most often, chemically precipitated calcium carbonate, as well as calcium phosphates and polymeric sodium metaphosphate, are used as an abrasive.

Deodorants Deodorants are available in solid, roll-on and aerosol form. Aerosol cans use liquefied gases, the boiling point of which is very low. They easily pass into the gas phase and not only push the base out of the cylinder, but, expanding, spray it into small droplets. For a long time this role was performed only by fluorochlorocarbohydrates.

Cosmetics The pearlescent effect in cosmetics is created by bismuthyl B iO C l and BiO(NO3) salts or mother-of-pearl powder containing about 40% T iO2 titanized with mica. Zinc oxide ZnO is used to create special cosmetics (make-ups). In medicine, it is used in powders and for the manufacture of ointments. As a hair dye, dilute aqueous solutions of highly soluble salts of lead, silver, copper, bismuth are used. Hair lightening is done with a 3% hydrogen peroxide solution. Coloring shampoos contain p-phenylenediamine, resorcinol and other similar compounds.

Candle and light bulb Candles are made from a mixture of paraffin and ceresin. The light bulb consists of a glass container into which the holders of the spiral are inserted, and of the spiral itself. The spiral is made of tungsten, one of the most refractory metals. The holder is made of molybdenum. When heated, it, like glass, changes dimensions synchronously, the latter does not crack and therefore the sealing is not broken.

Fats Fats make up an essential part of our food. They are found in meat, fish, dairy products, grains. Components of natural fat, important of which are phosphatides, sterols, vitamins, pigments and odor carriers. Phosphatides are, in fact, also esters, but they contain residues of phosphoric acid and amino alcohol. Sterols are natural polycyclic compounds of a very complex configuration. The representative is cholesterol. Vitamins. They are rich in the liver of fish and sea animals, vegetable fats, and butter. Pigments are substances that give color to fats. The odor carriers are very diverse and complex in structure, there are more than 20 of them in the composition of butter.

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for the human body. We get carbohydrates from grains, legumes, potatoes, fruits and vegetables. Glucose is a monosaccharide (C 6 H 12 O 6). Glucose is easily absorbed by the body. Glucose is found in fruits and berries. Fructose (C 6 H 12 O 6) is also a monosaccharide, an isomer of glucose. Sucrose is a disaccharide (C 12 H 22 O 11). In real life, it's just sugar. Lactose is a disaccharide (C 12 H 22 O 11) Mostly found in animal milk. Starch is a polysaccharide ((C 6 H 10 O 5) n) - the main carbohydrate of food. Found in potatoes and grains. Glycogen (“animal starch”) Cellulose ((C 6 H 10 O 5) n) is a plant polysaccharide. Enters the body with plant foods.

Proteins Proteins are natural macromolecular compounds, the structural basis of which is polypeptide chains built from alpha-amino acid residues. Proteins are the basis of all life on Earth and perform various functions in organisms. Proteins that enter the body with animal and plant foods are ultimately hydrolyzed to alpha amino acids. Protein hydrolysis and the synthesis of new ones from hydrolysis products can reduce the risk of protein deficiency; The body itself creates what it needs.

Development Food Industry Doctors recommend for rational and dietary nutrition to include in the menu bread from flour containing finely ground bran. Now often talk about artificial food. Although this term does not mean obtaining food through chemical reactions. It is about giving natural protein products the taste and look of traditional products, including delicacies. Food additives contribute to the preservation of the product, give it a flavor, the desired color, etc.

Food additives Food additives E 100- E 182- dyes E 200- E 299- preservatives E 300- E 399- substances that slow down the processes of fermentation and oxidation in food E 400- E 409- stabilizers (ensure long-term preservation of consistency) E 500 - E 599 - emulsifiers E 600 - E 699 - flavors (enhance or give taste to food products) E 900 - E 999 - antiflaming agents that do not allow flour, granulated sugar, salt, soda, citric acid, dough baking powder to cake, as well as such substances that prevent the formation of foam in drinks.

Conclusion Chemistry, possessing enormous possibilities, creates unprecedented materials, multiplies the fertility of the soil, facilitates the work of a person, saves his time, clothes, preserves his health, creates coziness and comfort for him, changes the appearance of people. But the same chemistry can become dangerous to human health, even deadly.