Presentation on geology on the topic "minerals". School presentations Powerpoint Presentation minerals how to recognize them

Minerals

Compiled by geography teacher Kibakina N.V.

MINERALS- natural substances.

ROCKS- natural mineral compounds

GRANITE

QUARTZ

FIELD SPAR

MICA

NATIVE MINERALS

SILVER

COPPER

GOLD

DIAMOND

GRAPHITE

SULFUR

Hardness is one of the main properties of minerals

In 1811 a German mineralogist Friedrich Moos a scale for the relative hardness of minerals was developed

Talc (scratched with fingernail)

Application:

at home
In sports

In industry: paper, food, paint and varnish and other industries

2. Gypsum (scratched with fingernail)

Application:

jewelry
interior items
construction
the medicine

3. Calcite (scratched by a copper coin)

Application:

construction
chemical production
ornamental work

4. Fluorite

Application:

in industry
in optics
in folk medicine
in ceramic production

5. Apatite (scratched by knife and window glass)

Application:

fertilizer production
jewelry

6. Orthoclase (scratched with a file)

Application:

as raw material in glass and ceramic industry
in folk medicine

7. Quartz )

Application:

optical instruments
television and radio equipment
jewelry
ceramic industry

8. Topaz (can be processed with a diamond, scratches glass )

Application:

jewelry
ethnoscience

9. Corundum (can be processed with a diamond, scratches glass )

Application:

jewelry
refractory and abrasive material
electronic industry

10. Diamond (cuts glass )

Application:

jewelry (diamonds)
manufacture of knives, drills, cutters, etc.

Ilmensky mineralogical reserve is located in the southern part Ural mountains.

The reserve was established in 1920 year.

The area of the reserve 300 sq. km.

About 300 kinds minerals.

Minerals of the Ulyanovsk region

MARCASITE

GYPSUM

PYRITE

SENGILIT

SYMBIRCITE

CALCITE

Homework

P. 19, r.t. pp.48-49 №1,2

“I want to captivate you so that you begin to be interested
mountains and quarries, mines and mines, so that you
began to collect collections of minerals that you want
go to the river, where the high stone banks,
to the tops of mountains or rocky shores of the sea, to where
break stone, mine sand or blast ore. There
everywhere we will find something to do; and in dead rocks, sands
and stones we will learn to read the great laws of nature,
by which the universe was built"
Alexander Evgenievich Fersman
mineralogist, popularizer of geology in the USSR.

Mineralogy studies the composition, physical and chemical properties, conditions for the formation of minerals. Mineralogy is one of the geological

Mineralogy studies the composition, physical and chemical
properties, conditions for the formation of minerals. Mineralogy
belongs
to
number
geological
Sciences.

The term “mineral” comes from the Latin word “minera”, which means “ore” in translation. Its origin is associated with the development in ancient

The term "mineral" comes from the Latin word
"Minera", which means "ore" in translation. His
the emergence is associated with the development in antiquity of mountain
fishing.
Modern definition: mineral - product
natural processes, having a certain
chemical composition and characteristic type of crystalline
buildings.
There are currently about 4000
mineral formations.

The whole scientific world said
What is a "mineral"
It is not yet clear to anyone;
Even though they all know very well
That mica and fluorite
Both calcite and apatite.
Zircon and magnetite
Quartz, opal and amethyst -
"Minerals" known to all
And there are some wonderful ones!

Physical properties of minerals - external properties that allow you to identify minerals

1. Color
2. Glitter
3. Hardness
4. Cleavage
5. Kink
6. Density
7. Malleability
8. Elasticity
9. Magnetic

Chemical properties of minerals

1. Solubility in water, in acids
2. Flammability

Color is the brightest and most expressive external sign of minerals.

The color of minerals depends on their internal
structure, from mechanical impurities and
the presence of elements - impurities (chromophores)
Some mineral species are characterized
permanent coloration, by which they can be
almost unmistakable. For them, color
diagnostic sign.

Malachite - green

Rhodonite - pink

Cinnabar - red

Azurite - blue

Lapis lazuli - blue

Sulfur - yellow

Sometimes the same mineral can have a different color.

Calcite - white, colorless, yellow, brown,
grey, green, blue

Feldspar - white, yellow, red, green, blue

Fluorite - purple, green, pink, yellow, colorless

Quartz - morion - black quartz

The same mineral can have different names depending on the color.

Quartz - amethyst - purple

The same mineral can have different names depending on the color.

Quartz - rauchtopaz - smoky

The same mineral can have different names depending on the color.

Quartz - citrine - yellow

The same mineral can have different names depending on the color.

Quartz - rock crystal - transparent

Corundum red - ruby

Corundum blue - sapphire

Colorless corundum - leucosapphire

Beryl green - emerald

Beryl blue - aquamarine

Beryl yellow - heliodor

The color of the mineral can be its own (idichromatic), when the color is due to the characteristics of the chemical composition, etc.

Elements are chromophores, i.e. dye carriers:
Chromium, manganese, iron, titanium, vanadium, cobalt,
copper, molybdenum, tungsten, uranium.

The color may be alien (allochromatic), associated with mechanical inclusions of brightly colored foreign minerals.

Hematite inclusions in feldspar -
sun stone
Actinolite inclusions in quartz - prazem

False coloration (pseudochromatic) is caused by the phenomena of light scattering or interference of light waves.

Tempering is a phenomenon when a mineral, in addition to the main one, has
a different color in a thin surface layer due to
interference of light (monochrome, motley, iridescent).
Irrisation and opalescence are characteristic color overflows,
typical of labrador and opal

Dash color

A trait is the color of a mineral in powder. Some
minerals in the crushed state have a different color,
than in the sample. Powder can be obtained by spending
piece of mineral on white rough porcelain
plate, which is called a "biscuit". damn
on the plate with minerals whose hardness
less than the hardness of porcelain (6.5-7). If a
hardness is higher, then the mineral leaves a scratch on
porcelain.
See below

Chromite - color black, dash brown

Pyrite - straw yellow color, black streak

Hematite - black color, cherry red streak

Luster is the ability of a mineral to reflect light that falls on it.

Luster ability of a mineral
the light falling on it
reflect
Conventionally, minerals were divided into 3 groups: with
with a metallic sheen
non-metallic luster
semi-metallic luster or
metallic luster.

metallic luster

Gold, galena, molybdenite, pyrite, chalcopyrite,
platinum, silver, copper, etc.

Semi-metallic luster or metallic luster

semi-metallic
metallic luster
shine
Hematite, chromite, magnetite, etc.
or

Non-metallic glitter has many varieties

Glitter non-metallic
varieties
It has
lot
Glass resembles the brilliance of polished
glass (quartz, halite, corundum)
Halite

Diamond - stronger than glass (diamond, sphalerite, cinnabar, etc.)

Diamond

Mother-of-pearl shimmers with iridescent colors, like mother-of-pearl. It is observed in minerals with well-defined cleavage (gypsum, calcite, micas, etc.).

Gypsum
Mica

Silky shimmery sheen. It is typical for minerals that have a fibrous and needle structure (gypsum-selenite, asbestos, malachite, etc.)

Selenite

In a mineral with a greasy sheen, the surface is, as it were, greased or moistened with water (talc, nepheline, sulfur)

TalcOpal

If the mineral does not have a shine, it is classified as matte (kaolinite).

Hardness

In 1811 the German mineralogist Friedrich Moos
chose 10 minerals, taking them as reference, and
gave them an "exam", scratching each other.
Determination of hardness on the Mohs scale
lies in the fact that a mineral with an unknown
hardness
compared
with
minerals
standards. If the subjects and reference
minerals scratch each other, their hardness
is the same.

Mohs scale

Cleavage - the ability of a mineral to split in certain directions with the formation of smooth, shiny surfaces.

According to the degree of perfection, there are:
1. Very perfect cleavage - mica, talc,
gypsum, etc.
2. Perfect cleavage - halite, galena,
fluorite, sphalerite, etc.
3. Cleavage medium - feldspars, amphiboles,
pyroxenes, etc.
4. Imperfect cleavage - apatite, beryl, etc.
5. Cleavage is very imperfect - quartz,
cassiterite

Fracture characterizes the fracture surface of a mineral.

By the nature of the surface, the fracture can be:
Rough - sulfur, apatite, etc.
Stepped - feldspars
Splintery, silky - amphiboles, asbestos
Conchoidal - quartz
Earthy - kaolinite

The density of minerals is different and depends on the chemical composition. Minerals, which include such heavy elements as sv

The density of minerals is different and depends
from the chemical composition. Minerals that contain
heavy elements such as lead, tungsten,
barium, have a high density.
The heaviest are native
metals. Minerals are usually divided into light and
heavy.
Lungs - quartz, mica, feldspars.
Medium - calcite, amphiboles
Heavy - magnetite, gold, pyrite, galena.

Malleability and brittleness

When scratching fragile minerals with a knife
powder is formed, when scratching malleable -
powder is not formed and remains on the surface
shiny trail.
Brittle minerals: sulfur, diamond
malleable minerals: gold, copper
The malleability of chalcosite is
diagnostic sign.

Flexibility and resilience

The property of bending or flexibility is characteristic
for many minerals. Flexible leaves have
crystals of molybdenite, chlorite, talc. They are
bend but do not regain their shape
after the termination of the load.
Mica (muscovite, biotite) leaves at the same time
leaflets are elastic and restore their shape

magnetism

Magnetic field is used to determine magnetism.
arrow.
Strongly magnetic magnetite or pyrrhotite attract
or repel the magnetic needle.

Taste (solubility in water)

Only a few taste
minerals soluble in water.
Halite - salty
Silvin, mirabilite - bitterly salty
Carnallite - bitter

Solubility in acid

For some minerals diagnostic
a sign is their reaction with 5-10% hydrochloric
acid.
Calcite reacts with the release of carbon dioxide
gas bubbles.
Dolomite reacts with acid in powder
Magnesite reacts in powder, but only when
heating
Pyrolusite dissolves in hydrochloric acid with
release of chlorine.

combustibility

When burning, sulfur gives off a sharp suffocating
smell and burn with a blue flame

Literature

1. Mineralogy course. A.G.Betekhtin
2. First steps in geology. A.P. Suchkova, T.P.
Pitolina
3. The world of minerals. B.Z. Cantor
4. http://www.catalogmineralov.ru/ (catalog
minerals)
5. http://www.mining-enc.ru/m/mineral (mountain
encyclopedia)

mysterious

Minerals

MY COLLECTION

Since then, I began to collect and study minerals

my goal was the study of the properties of minerals and their application

Tasks :

study of literature;
find out how minerals were formed on Earth;
how many different minerals exist;
learn how minerals are used;
study the properties of minerals;
to acquaint others with my passion and interesting samples from my collection;

Mineral- translated from Latin - ore. A natural body with a specific chemical composition and crystal structure.

Minerals form everywhere: deep in the bowels of the earth, in deserts, in swamps and in lakes.

Most of the minerals come from magma .

STUDYING MINERALS

The science that studies minerals is called mineralogy . It studies the composition, properties, structures and conditions for the formation of minerals.

Mineralogy is one of the oldest sciences.

The first descriptions of minerals appeared among the ancient Greeks. Mining contributed to the further development of mineralogy.

The study of meteorites and samples from other planets has revealed a lot about history solar system and the formation of the planets.

VARIETY OF MINERALS

The earth's crust consists mainly of minerals - from rare and extremely valuable diamonds to various ores, from which metals are obtained for our daily needs.

To date, more than 4 thousand minerals are known. Every year, several dozen new mineral species are discovered and several are “closed” - they prove that such a mineral does not exist.

THE APPEARANCE OF MINERALS IS UNUSUALLY DIFFERENT

Pyrite

desert rose

Glendonite

staurolite

There are different color and transparency .

Shine minerals are also different: some have metal, others have glass, and others have mother-of-pearl.

Different hardness and density of minerals .

Platinum and gold are considered the densest minerals.

The hardest natural mineral is diamond

Its name comes from the Greek word

"adamas", which means "invincible".

Diamond is used in jewelry

products.

Gypsum is a soft white or yellowish mineral.

colors. It is used in medicine, architecture.

Minerals have played an important role in human development and the creation of civilizations.

In the Stone Age, people used flint tools.

About 10,000 years ago, man learned how to get copper from ore.

By mixing copper and tin, a man obtained bronze.

More than 3,000 thousand years ago, man began to actively use iron in his life.

Modern industry is still dependent on the earth's mineral resources.

Minerals or minerals

For growth and life, every organism needs not only proteins, fats, carbohydrates, water and vitamins, but also minerals.

Minerals are part of the bone tissue, where the main elements are calcium and phosphorus.

Minerals are part of enzymes and hormones, take part in the processes of metabolism, the formation of blood cells and blood clotting.

Minerals and mineral substances ensure the functioning of the main body systems: muscle, digestive and cardiovascular.

Lack or complete absence of minerals can lead to both serious illness and death of the body.

Minerals in products

Minerals are found in vegetables, fruits, cereals, meat and dairy products.

Minerals such as calcium and fluorine are found in dairy products, especially in cheese and cottage cheese; potassium is part of dried fruits: raisins, dried apricots, prunes and legumes; liver and egg yolks are rich in iron.

If a person has a lack of minerals, he is recommended vitamin, which includes not only vitamins, but also minerals.

Minerals are an important part of the health of the body .

Based on my research, we can conclude that our life without minerals would be much more difficult, the world of minerals has not been fully explored and is fraught with many mysteries, right under your feet you can find both minerals known to science and discover new ones.
I will continue to collect a collection of minerals in order to comprehend their secrets more deeply, because there are still discoveries waiting for me when I study chemistry, physics, geography ...

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The presentation on the topic "Minerals" (Grade 4) can be downloaded absolutely free of charge on our website. Project subject: The world. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you keep your classmates or audience interested. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the appropriate text under the player. The presentation contains 21 slide(s).

Presentation slides

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Minerals are also considered some natural substances, which under normal conditions are liquids. For example, native mercury, which comes to a crystalline state at a lower temperature).

Water is not classified as a mineral, considering it as a liquid state of the mineral ice.

Some organic substances - oil, asphalts, bitumens - are often mistakenly classified as minerals, or they are classified as a special class of organic minerals.

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Properties of minerals Habitus of crystals - it turns out during visual inspection. Hardness. Glitter is a light effect, a reflection of the light flux falling on a mineral. Depends on the reflectivity of the mineral. Cleavage - the ability of a mineral to split along certain crystallographic directions. Fracture is the specificity of the surface of a mineral on a fresh chip. Color is a sign that characterizes some minerals: green malachite, blue lapis lazuli, red cinnabar, and is very misleading in other minerals, the color of which can change from the presence of impurities and defects: quartz, tourmaline. The color of the line is the color of the mineral in powder. Magnetism - depends on the iron content. Detected using a conventional magnet. Tempering is a thin colored or multi-colored film that forms on the surface of some minerals. Brittleness - the strength of mineral crystals. Detected during mechanical cracking. Some very hard minerals can easily split, i.e. be fragile, such as diamond.

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Variety of minerals The earth's crust is made up primarily of minerals, from rare and extremely valuable diamonds to various ores, from which metals are obtained for our daily needs. To date, more than 4 thousand minerals are known. Every year, several dozen new mineral species are discovered and several are “closed” - they prove that such a mineral does not exist.

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minerals in nature. Earth's crust Two elements, oxygen and silicon, make up 74% of the mass of the earth's crust. Aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium - 24.27%. Together they form 99% of the earth's crust. The most common minerals are silicates, a chemical compound of oxygen and silicon. Silicates such as quartz, mica and feldspars predominate. All three in different proportions are the main components of different types of granite. Quartz eroded from granite accumulates on the coast and forms sandy beaches.

quartz mica

Calcium chloride

iron potassium

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Organic and inorganic substances Many people call minerals everything that is mined from the earth. But people who study minerals professionally believe that coal, oil and natural gas- organic substances, as they were formed from the remains of living plants and animals, and therefore are not minerals. Minerals have a specific chemical composition. They are always the same. All parts of a mineral are the same. Minerals consist of chemical elements, i.e., substances that can no longer be decomposed into other substances by chemical means. Some, they are called native elements, are found in the earth's crust in a pure or almost pure form. There are 22 native elements, among them - gold, silver and diamonds. Most minerals are solids. The exception is mercury.

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Minerals have played an important role in human development and the creation of civilizations. In the Stone Age, people used flint tools. About 10,000 years ago, man learned how to get copper from ore. With the invention of bronze (an alloy of copper and tin), new Age- bronze. Since the beginning of the Iron Age, 3,300 years ago, man has mastered new ways of using minerals mined from the earth's crust. Modern industry is still dependent on the earth's mineral resources.

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Among industrially valuable minerals, it is customary to distinguish two groups: Ore minerals. This group includes minerals from which the metal elements necessary for industry are extracted. These minerals include native elements and minerals with a high content of metals - copper, silver, iron and aluminum. nonmetallic minerals. Minerals used in the production of non-metallic materials used for the manufacture of electrical and thermal insulators (mica), refractories (kyanite), ceramic products (fluort), glass (quartz), abrasives, cement, mineral fertilizers(Chilean saltpeter), fluxes for metallurgical processes.

Bauxite Erythrine Diamond Melanite

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The aesthetic value of minerals is widely known. Gemstones in jewelry, in national treasuries and other displays annually attract the attention of millions of people. Minerals are used as building materials or their components for interior decoration and exterior cladding of many masterpieces of architecture. For example, the Moscow metro or the malachite room in the Hermitage.

Along with well-known and common minerals, there are those that are found only in a separate place or even in single copies. Such unique samples should be kept in museums.

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Precious minerals Even in the Stone Age, people made jewelry from gold, in the Bronze Age - from silver. Today, jewelers have many minerals at their disposal. The most expensive gemstones are diamond (especially colorless), as well as emerald, ruby and sapphire, which are valued primarily for their color. These stones are so expensive that their weight is measured in carats. One carat is equal to 200 milligrams. Diamond is valued for its hardness and brilliance acquired during cutting and polishing.

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Properties of stones and minerals. Stones and minerals are not only amazing gifts of nature and a material for jewelry. Stones have different properties. People have always treated powerful and mysterious forces with great respect. precious stones. They endowed stones with magical and healing properties. The power of a stone or mineral affects a person as a whole and separately on certain organs. Properly chosen stone helps to heal from a number of ailments. Each stone has only its inherent properties and represents a kind of protection for a person. Stones and minerals are very responsive to human behavior, and sometimes touchy, and in response to injustice, stones can even change their color. Any stone should be treated with care. The stone must be loved. A stone should be something special, unusual, close and dear to a person. He must be treated with respect and then he will reciprocate and show all his properties.

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Minerals or mineral substances Every healthy organism needs not only proteins, fats, carbohydrates, water and vitamins, but also minerals for growth and life. Minerals have a low energy value, but it is impossible to overestimate their importance in the human body. Minerals are absorbed into the blood and combined with proteins. Such "complexes" are sent to places of active exchange or places of accumulation. The human body can store a supply of calcium, phosphorus, iodine and iron. Minerals are a flexible material and are part of the bone tissue, where the main elements are calcium and phosphorus. Minerals are part of enzymes and hormones, take part in the processes of metabolism, the formation of blood cells and blood clotting. Minerals and mineral substances ensure the functioning of the main body systems: muscle, digestive and cardiovascular. Minerals are required by the body in varying amounts. Their lack or complete absence can lead to both serious diseases and death of the body.

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Minerals in foods Minerals are found in all kinds of foods: vegetables, grains, meats, and dairy products. There are about 30 types of minerals and trace elements, the absence of which disrupts the normal functioning of the human body. All the minerals needed by the body can be obtained by eating foods of different categories every day. But this is not always possible, therefore, minerals are often deficient in the body. This situation can be corrected by vitamin complexes, which include not only vitamins, but also minerals. Minerals such as calcium and fluorine are found in dairy products, especially in cheese and cottage cheese; potassium is part of dried fruits: raisins, dried apricots, prunes and legumes; the main source of iodine are marine products: seaweed, seaweed, fish oil; liver and egg yolks are rich in iron. Minerals are an important part of the health of the body.

No need to overload your project slides with text blocks, more illustrations and a minimum of text will better convey information and attract attention. Only the key information should be on the slide, the rest is better to tell the audience orally.

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What are minerals?

The world,

3rd grade

lithosphere

rocks

volcanic

sedimentary

minerals

dictionary,

Page 142

graphite

quartz

diamonds

The most beautiful and expensive gemstones.

Obtained by polishing diamonds.

diamond

The hardest mineral.

Crown of the English Queen Elizabeth II with diamonds.

The large imperial crown of Russia includes 4936 diamonds, 72 pearls and 1 huge red spinel, which was purchased from the Chinese emperor Kangxi in 1676.