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scheme- 2.59 schema description of the content, structure and constraints used to create and maintain a database.

Manufacturing enterprise is a separate specialized unit, the basis of which is a professionally organized labor collective, capable of using the means of production at its disposal to produce the products necessary for consumers (perform work, provide services) of the appropriate purpose, profile and range. Manufacturing enterprises include plants, factories, combines, mines, quarries, ports, roads, bases and others. economic organizations industrial purpose.

Internal environment of the enterprise These are people, means of production, information and money. The result of the interaction of components internal environment is an finished products(work, services).

The basis of the enterprise is made up of people who are characterized by a certain professional composition, qualifications, interests. These are managers, specialists, workers. The results of the enterprise work depend on their efforts and skills. Of course, people cannot work in a vacuum. They need the means of production: the fixed means by which products are made, and working capital from which this product is made.

To pay for deliveries necessary materials, equipment, energy resources, for payment wages employees and making other payments, the company needs money that accumulates on its current account in the bank and partly in the cash desk of the company.

Important for the operation of the enterprise is information: commercial, technical and operational. With the help of information, all components of an operating enterprise are connected into a single synchronously functioning complex aimed at producing a given type of product, of the appropriate quantity and quality.

The main task of the team of employees of each enterprise is the production of products demanded by society High Quality in full use production resources(equipment, raw materials, materials, fuel, electricity, inventory and other means of production), as well as when efficient use working time. The basis for solving this problem is the continuous improvement of technology, technology and organization of labor and production.

Each enterprise is a single production and technical organism. Production and technical unity - essential feature enterprises. It is determined by the common purpose of the manufactured products or the processes of its production and creates conditions for qualified and efficient management of the enterprise.

An enterprise may consist of technologically homogeneous shops or sections (spinning shops at a spinning mill, shops for small, large and other types of casting at foundry); from technologically heterogeneous shops or sections, as a result of the joint efforts of which certain products are produced (foundry, forging, thermal, mechanical and other shops of machine-building plants; spinning, weaving and finishing shops of textile factories; blast furnace, open-hearth and rolling shops metallurgical plants etc.).

An essential feature that unites the enterprise into a single organism is the presence of a common auxiliary economy, serving all parts of the enterprise, as well as the unity of the territory (the latter in some cases, for example, at combines, is optional). The common auxiliary economy and the unity of the territory create closer ties between the individual links of the enterprise.

The enterprise also has organizational unity, which means that there is a single management, accounting, and development strategy.

An important feature that characterizes a company is its economic unity, i.e., the unity of the team of workers employed on it, the community of material, technical and financial resources, as well as economic results work.

The company is entitled legal entity, i.e., can enter into contractual relationship with other organizations and is responsible for the fulfillment of the obligations assumed.

Thus, an enterprise is an organization owned by the state or private individuals, created for the purpose of producing certain products, systematically developing, having industrial, technical, organizational and economic unity, endowed with the rights of a legal entity and operating on a commercial basis.

The result of labor often appears in material form - in the form of products. Products manufactured at the plant different stages technological process is in the form of work in progress, semi-finished product or finished product (product).

Finished products - these are products of an industrial enterprise that are completed by production, comply with state standards or technical specifications, are accepted by the technical control department, are provided with documents certifying quality and are intended for sale to the outside.

Semi-finished products - these are semi-finished products, the technical processing of which is completed in one of the productions (shops) of the enterprise, but requires completion or processing in an adjacent production (another shop) of the same enterprise, or which can be transferred for further processing to other enterprises.

Unfinished production - these are products that have not received a finished look within the production, as well as products that have not been checked by the Quality Control Department and not handed over to the finished product warehouse.

The products of labor are divided into means of production (means of labor and objects of labor) and commodities (food and non-food products).

Planning and accounting for the manufacture of products is carried out in natural (physical) and cost (monetary) meters. Measures of the volume of production in physical terms are physical units (tons, pieces, m), conditionally natural (thousands of conditional cans, conditional sheets of slate and pieces of brick) and double natural indicators (production of pipes - in tons and m, fabrics - m and sq. .m).

The degree of satisfaction of market needs characterizes the volume of goods of a certain nomenclature and assortment.

Nomenclature - this is an enlarged list of products manufactured by the enterprise, and the assortment characterizes its composition by types, types, varieties, and other features.

The volume of production in value terms determined by indicators:

1. Marketable products- this is the cost of products intended for sale (finished products, semi-finished products, works and services of an industrial nature).

2. Gross output- this is the sum of the cost of all types of products produced by the enterprise and in addition to the elements that make up the marketable products, includes a change in the balance of work in progress during the billing period, the cost of raw materials and materials of the customer and some other elements.

3. net production characterizes the newly created value as a result of the industrial and production activities of the enterprise for a certain period. It is determined by subtracting material costs and the amount of depreciation from the volume of gross output;

4. Sold products- this is the cost of products released to the side and paid by the buyer in the reporting period.

Manufacturing program - this is a task for the production and sale of products in an assortment of appropriate quality in kind and value terms for a certain period (year, quarter, month).

The production program predetermines the tasks for putting new production capacities into operation, the need for material and raw materials, the number of workers, etc. It is closely related to financial plan, a plan for production costs, profits and profitability.

Industrial enterprises form their production program independently on the basis of consumer demand identified in the process of studying the market; a portfolio of orders (contracts) for products and services; government orders and own needs.

The production program consists of three sections:

1. Production plan in kind- establishes the volume of output of products of the appropriate quality according to the nomenclature and assortment in physical units of measurement (t, m, pcs). It is determined based on the full and best satisfaction of consumer demand and the achievement of maximum utilization of production capacity;

2. Production plan in value terms in terms of gross, marketable and net output;

3. Plan for the sale of products in physical and value terms. It is compiled on the basis of concluded contracts for the supply of products, as well as semi-finished products, assemblies and parts under cooperation agreements with other enterprises, as well as our own assessment of the market capacity. The calculation of the volume of products sold is made on the basis of the value of marketable products, taking into account changes in the balance of products in the warehouse and shipped, but not paid for by customers, at the beginning and end of the planned year. But the volume of sales of products is also affected by changes in the quality of products and the prices for products and services in the enterprise.

The initial data for determining the maximum possible output per year is the average annual productive capacity enterprises and the coefficient of its use. Often, meeting the needs of the market requires the introduction of new additional capacities through technical re-equipment, reconstruction or expansion of the enterprise.

Product quality - it is a set of product properties that determine its suitability to satisfy certain needs in accordance with its purpose.

A product quality indicator is a quantitative characteristic of one or more product properties that make up its quality and is considered in relation to certain conditions of its creation, operation or consumption.

To determine the quality of products manufactured at the enterprise apply a system of general indicators, which includes:

• the share of fundamentally new (progressive) products in their total volume;
• the coefficient of renewal of the product range;
• share of manufactured products for which certificates were received;
• the share of manufacturing defects;
• the relative volume of seasonal goods sold at reduced prices, etc.

The main elements of the product quality management mechanism at the enterprise are: standardization and certification of products; internal quality systems; state supervision over compliance with standards, norms and rules; internal production and technical quality control.

Standardization - it is the establishment and application of rules for the purpose of streamlining activities in a particular industry.

Standardization covers the establishment of:

a) units of measurement, terms and symbols;

b) requirements for the quality of products, raw materials, materials and production processes;

c) a unified system of indicators of product quality, methods of its testing and control;

d) requirements that ensure the safety of work and life of people, as well as the safety of material assets;

e) unified systems classification and coding of products, information carriers, forms and methods of organizing production, etc.

The basis of standardization are standards and specifications.

standard is a regulatory and technical document that establishes requirements for groups of homogeneous products, and, if necessary, for specific products, rules that ensure its development, production and application.

Depending on the scope, content and level of approval, regulatory and technical documents are divided into: state standards (GOST), industry standards (OST), standards of scientific, technical and engineering partnerships, enterprise standards (SP), as well as international standards.

Specifications - normative and technical document that establishes requirements for specific products (models, brands).

Certification - this is the establishment of product compliance with specific standards (mainly international - ISO 9000 series) or technical specifications and the issuance of an appropriate document (certificate).

Certification is the most important factor in improving products, an effective mechanism for managing its quality, which makes it possible to objectively assess its competitiveness, suitability, and compliance with environmental cleanliness requirements.

State quality supervision is carried out by the State Committee for Standardization, Metrology and Certification and its territorial bodies- centers of standardization, metrology and certification.

Internal production technical control at the enterprise is carried out by the technical control department (QCD), the main task of which is to ensure the required level of quality, fixed in the regulatory and technical documents, by directly checking each product and purposefully influencing the conditions and factors that form it.

The main tasks of product quality management at the enterprise at the present stage are:

• systematic adjustment of the level of product quality to existing, emerging or predicted market needs, as well as a targeted impact on the development of needs;
• ensuring the competitiveness of products in the domestic and foreign markets;
• definition of tasks for the modernization of products and the creation of new types of products;
• determination of composition targeted programs quality, etc.

In economic disciplines, three types of structures are considered:

1. production;

   managerial (organizational).

The general structure is the composition of the production links of management services, as well as units for servicing employees of the enterprise and their families.

The production structure is the composition of the production units of the enterprise, indicating the links between them.

The main production unit of a factory-type enterprise is a workshop.

A workshop is a production, geographically and administratively separate part of an enterprise, in which a certain set of works is performed in accordance with the internal specialization of the plant.

According to the purpose and nature of the manufactured products and the work performed at the enterprises, they distinguish the main, auxiliary, servicing and secondary production and, accordingly, the main, auxiliary, servicing and secondary workshops and farms.

The main production produces products for delivery to external consumers. The main workshops include workshops in which a certain part of the production process is carried out to convert raw materials, materials and semi-finished products into finished products or a number of stages of the production process are carried out for the manufacture of any product.

In most enterprises, the main production consists of separate phases or stages. The stages of production, in turn, are divided into types of production.

The type of production is a classification category, which is distinguished on the basis of the technology used to manufacture the product.

Auxiliary production produces the means necessary for the functioning of the main production.

Auxiliary workshops include those that manufacture products consumed within the enterprise or perform work for their own needs.

Service departments and farms perform maintenance work on the main and auxiliary production: transportation and storage of raw materials, semi-finished products, finished products.

Side shops and subsidiary farms are engaged in the processing and use of waste from the main production.

The production structure of an enterprise depends on:

on the design and technological features of products;

on the volume of output;

the level of mechanization and automation of production processes;

on the level of specialization and coordination with other enterprises.

Structural and technological features products, its type determine the nature of production processes and therefore directly affect the composition of the main workshops.

Thus, enterprises in the extractive industries have a single-stage structure, while the manufacturing industry has a multi-stage structure.

The introduction of new technological processes, as well as the complication of product design, leads to the need to create new sections and workshops, which complicates intra-production communications.

The volume of output is the number of products of a certain name, size and design, which are produced by the enterprise during the planned time interval.

With significant volumes of output of homogeneous products, technologically specialized enterprises are created. With a small output of products, the production structure can be simplified as a result of the development of cooperative ties with other enterprises.

The higher the level of specialization of the enterprise, the less different production shops in its composition and the simpler its structure.

The growth of the universality of the enterprise leads to the emergence of additional structural units and the complexity of the interaction between them.

The influence of the level of mechanization and automation of production processes is manifested in the fact that complex mechanized and automated enterprises include production lines, automatic lines, as well as some workshops with a single production.

Therefore, such enterprises have subject-closed workshops and sections.

2. Types of the production structure of the enterprise, depending on the form of specialization of the main workshops, there are three types of the production structure of the enterprise:

technological;

subject;

mixed.

With the technological structure, the workshops of the enterprise specialize in the implementation of a certain part technological process. That is, they are created according to the principle of technological homogeneity.

Technological production structure

Provides maximum - significant loss of time

Contributes to a more complete - partial responsibility for

use of materials; quality and timing;

Facilitates guidance and - irrational routes

maneuvering by workers; materials;

Facilitates application - increasing complexity of processes

the most progressive planning and regulation.

technological processes.

The technological form of specialization of workshops and the technological production structure are used at enterprises of single and small-scale production, which produce a diverse and unstable range of products.

With the subject structure, the main workshops of the enterprise specialize in the manufacture of any product, a group of homogeneous products or parts of products using a wide variety of technological processes and operations.

In the workshops of subject specialization, a closed production cycle is mainly carried out. Therefore, they are called subject-closed.

Subject production structure

Full responsibility - the need for full

divisions for the quality and set of equipment;

Location of equipment - incomplete loading of equipment;

during production

process;

Simplification of planning and - complexity of management and

regulation. manoeuvring.

The subject form of specialization of workshops and the subject production structure are typical for enterprises that manufacture products in mass or large-scale volumes.

The most common type of production structure for enterprises in most industries is a subject-technological or mixed structure. It is characterized by the presence at the enterprise of the main organizational workshops both in terms of technological and subject principles.

Depending on the unit, which is taken as the basis for building the production structure, it happens:

case;

• shopless;

  combine.

With the shop structure, the main production unit of the enterprise is the shop.

In small enterprises with simple production processes, a workshopless structure is used, in which the largest production unit of the enterprise is the production site.

A production site is a group of geographically isolated workplaces where technologically homogeneous work or various operations for the manufacture of the same type of product are performed.

The site is headed by a foreman with at least 25 workers.

The non-workshop structure in the manufacturing industry is used in enterprises where the number of employees does not reach 500 people.

At large enterprises, which are characterized by a variety of industries, consisting of several homogeneous workshops, special production units are created - buildings. In this case, the production structure is called a corps.

At enterprises with multi-stage production processes, which are characterized by the sequential processing of raw materials, subdivisions (repartitions) are created that combine a certain part of the production process, where the finished part of the finished product is manufactured. Combined production structures are created at such enterprises.

Distinguish S. branch, factory and intrafactory.

Industry specialization is expressed in the association of a group of enterprises that produce products similar in purpose, the nature of the applied technical processes and materials. Np, aviation, bearing, automotive industry, instrumentation.

factory C. - characterized by a limited range of products.

Intraplant C. - means that production is assigned to workshops, sections, workplaces certain types products or the execution of individual stages of the technical process.

In the engineering industry, there are the following types FROM.:

subject C. - the enterprise produces finished products that are homogeneous in purpose and design features (for example, watch, machine-tool, tool)

detailed S.- the company produces homogeneous parts, Assembly units, aggregates (eg, gearboxes, gears, etc..)

Technological S.- when the enterprise performs separate parts of the technological process (for example, casting, assembly), Stankolit, Tsentrolit plants.

The most common form is subject.

Specialization creates conditions for better use of material and labor resources.

Fixing homogeneous products to the enterprise for a long time on a large scale of production makes it possible to widely and efficiently use special equipment and tooling, to carry out mechanization and automation on a large scale. This, in turn, provides a reduction in labor intensity, an increase in labor productivity, and as a result, production costs are reduced.

Specialization contributes to the growth of product quality. By limiting its production to the production of homogeneous products, the enterprise gets the opportunity to better study the operational properties of its products, maintain close ties with consumers, and systematically improve the design and manufacturing technology of products.

4.2 Cooperation of production, its types and economic

efficiency

Cooperation (K)- this is the establishment of permanent production links between specialized enterprises that jointly produce one complex product (machine, system of machines)

The law of the socialization of labor states that the deeper the specialization, the higher the cooperation.

The contract of enterprises is drawn up by agreements between enterprises of the enterprise - suppliers are obliged to strictly comply with all the conditions of business contracts.

There are the following types of cooperation:

subject– when one company supplies another with finished products (eg radios, car speedometers)

Detailed– when allied enterprises supply individual parts or assembly units to the parent enterprise (semi-rolls for railway cars)

Technological- when one enterprise performs separate technological operations for another or supplies blanks (casting, forgings)