Glossary of social work. Glossary - social work

Adaptation- adaptation of organisms to the conditions of existence. Adaptations of the individual to group norms and to the actual social group.

PATERNITY- a socio-psychological phenomenon, which is a set of knowledge, ideas and beliefs about oneself in the parental role, which are realized in all manifestations of the age-old component of fatherhood; the process of providing by parents (family or adoptive) necessary conditions for the full development and education of children.

REFERENCE CASE- advanced technology socially pedagogical work with specific problem situation, which combines a certain monitoring of the situation, and the involvement of other institutions, and the implementation of coordination of actions in order to solve psychological, interpersonal, social problems client, his environment.

SOCIETY- this is a group social community, the members of which have common geographical and sociocultural characteristics (place of residence, interests, religions, values, nationality, etc.) and interaction with each other in order to meet certain needs or solve problems.

Group SOCIAL WORK- a method of social work aimed at providing psychosocial assistance to a group of people with similar vital needs and united by close interests, by involving members of the group in the process of solving their problems, satisfying common interests; practical method social work, which helps the individual to expand their social functioning and, through the purposeful experience of the group, more effectively solve their individual, group problems in the microsociety.

DIAGNOSTICS SOCIAL- the process of scientific identification and study of causal relationships and relationships in society, characterizing its socio-economic, cultural-legal, moral-psychological, medical-biological and sanitary-ecological conditions. In a narrower sense, it is the study of the causes of social problems that create difficult life situations for the individual, family, and separate groups.

PROTECTION OF SOCIO-LEGAL- a system of social, legal and economic measures and guarantees implemented by state and non-state organizations aimed at identifying, preventing and neutralizing the impact of negative factors (social risks) on human life in order to respect human rights, ensure decent conditions and a standard of living for each member of society.

Inspection SOCIAL is a visit to the family (with or without warning) of the group authorized persons in order to get acquainted with the state of affairs in the family, first of all - the state of maintenance, development and upbringing of children (children). Social inspection is carried out by employees of services for children, social service centers for families, children and youth, and other institutions providing social services, representatives of local governments, the public and, if necessary, employees of the service of district police inspectors, criminal police for children.

CONSULTING is a technology for providing social assistance through targeted information impact on a person or a group of people in order to restore and optimize social functions, development of social norms of communication.

COUNSELING FAMILY- provides for the provision of advisory assistance by a social worker in case of problems, conflicts in relations between adults and children. It is defined as a process aimed at changes in the family, at its well-being with the help and with the participation of both a psychologist and family members through communication.

crisis intervention- prompt assistance to the client, a set of social work methods to help the client, who is in a crisis situation, overcome a certain problem. Crisis intervention aims to promote the positive development of the client through his awareness of the problem and its consequences. Crisis intervention is aimed at activating the client's personal resources to solve pressing problems.

SOCIAL SUPPORT NETWORK- a complex of interrelated relationships that provides sustainable models of interaction and interpersonal relationships. At the same time, it is a structure of relationships when people can demand and ask for help. Usually such a network consists of all those people who help a particular person overcome the daily hardships of life, it includes relatives, friends, neighbors, colleagues and social workers who are responsible for the family in their daily lives.

Information collection methods- methods / procedures for studying various aspects of human life, processes, phenomena, trends in order to form a system of knowledge about them.

Social work methods- a set of techniques and methods that are used to stimulate and develop the potential of an individual, constructive activities to change an unfavorable life situation or solve customer problems and achieve a variety of professional tasks of a social teacher.

FAMILY MONITORING- this is a system of periodic collection, generalization and analysis of socio-pedagogical information about the processes taking place in the family and the adoption of strategic and tactical decisions.

MOTIVATION- motivation to action, a process that controls human behavior, determines its direction, organization, activity and stability, the ability of a person to satisfy his needs. A motive is something the achievement of which is the meaning of life.

EQUIPMENT- (empaument, literal translation from English, the term "empowerment": formed from "empower" - to empower, enable and "ment" - a suffix for the formation of a noun with the meaning "process, concept, action") - a multidimensional social process that helps a person gain the ability to control your own life. Equipment - method of social work, the purpose of which is to help the client to increase the level of control over their own lives and actions, as well as to ensure that their potential is realized.

ASSESSMENT OF THE CHILD'S NEEDS- the process of collecting information is carried out with the long-term goal of ensuring the most effective comprehensive development of the child, determining the specific type of service and assistance that this particular child needs.

ASSESSMENT OF THE NEEDS OF THE CHILD AND THEIR FAMILY- this is a flexible process of collecting, summarizing and analyzing information about the state and life circumstances of the child and family in order to determine the necessary types of social services, social assistance, intervention methods aimed at changing the situation in the family or the behavior of its members for the better.

FAMILY NEEDS ASSESSMENT- a variety of social diagnostic technologies used when working with various categories families. Considered as a fundamental technology focused on determining the needs of service recipients, systematic monitoring of the process of providing services (assistance, support, etc.) and the results achieved, analysis of financial costs and forecasting economic effect, as well as a certain process of determining the basic data necessary for further planning effective work with the client in order to overcome his difficult life circumstances.

Patronage SOCIAL- a special form of protection of the rights of the individual, property of incapacitated and other citizens in cases provided for by law. Patronage provides for the conduct of preventive, health-improving, sanitary and educational activities at home, and the provision of social services.

SOCIAL SUPPORT- a system of measures for subjects of social work aimed at solving the problems of people in difficult life circumstances by providing them with assistance or the necessary types of social services; a system of measures aimed at creating conditions to ensure the social security of people.

SOCIAL SERVICES- actions of state or non-governmental organizations aimed at meeting the needs and ensuring rights, solving problems or overcoming difficult life circumstances of individuals or social groups.

FOSTER FAMILY- This is a family that voluntarily took up and cohabitate from one to four orphans and children deprived of parental care. The functioning of foster families is regulated by the Regulations on the foster family, approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine (No. 565 of April 26, 2002). foster family- This is a family that voluntarily took from institutions for orphans and children deprived of parental care, from 1 to 4 children for upbringing and cohabitation.

FAMILY RESOURCES- these are internal or external factors that can be applied by family members or a social worker in the process of getting the family out of difficult life circumstances: personal qualities of family members, " strengths"families, material objects, the social environment of the family, and the like.

A FAMILY- a small social group created on the basis of official or public marriage or consanguinity, whose members are united by living together and running a household, performing family functions, emotional ties and mutual legal and moral obligations in relation to each other, family traditions.

Difficult life circumstances- these are circumstances that objectively violate the normal life of a person, the consequences of which he cannot overcome on his own.

SOCIAL SECURITY- a system of measures related to meeting the specific needs of people, aimed at restoring and maintaining their social ties and relationships, active assistance in the exercise, protection and protection of their rights.

Social Inspection- this is a visit to the family (with or without a warning) by a group of authorized persons in order to get acquainted with the state of affairs in the family, first of all - the state of maintenance, development and upbringing of children (child); a system of measures aimed at identifying, analyzing, monitoring the living conditions of families, children and youth in difficult life circumstances, the moral, physical and mental state of children and youth, assessing their needs, monitoring compliance with state standards and regulations in the field of social work.

SOCIAL HELP is a system social measures in the form of assistance, support and services provided by the social service individuals or population groups to overcome or mitigate life difficulties keeping them social status and full life, adaptation in society.

SOCIAL SERVICE- a system of social measures that provides for the assistance, support and services provided by social services to individuals or groups of the population to overcome or mitigate life's difficulties, maintain their social status and full-fledged life.

Social support / SOCIAL SUPPORT- this is a type of social work aimed at ensuring optimal living conditions for families, children and youth by providing the necessary social services, assistance and the implementation of appropriate activities. It is carried out by a social worker whose activities are aimed at supporting the family in various types of its life activity, shaping the family's ability to independently overcome their difficulties, and helping families to solve various problems.

TECHNOLOGIES OF SOCIO-EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES- a system of optimal ways to transform, regulate social relations and processes in the life of people, focused on social services, help and support for citizens in a difficult life situation; a set of forms, methods and techniques used by social services, individual social service institutions, social workers to achieve the success of socio-pedagogical work.

TECHNOLOGIES OF SOCIAL WORK WITH THE CLIENT- this is a set of knowledge about the methods and means of carrying out specific actions, a set of techniques and operations that are implemented in a certain order, in a certain sequence, to achieve certain changes in the social status and well-being of the client.

FAMILY TYPES- characteristics of families that differ in family life experience, structure, intra-family climate, functioning features, value orientations.

FORMS OF SOCIAL WORK- options for organizing the interaction of a social teacher with clients, aimed at creating conditions for the positive activity of children and youth, solving the relevant tasks of socialization, providing assistance and support.

SOCIAL SERVICE CENTERS FOR FAMILY, CHILDREN AND YOUTH- special institutions authorized by the state to implement social policy through social work with children, youth and families.

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M. A. Gulina
Social Work Dictionary

The person is not the problem, but he has the problem.

H. Stein. Social science and social work practice and education

Reviewer: S. B. Malykh, Doctor of Psychology, Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Education.

FOREWORD

This dictionary is the first edition in Russian, which presents the main thesaurus of the modern methodology of social work in the broadest sense of the term. From the history of the development of social work in Western European countries, it clearly follows that social work has deep roots in psychology, sociology, philosophy (ethics, for example), it is also inextricably linked with issues mental health members of society, their legal rights, values ​​and attitudes towards themselves and the world around them. That is why this publication integrates the experience of both foreign experts in this field and the experience gained by Russian specialists.

The development of social work as a state-organized system of comprehensive assistance programs for the population in our country began less than 20 years ago, although the traditions of patronage and charitable activities were quite deep in pre-revolutionary Russia. The birth, or institutionalization, of social work as professional field 1870 can be considered: the time of the first national conference of social workers in the United States. At about the same time, an unprecedented social movement of “Narodnaya Volya” began in Russia, which can be called the first volunteers, or groups of people who deliberately put themselves at the service of the poorest strata. Russian society. At that time, and in many other developed countries, altruism began to take public forms, and the accumulated practical experience began to be comprehended and systematized.

Currently, social work abroad is a separate scientific field in which extensive research is carried out, dissertations are defended and an academic title is awarded. Professor of Social Work; almost every foreign university has a separate faculty of social work, where the requirements for the professional skills of graduates are very high. The development of social work in our country, even in a relatively short period of time, clearly showed the same need for the professionalization of this one of the most humane practices.

This, in turn, is impossible without the development of the theory and conceptual apparatus of social work, since the professionalization of social work is associated with an understanding of precisely the psychological mechanisms and possible consequences of both positive and negative actions of social workers, psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers employed in various social programs. teachers, employees of shelters, employees of social security, penitentiary and other similar institutions.

That is why in this dictionary much attention is paid to the dynamics of ideas about the subject of social work. If the period before the 2nd World War was characterized by great attention to the practical problems faced by social workers, then in the post-war period, in parallel with the rapid development of alternative directions to psychoanalysis in personality psychology and psychotherapy, social work began to acquire an increasingly psychological content as a practice and more and more often psychological concepts began to be used to interpret the accumulated experience. This trend towards the psychologization of social work in certain sections of it is observed today, when writings on "treatment in social work" are written (for example, Turner F. Social Work Treatment, 1979), on psychodiagnostics in social work, and the practical training of social workers consists of a variety of training skills to intervene in a situation requiring help (intervention skills), the ability to listen to the client, etc. So, already in 1954, the prevention and reduction of the socially and psychologically dangerous effects of crisis situations began to be considered the subject of social work. Emphasis was also placed on the development of ethical, harmonious and effective relationships between the individual and the society and community in which he is located. Three major blocks of methods have become leading in social work: consulting, search for resources and networking around the client. It became clear that, unlike other practices, the goal of social work should be self-reinforcement the person being helped.

A whole galaxy of major theorists worked on the theory of social work in post-war Europe and America. Some of them believed that the task of social work is to help people achieve relationships that will help them realize their potential as human beings in accordance with their cultural practices and values.

Social work in the history of the development of its subject has undergone a number of radical changes in the focus of research. The most serious such change is the shift of attention from the causes to the function - from finding and curing the causes of dysfunctions to the creation of a working adequate program, which provides for the responsibility of society for this dysfunction. The old models of "helping the needy" are becoming less popular: the practice of social work reflects an ever-evolving democratic ethic, which manifests itself in the understanding of social welfare as a "right" of everyone and everyone, and not a "gift" of the privileged to the unprivileged, although it is also true that social workers today understand their responsibility for the needs of people, continuing to provide them professional help in dealing with social stress.

BUT

AA(Alcoholic Anonymous - Alcoholics Anonymous is a voluntary "community of men and women who are united by the experience, will and common desire to recover from alcoholism themselves and help others to do so." AA is a unique non-professional, informal psychotherapeutic group of self-help and mutual assistance.

AA originated in the United States in 1935, initiated by an alcoholic businessman who was trying to stop drinking and learned from his own experience that it is much easier to endure withdrawal symptoms by helping others to do the same. The movement embraced over 1 million people from more than 110 countries and in the late 1980s. began to penetrate into Russia. Many physicians, psychotherapists, and psychologists have a positive view of AA. The American Association of Physicians in 1967 declared group membership to be the most effective treatment for alcoholism. AA is a loose community: there is no clear structure (each group acts independently), no central leadership (just some coordination), no entry procedure (just the desire to stop drinking and attend group meetings), no contributions of any kind (only voluntary donations ), nor the obligation to attend meetings. AA members differ in gender, age, nationality, family, property, social status, religion, alcohol experience, etc., they are united only by a common approach to the problem of alcoholism. Alcoholism is seen as a progressive disease that cannot be cured, but with a strong desire, it can be stopped.

The success of A.A. activity is determined by a number of factors.

1. It is well known that in the treatment of alcoholism one of the most difficult problems is to overcome the psychological defense of the patient and convince him of the need for treatment. In A.A., the neophyte begins precisely with the awareness of himself as an alcoholic. A person can be either an alcoholic or a non-alcoholic; "moderate alcoholic" is an illusion. Understanding this is the first step to breaking free from alcohol addiction. Therefore, the first of the 12 commandments reads: "We recognized that alcoholism has subjugated us to itself and that it, and not we, controls our destinies."

2. The principle of anonymity is an important factor for those who feel shame or fear that neighbors, colleagues, superiors will find out about their alcoholism. Naturally, the members of the group do not meet in masks and know each other, but they must not reveal the name of others without their consent.

3. AA does not ask for the impossible, such as vows not to drink for the rest of the day or even tomorrow. They put a complex, but doable "program for the day" - do not drink "today". AA knows that there is almost always a risk of relapse (“relapse”)

4. The psychotherapeutic effect of the group is a consequence of the fact that each AA, struggling with his own craving for alcohol, seeks to help others. The commonality of problems and interests leads to the exchange of experience, mutual support. In addition, by getting together, having fun, getting to know families, AA thereby form a “non-alcoholic micro-society” in the “alcoholic world”.

Abortion- loss of a fetus as a result of a planned interruption or miscarriage of a pregnancy.

Abortion is allowed up to 12 weeks of gestation (and only in exceptional cases at a later date). Most abortions are performed in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy free of charge for the patient in public health facilities or for a fee in private clinics.

There are two main methods of abortion: vacuum aspiration and medical. Both are used on an outpatient basis, complications after abortion are rare. Feeling usually normal after one or two days, however, some women experience feelings of depression for a long time after that. Unplanned pregnancy entails a number of different consequences, and therefore women's reactions to abortion vary greatly: from feelings of relief, euphoria to grief, anger, sadness, numbness and guilt, which is quite justified in a situation of severe life crisis. Severe DEPRESSION after an abortion is rare, usually in very young or single women, and in late pregnancy abortions or a history of depression. Women with unplanned pregnancies may need an attentive companion, for example, during pre-abortion counseling. If a woman is forced to have an abortion and finds it difficult to come to terms with it, psychological counseling can help.

Although abortion is a perfectly legal procedure, it is condemned by many on religious and ethical grounds. Some people oppose such an indication for abortion as "fetal disorders", believing this to be discrimination of existence itself and life experience disabled people. They are pushing for a society that favors the disabled and their caregivers so that women do not see abortion as the only way out. Abortion advocates, on the other hand, argue for a woman's right to make her choice, otherwise there is a threat of clandestine abortions and independent attempts to terminate an unplanned pregnancy.

Absolute poverty- lack of resources that threatens people's lives.

Aversive stimulus- an event or physical sensation that a person considers unpleasant and perceives as a punishment. BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION programs are based on the fact that the aversive stimulus directly follows the unwanted behavior that the therapist or social worker wishes to eliminate. In the past, such stimuli have included electric shock, inhalation of ammonia fumes, and drinking lemon juice. Modern behaviorists advocate natural stimuli, in particular the expression of disapproval. Many do not use aversive incentives at all as manipulative and unproductive, developing alternative programs in collaboration with their clients and their families.

Authoritarian personality- a person who is respectful and obsequious in relation to those in power and hostile towards other people who are different from him. An authoritarian PERSON is not always ready to be responsible for his actions, believing that other people are leading him.

Explaining the phenomenon of an authoritarian personality, psychologists and psychoanalysts see the reason for its formation in the imbalance between discipline and self-expression in a child who was brought up in conditions of strict observance of social norms. The consequence is a switch of aggression from parents to other objects (including surrounding people) in order to avoid punishment.

Authoritarianism(autocracy) - a socio-psychological characteristic of the style of leadership and leadership, the features of which are: strict centralization by the head (leader) of his managerial functions, concentration of all power in his hands, suppression of the initiative of subordinates ("followers"), preventing them from solving the most important issues joint activities, the predominant use of orders and instructions, various forms of punishment to provide them with the appropriate impact.

Agency- a general concept that is used in relation to any organization engaged in social or charitable activities, whether it is a local government, voluntary or private organization.

agnosia(from Greek. a - negative particle and gnosis- knowledge) - violation various kinds perception that occurs when the cerebral cortex and the nearest subcortical structures are damaged. Agnosia is associated with damage to the secondary (projection-associative) sections of the cerebral cortex, which are part of the cortical level of the analyzer systems. The defeat of the primary (projection) sections of the cortex causes only elementary disorders of sensitivity (impairment of sensory visual functions, pain and tactile sensitivity, hearing loss). When the secondary parts of the cerebral cortex are damaged, a person retains elementary sensitivity, but he loses the ability to analyze and synthesize incoming information, which leads to a violation of various types of perception.

There are several main types of agnosia: visual, tactile, auditory.

Visual agnosia occur with damage to the secondary sections of the occipital cortex. They manifest themselves in the fact that a person - while maintaining sufficient visual acuity - cannot recognize objects and their images (object agnosia), distinguish spatial features of objects, basic spatial coordinates (spatial agnosia); the process of identifying faces is disturbed while the perception of objects and their images is preserved (facial agnosia, or prosopagnosia), the ability to classify colors is impaired while color vision is preserved (color agnosia), the ability to distinguish letters is lost (letter agnosia, this type of agnosia underlies one of the forms of reading impairment,), the volume of simultaneously perceived objects is sharply reduced (simultaneous agnosia). The nature of visual agnosia is determined by the side of the lesion and the localization of the focus within the secondary cortical fields of the occipital regions of the cerebral hemispheres and the adjacent parietal and temporal regions.

Tactile agnosia arise when the secondary cortical fields of the parietal lobe of the left or right hemisphere are damaged and manifest themselves as a disorder in the recognition of objects by touch (astereognosia) or in a violation of the recognition of parts of one's own body, a violation of the body scheme (somatognosia).

Auditory agnosia occur with damage to the secondary cortical fields of the temporal lobe. With damage to the temporal cortex of the left hemisphere, auditory or auditory-speech agnosia manifests itself in the form of a violation of phonemic hearing, i.e., a violation of the ability to distinguish speech sounds, which leads to a speech disorder; when the temporal cortex of the right hemisphere is damaged (in right-handed people), auditory agnosia proper occurs - the inability to recognize familiar non-musical sounds and noises (for example, barking dogs, creaking steps, the sound of rain, etc.) or amusia - the inability to recognize familiar melodies, a musical ear disorder .

Agrammatism(from Greek. agrammatos- inarticulate) - errors in the grammatical construction of active speech (expressive agrammatism) and in understanding the meaning of grammatical structures expressing relationships using inflections (father's brother) pretexts (under, over) unions (although despite etc.) and word order (the dress touched the oar and paddle touched the dress)(impressive agrammatism). Agrammatism in adults occurs with various forms of aphasia as a manifestation of speech disorders. Agrammatism in children can manifest itself in the early stages of speech development, as well as with hearing impairments that prevent speech communication and the assimilation of complex grammatical forms of the language. The phenomena of agrammatism can be found both in oral and written speech.

Agraphia(from Greek. a - negative particle and lat. grapho- writing) - writing disorders that occur with various speech disorders. They manifest either in a complete loss of the ability to write, or in a gross distortion of words, omissions of syllables and letters, inability to combine letters and syllables into words, etc.

Agraphia in children is one of the manifestations of alalia - a consequence of a general underdevelopment of speech associated with organic brain damage. Often, agraphia in children is found in speech disorders associated with deviations in mastering the sound composition of a word, with a violation of the sound analysis of words. Agraphia in adults is one of the manifestations of aphasia. In these cases, the form of agraphia depends on the location of the brain lesion and the characteristics of aphasia. With damage to the cortex of the left temporal region (in right-handed people), agraphia is associated either with a violation of phonemic hearing or with defects in auditory-speech memory. With safe copying from the text and the preservation of graphic stereotypes (signature, writing familiar words, numbers, etc.), writing under dictation and independent writing is violated. In mild cases, patients mix sounds that are similar in phonemic features, find it difficult to isolate sounds in words that are similar in sound; in severe cases, the letter becomes completely inaccessible to patients. With damage to the cortex of the lower parts of the left post-central region of the brain (in right-handed people), agraphia is associated with a violation of the kinesthetic basis of the speech act. Patients make mistakes when writing sounds that are close in articulation (for example, d, l, n) and weakly articulated sounds (vowels). The exclusion of external articulation makes writing even more difficult. With damage to the cortex of the lower parts of the left premotor area of ​​the brain (in right-handed people), agraphia occurs due to a violation of the dynamic organization of the speech act. The general "kinetic melody" of the letter suffers. Correctly writing down individual letters and even syllables, patients find it difficult to write a whole word: perseverations arise, difficulties in switching from one syllable or letter to another, which disrupts the entire writing process. With damage to the parieto-occipital cortex of the left hemisphere of the brain, agraphia is included in the syndrome of visual gnostic disorders. There are difficulties in transcribing phonemes into spatially organized graphemes. The spatially oriented elements of the letters are distorted and written in a mirror image. These defects are manifested in independent writing, writing under dictation, when writing off the text. Sometimes (more often with damage to the occipital-temporal cortex of the left hemisphere of the brain in right-handed people), patients cannot write a grapheme corresponding to a particular sound at all; visual images of letters disintegrate; the letters depicted by the sick do not have any resemblance to the required ones. This violation of the letter is called optical agraphia. A special form of agraphia is writing disorders that occur when the frontal lobes of the brain are affected, when writing suffers, like other types of voluntary purposeful mental activity. In such cases, in more independent active writing is violated due to defects in design, programming of the letter and control over the process of writing letters.

Aggressive behavior- hostile actions, the purpose of which is to cause suffering, damage to others; one of the reactions of a living being to the frustration of needs and conflict. In its direction, aggressive behavior can be: 1) direct, direct, i.e. directed against an object that is a source of frustration; 2) displaced, when an individual experiencing frustration cannot direct his aggressive behavior directly against the source of frustration and is looking for a scapegoat.

Since aggressive behavior directed outward (heteroaggression), as a rule, is subjected to social sanctions by society, which increases frustration, a person can develop a mechanism that directs aggressive impulses inward, on himself. This aggressive behavior is called autoaggression. It manifests itself in acts of self-humiliation, self-accusation up to self-inflicted bodily harm and suicide. In humans, as a result of socialization, aggressive behavior takes on diverse forms. Distinguish aggression socially acceptable when tension and anxiety caused by frustration and conflict are resolved in actions consistent with social norms, and asocial aggressive behavior, manifested in actions that are not consistent with the norms of behavior (swearing, insults), up to destructive acts.

Aggression– an act or INSTALLATION with the intent to harm the physical or psychological well-being of another person or group of people. (See also VIOLENCE.)

Adaptation is an integrative indicator of a person's condition, reflecting his ability to perform certain biosocial functions, namely:

Adequate perception of the surrounding reality and one's own body;

An adequate system of relations and communication with others, the ability to work, study, organize leisure and recreation;

Variability (adaptability) of behavior in accordance with the role expectations of others (Psychological Dictionary. M., 1997. P. 13).

When studying adaptation, one of the most pressing issues is the question of the relationship between adaptation and socialization. The processes of socialization and social adaptation are closely interrelated, as they reflect a single process of interaction between the individual and society. Often socialization is associated only with common development, and adaptation - with the adaptive processes of an already formed personality in the new conditions of communication and activity. The phenomenon of socialization is defined as the process and result of the assimilation of the active reproduction by the individual of social experience, carried out in communication and activity. The concept of socialization has more to do with social experience, development and formation of personality under the influence of society, institutions and agents of socialization. In the process of socialization, the psychological mechanisms of the interaction of the individual with the environment, which occurs in the process of adaptation, are formed.

Thus, in the course of socialization, a person acts as an object that perceives, accepts, assimilates traditions, norms, roles created by society; socialization ensures the normal functioning of the individual in society. In the course of socialization, the development, formation and formation of the personality are carried out, at the same time, the socialization of the personality is a necessary condition for the adaptation of the individual in society. Social adaptation is one of the main mechanisms of socialization, one of the ways of more complete socialization. In this way, social adaptation - it is: a) a constant process of active adaptation of the individual to the conditions of the new social environment; b) the result of this process.

The socio-psychological content of social adaptation is the convergence of the goals and value orientations of the group and the individual included in it, the assimilation of norms, traditions, group culture, and entry into the role structure of the group.

In the course of socio-psychological adaptation, not only the adaptation of the individual to new social conditions but also the realization of his needs, interests and aspirations; a person enters a new social environment, becomes its full member, asserts himself and develops his individuality. As a result of socio-psychological adaptation, the social qualities of communication, behavior and activities accepted in society are formed, thanks to which a person realizes his aspirations, needs, interests and can self-determine.

The process of adaptation in the psychoanalytic concept can be represented as a generalized formula: conflict - anxiety - defensive reactions. The socialization of the individual is determined by the repression of attraction and the switching of energy to objects sanctioned by society (Z. Freud), and also as a result of the desire of the individual to compensate and overcompensate for his inferiority (A. Adler).

E. Erickson's approach differs from the main psychoanalytic line and also assumes the presence of a positive way out of the situation of contradiction and emotional instability in the direction of the harmonious balance of the individual and the environment: contradiction - anxiety - protective reactions of the individual and the environment - harmonic balance or conflict.

Following 3. Freud, the psychoanalytic concept of adaptation was developed by the German psychoanalyst G. Hartmann.

G. Hartmann recognizes the great importance of conflicts for the development of personality, but he notes that not every adaptation to the environment, not every process of learning and maturation are conflict. The processes of perception, thinking, speech, memory, creativity, motor development of the child and much more can be free from conflicts. Hartmann introduces the term "conflict-free sphere of the Self" to denote the totality of functions that at any given moment has an impact on the sphere of mental conflicts.

Adaptation, according to G. Hartmann, includes both processes associated with conflict situations, and those processes that are included in the conflict-free sphere of the Self.

Modern psychoanalysts, following 3. Freud, distinguish two types of adaptation: 1) alloplastic adaptation is carried out due to changes in the external world that a person makes to bring it in line with his needs; 2) autoplastic adaptation is provided by changes in the personality (its structure, skills, habits, etc.), with the help of which it adapts to the environment.

These two actually psychic varieties of adaptation are supplemented by another one: the individual's search for an environment that is favorable for him.

Humanistic direction research of social adaptation criticizes the understanding of adaptation within the framework of the homeostatic model and puts forward a position on the optimal interaction of the individual and the environment. The main criterion of adaptation here is the degree of integration of the individual and the environment. The purpose of adaptation is to achieve positive spiritual health and the conformity of the values ​​of the individual with the values ​​of society. At the same time, the process of adaptation is not a process of balance between the organism and the environment. The adaptation process in this case can be described by the formula: conflict - frustration - an act of adaptation.

The concepts of this direction are based on the concept of a healthy, self-actualizing personality, which strives to achieve its life goals, developing and using its creative potential. Balance, rootedness in the environment reduce or completely destroy the desire for self-actualization, which makes a person a personality. Only the desire for development, for personal growth, that is, for self-actualization, forms the basis for the development of both a person and society.

stand out constructive and unconstructive behavioral responses. According to A. Maslow, the criteria for constructive reactions are: their determination by the requirements of the social environment, focus on solving certain problems, unambiguous motivation and a clear representation of the goal, awareness of behavior, the presence in the manifestation of reactions of certain changes of an intrapersonal nature and interpersonal interaction. Unconstructive reactions are not realized; they are aimed only at eliminating unpleasant experiences from consciousness, without solving the problems themselves. Thus, these reactions are analogous to defensive reactions (considered in the psychoanalytic direction). Signs of a non-constructive reaction are aggression, regression, fixation, etc.

According to K. Rogers, non-constructive reactions are a manifestation of psychopathological mechanisms. According to A. Maslow, non-constructive reactions under certain conditions (under conditions of lack of time and information) play the role of an effective self-help mechanism and are characteristic of all healthy people in general.

There are two levels of adaptation: adaptation and maladaptation. Adaptation occurs when an optimal relationship between the individual and the environment is achieved through constructive behavior. In the absence of an optimal relationship between the individual and the environment, due to the dominance of non-constructive reactions or the failure of constructive approaches, maladjustment occurs.

The adaptation process in cognitive psychology of personality can be represented by the formula: conflict - threat - adaptation reaction. In the process of informational interaction with the environment, a person encounters information that contradicts her attitudes (cognitive dissonance), while experiencing a state of discomfort (threat), which stimulates the person to search for ways to remove or reduce cognitive dissonance. Attempts are being made:

Refute the received information;

Change your own attitudes, change the picture of the world;

Find Additional information in order to establish consistency between previous views and information that contradicts them.

In foreign psychology, a significant distribution has received neobehavioristic definition of adaptation. The authors of this direction give the following definition of social adaptation. Social adaptation - this is:

The state in which the needs of the individual, on the one hand, and the requirements of the environment, on the other, are completely satisfied. It is a state of harmony between the individual and nature or the social environment;

The process by which this harmonic state is achieved.

Thus, behaviorists understand social adaptation as a process of changes (physical, socio-economic or organizational) in behavior, social relations or in culture in general. The purpose of these changes is to improve the survival ability of groups or individuals. AT this definition there is a biological connotation indicating a connection with the theory of evolution and attention mainly to the adaptation of groups, and not the individual, and we are not talking about personal changes in the course of adaptation of the individual. Meanwhile, the following positive points can be noted in this definition: 1) recognition of the adaptive nature of behavior modification through learning, the mechanisms of which (learning, learning, memorization) are one of the most important mechanisms for acquiring adaptive mechanisms of the personality; 2) the use of the term "social adaptation" to refer to the process by which an individual or group achieves a state of social equilibrium in the sense of not experiencing conflict with the environment. In this case, we are talking only about conflicts with the external environment and ignore the internal conflicts of the individual.

habilitation (lat. abilitatio; from lat. habilis- convenient, adaptive) - in international practice - a set of services aimed at creating new and strengthening existing resources for the social, mental and physical development of the client. These are medical and (or) social measures in relation to the disabled or other morally undermined people (convicts, etc.), aimed at adapting them to life.

Altruism (fr. Altruism; from lat. alter- another) - moral principle, which consists in selfless service to other people, the willingness to sacrifice personal interests for their benefit; the opposite of selfishness.

Neglect - the lack of supervision of children, observation of their behavior and pastime, care for education on the part of parents or persons replacing them.

Charitable activities - voluntary activities of citizens and legal entities for the disinterested (gratuitous or on preferential terms) transfer of property to citizens or legal entities, including funds, for the disinterested performance of work, the provision of services, the provision of other support.

Charity Lottery - a financial transaction consisting of the sale of numbered tickets, drawing of donated items and the presentation of winnings; one of the traditional ways to raise funds for charitable purposes.

Charitable program - a set of measures approved by the supreme governing body of a charitable organization and aimed at solving specific problems that correspond to the statutory goals of this organization.

The charity bazaar is one of the common forms of collection charitable funds. It consists in the sale of all kinds of goods, both specially donated for this, and made by wards in charitable institutions. All or part of the sales proceeds go to charity.

Volunteering is the voluntary fulfillment of obligations to provide gratuitous social assistance, services, patronage to the disabled, the sick and the elderly, as well as persons and social groups in difficult living conditions.

Social guarantees (fr. guarantee- guarantor) - material and legal means that ensure the implementation of the constitutional socio-economic and socio-political rights of members of society.

State social policy- actions of the state in the social sphere, pursuing certain goals, correlated with specific historical circumstances, supported by financial resources and designed for certain social results.

State social guarantees- established by law minimum dimensions wages, incomes of citizens, pensions, social assistance, the amounts of other types of social payments, determined by laws and other regulatory legal acts that provide a standard of living not lower than the subsistence minimum.

State social standard- the minimum level of guarantees of social protection established by the legislation of the Russian Federation, ensuring the satisfaction of the most important human needs, expressed in the norms and standards for the provision of free and publicly available social services, social benefits and payments.

Civil society- 1) a sphere of public life that exists simultaneously and along with the state, but independently of its institutions; a system of independent, independent from the state public organizations, associations expressing the private interests of people and creating conditions for their implementation; 2) the sphere of self-affirmation of free citizens and associations and organizations created by them on a voluntary basis. In its space, the whole variety of social ties between the individual and the state is realized.

Grant(beneficent.) - here: targeted funds provided free of charge for the implementation of charitable programs, scientific or other research, education, treatment, and other socially useful purposes, followed by a report on their use.

Social risk group- a kind of social nominal group that unites people who, due to their social status and lifestyle, are exposed to dangerous negative influences and, as a result, pose a threat to the normal functioning of society.

Humanitarian aid (assistance)- type of gratuitous assistance provided for the provision of medical and social assistance to low-income, socially unprotected groups of the population affected by natural disasters and other emergencies, to eliminate the consequences of natural disasters and other emergencies, the costs of transportation, escort and storage of this assistance.

Deviant behavior- sustainable behavior of the individual, deviating from the most important social norms, causing real damage to society or the individual himself, and also accompanied by his social maladaptation.

Maladaptation- a state of reduced ability (unwillingness, inability) to accept and fulfill the requirements of the environment as personally significant, as well as to realize one's individuality in specific social conditions.

Delinquent behavior- actions of a particular person that deviate from the laws established in a given society and at a given time, threaten the well-being of other people and the social order and are criminally punishable in their extreme manifestations.

social deprivation- sensation, awareness by the individual of the gap between her expectations and reality.

life support- a component of the lifestyle, activities associated with the involvement of people in the processes of economic life, primarily in the system of social division of labor, aimed at meeting basic needs and needs.

Childhood protection- a system of measures that ensures the protection of the legitimate rights and interests of children on the basis of the development of normative documents that determine the legal status of minors; legislative regulation of child labor; improving the system of guardianship, guardianship and adoption / adoption of children left without parental care; creation of a network of specialized social services and institutions for corrective and rehabilitation work with children in need of appropriate assistance.

Innovations in the social sphere- innovations that have an impact on large groups of people, as a rule, are of a non-commercial nature and are aimed at improving the quality of life of the population.

Intervention (intervention)- the planned action taken by the social worker together with the ward or on his behalf.

The quality of life- the content side of the lifestyle and living conditions of the individual, the degree of comfort of his living environment.

Social work client (user of social services) - a widely accepted definition of those people who use the services of social protection organizations.

crisis intervention- an intervention in private life carried out by decision of any body against the will of the family, which is carried out specifically authorized body or a person in a crisis situation for a child; a process of intervention in family life, in which family members experience discomfort and resistance.

Person with a disability- a person, a disabled person, suffering from temporary or permanent, congenital or acquired defects that do not allow him to independently and fully realize his potential.

Macrosocial work- streamlining the activities of the population of certain territories, the formation of territorial communities and social groups based on the interests and capabilities of the population.

Marginality- any specific situation that arises under the influence of various (often conflicting) social groups, or the status of an individual due to his belonging to two or more social groups, or special behavioral phenomena that develop in the area of ​​their interaction.

marginalized populations- persons released from places of detention and who do not have a fixed place of residence; citizens requiring public supervision due to social factors (alcoholism, homelessness, etc.); youth not included in labor activity; individuals with behavioral problems. Any groups of the population that have the least chance of finding a job on their own in the labor market (for example, single mothers and women with children, orphans, children from dysfunctional families, unskilled workers, the elderly, etc.) can be classified as marginal.

Material aid- assistance provided to citizens in difficult life situations in the form of cash, food, sanitation and hygiene products, child care products, clothes, shoes and other essentials, fuel, as well as special Vehicle, technical means rehabilitation of the disabled and persons in need of constant care.

Medical and social expertise- determination in accordance with the established procedure of the needs of the examined person in measures of social protection, including rehabilitation, based on an assessment of limitations in life activity caused by a persistent disorder of body functions.

Loneliness- a socio-psychological state characterized by insufficiency or lack of social contacts, behavioral alienation and emotional dissatisfaction of the individual with the character and circle of his communication.

Occupational Therapy- professional actions aimed at the rehabilitation of persons who, for health reasons, cannot work, take care of themselves, or spend their leisure time.

Guardianship (guardianship)- the form of placement of orphans and children left without parental care, for the purpose of their maintenance, upbringing and education, as well as for the protection of their rights and interests; guardianship is established over children under the age of 14; guardianship is established over children aged 14 to 18 years.

Mastering the living environment- purchase and effective use knowledge and skills necessary for adequate interaction with the elements of the environment and control over them.

Patronage- a form of legal protection of personal and property interests of citizens. It is established over an adult capable citizen who, for health reasons, cannot independently exercise and protect his rights and fulfill his duties. It is a type of guardianship.

Pension(from lat. pension- payment, payment) - 1) monthly cash payments intended to compensate citizens for earnings (income) lost due to reaching the legal age, disability, loss of a breadwinner, and also for other reasons. The right to receive a pension is determined according to the conditions and norms established by the legislation of the Russian Federation; 2) a monthly state cash payment, the right to receive which is determined in accordance with the conditions and norms established by

Federal Law No. 166-FZ of December 15, 2001 “On State Pension Provision in the Russian Federation”.

Primary prevention- a system of social, medical, hygienic and educational measures aimed at preventing diseases by eliminating the causes and conditions for their occurrence and development, as well as increasing the body's resistance to the effects of adverse factors in the natural, industrial and domestic environment. Unlike secondary prevention, aimed at early detection of diseases, prevention of relapses, progression of the disease process and its possible complications, primary prevention is designed to maintain undisturbed health, to prevent the impact of natural and social environmental factors that can cause pathological changes.

Donation- donation of a thing or rights for generally useful purposes. Donations can be made to citizens, medical, educational institutions, social protection institutions, charitable, scientific and educational institutions, foundations, museums and other cultural institutions, public and religious organizations.

guardianship- cm. guardianship.

Social Work Practice- the use of knowledge and skills of social work to provide social services to a person, social stratum, group. The practice of social work includes social assistance, social therapy, social rehabilitation, insurance, guardianship, mediation, etc.

Professional ethics- the science of professional morality as a set of ideals and values, ideas about what is due, ethical principles and norms of behavior that correspond to the essence of the profession and ensure the proper nature of the relationship between people in the process of professional activity. At the same time, this is the moral self-awareness of the professional group, its psychology and ideology.

Psychosocial work- direction in social work, which pays special attention to the psychological aspects of a difficult life situation of the client. In Russia, special attention is paid to the psychological aspects of the adaptation of a social service client to changing conditions, to a difficult life situation.

Readaptation- the acquisition by a disabled person of such new skills of interaction and behavior in standard socio-cultural situations that allow him to compensate for a newly arisen defect.

Resident social work- work that is carried out in those institutions where people live on a permanent basis.

recreation- a component of the lifestyle, the process of restoring vitality, which is partially lost in the sphere of work and in everyday affairs; is closely related to the concepts of free time, leisure. It can be carried out in the form of sleep, the adoption of wellness procedures, a break in work, a change of events, switching to another type of activity.

Resocialization- the process of re-socialization of the individual, carried out on the condition that the knowledge and skills acquired earlier in the course of socialization do not contribute to socio-cultural adaptation or cause socially unacceptable behavior. It implies the replacement of previously established stereotypes of behavior with new, more functional or socially acceptable ones.

self defense- a process in which social service clients and other citizens in need of assistance openly declare their problems, rights and needs. This concept is associated with the empowerment and autonomy of people with disabilities.

self help The process by which people, groups or organizations work together to achieve goals. The focus of such actions may be a wide range of personal and social problems.

Social adaptation- the process of active adaptation of a person to new social conditions of life for him with the help of various social means. In the process of adaptation, a person acts as an object of influence of the social environment and an active subject, aware of the influence of this environment. It is not only a human condition, but also a process during which the social organism acquires balance and resistance to the influence and impact of the social environment. The main characteristic of social adaptation is adaptive potential - the degree of an individual's ability to be included in new, changing environmental conditions.

Social diagnostics- a complex process of studying a social society or a social phenomenon in order to identify, recognize and study cause-and-effect relationships and relationships that characterize its state and trends for further development.

Social protection - a system of state-guaranteed permanent and (or) long-term economic, social and legal measures that provide disabled or elderly people with conditions for overcoming, replacing (compensating) life restrictions and aimed at creating equal opportunities for them to participate in the life of society with other citizens.

Social integration- characteristics of the degree of coincidence of goals, interests of various social groups, individuals.

social infrastructure- material and material elements that provide the conditions for human life in society (in the industrial, political and spiritual spheres, in the family and everyday life); a set of industries such as science, education, health care, trade, catering, consumer services, housing and communal services, transport, communications, etc. The degree of development of social infrastructure is an important indicator of how a person lives, to what extent he is socially protected.

social correction- a set of special psychological and pedagogical measures aimed at weakening and overcoming the shortcomings of psychophysical development and deviations in behavior. The correctional activity of a social worker is carried out taking into account the impact on the client of the social environment, which determines the social goals of the correctional process.

Social marginalization - here: pushing the disabled to the periphery of socio-cultural life, i.e. reduction of the set of possible social roles and cultural identities, simplification of the socio-cultural functions available to persons with disabilities, narrowing the range of cultural information received, a decrease in the degree of participation in social interaction and communication in comparison with the standards accepted in society.

Social mobility is the movement of individuals or social groups from one social stratum to another (for example, from the peasantry to the working class), their movement to higher or lower hierarchical positions. (The term was introduced into sociology by the Russian sociologist P. A. Sorokin.)

Social insufficiency - social consequences health disorders leading to the limitation of a person's life and the need for his social protection.

Social norm - a set of requirements and expectations that a social community (group, organization, class, society) imposes on its members in order to regulate activities and relationships.

Social pathology is a manifestation of various kinds of diseases that accompany the development of a social organism and weaken its functioning.

Social policy is the targeted impact of the state and non-state structures on existing system public relations in order to improve the living and working conditions of the general population, mitigate social inequality and raise the cultural level of citizens.

Social support - the provision of cash benefits, loans, information, training / retraining opportunities and other benefits to certain groups of the able-bodied population who are temporarily in a difficult life situation.

Social assistance - periodic and (or) regular activities that contribute to the elimination or reduction of social insufficiency.

Social prevention - preventive activities carried out at the state level through a system of measures to improve the quality of life, minimize social risk factors, create conditions for the implementation of the principle of social justice. Primary social prevention aimed at eliminating the adverse factors that cause certain phenomenon, as well as to increase the resistance of the individual to the influence of these factors. Its object is a group of apparently healthy people, in which there is already a certain number of people at risk (for example, those who have already tried drugs). Secondary social prevention is aimed at those who have already developed, but have not yet fully consolidated one or another form of maladaptive behavior. Its goal is the positive development of personal resources and behavioral strategies. Tertiary social prevention - It is relapse prevention.

Social work- professional activity aimed at assisting people, social groups in overcoming personal and social difficulties through support, protection, correction and rehabilitation. The emergence of the concept of "social work" is closely related to the market economy, since the achievement of its effectiveness is accompanied by social stratification. If a network of social support for the population is not created, then problems in the social sphere become aggravated, and social tension arises. The objects of activity of a social worker are: a specific person, a family, a microdistrict, a production team, specialized services, trade unions, societies, charitable organizations, education, healthcare, the army, law enforcement agencies.

Social rehabilitation- restoration (creation) of opportunities for the social functioning of the individual in the state of health that he has ascertained after the cure. It is defined as a set of measures aimed at restoring social ties and relationships that have been destroyed or lost by an individual due to a health disorder with a persistent disorder of body functions (disability), a change in social status (elderly citizens, refugees, internally displaced persons, the unemployed, etc.), deviant behavior of a person ( minors, persons suffering from alcoholism, drug addiction, released from places of detention, etc.).

Social sphere - the area of ​​life support of society, in which the social policy of the state is implemented, aimed at maintaining the well-being and viability of citizens, meeting the urgent needs of the population.

social therapy- interaction between a social worker and a client in order to provide the ward with specific services to organize support from others, help in solving social conflicts and problems.

social facilitation- an increase in the productivity of an individual's activity due to the imaginary or real presence of another person (group), acting as a rival or observer of his actions.

social exclusion- a process that deprives certain individuals (or families, groups, certain communities) of the resources necessary for a full life in society.

Social efficiency- a measure of evaluating the results of the implementation of sociocultural programs and projects in terms of their social necessity (contribution to the solution of a socially significant problem), social utility (reducing the level of social tension), social attractiveness (the desire to use these results).

welfare state- a democratic state based on a broad social basis and pursuing a social policy aimed at raising or ensuring a certain standard of living of the population, protecting and exercising the rights and freedoms of citizens, creating modern systems education and social security, to support the poor and low-income sections of the population, to prevent and successfully resolve social conflicts, etc.

social counseling- the technology of providing social assistance through a predominantly psychological impact on a person (small group) in order to socialize him, restore and optimize his social functions, guidelines, develop social norms of behavior and communication. Based on the fact that the main goal of social counseling is to assist the client in solving his social problems and establishing interpersonal relationships with others, social counseling is closest to socio-psychological counseling.

Social Security- a system of legal, economic and organizational measures created by the state aimed at compensating or minimizing the consequences of a change in the material and (or) social status of citizens due to the occurrence of circumstances recognized by the state as socially significant (insurance risks).

social services- a system of social measures that provides assistance, support and services provided by social services to individuals (groups) to overcome or mitigate life's difficulties, support their social status and full life.

Social partnership- the ideology of cooperation in all spheres of life represented in society; one of the main principles of a democratic legal social state. It contributes to the harmonization of relations between different layers, groups interacting in society.

social space- in a broad sense: everything that directly ensures the protection of the social interests of a person, the realization of the social needs of citizens, motivates or blocks the disclosure of the essential forces of a person, society. In a narrow sense: characteristics of social environments and opportunities for social development of individuals, groups, communities.

Social insurance- pension insurance; social insurance in case of temporary disability; social insurance against industrial accidents and occupational diseases; health insurance.

Social Participation- the involvement of members of society in socially useful activity, which has a purposeful organization and is carried out on a voluntary basis.

social rights- rights that guarantee the possibility of taking actions and choosing any options for social behavior within the framework of the law. There are many social rights and freedoms granted to citizens by the Constitution and current legislation and implemented at the discretion of the participants in social relations.

social services- enterprises, institutions and organizations, regardless of the form of ownership and management, as well as citizens providing social services to people who are in difficult life circumstances and need outside help.

social services- 1) a set of legal, economic, psychological, educational, medical, rehabilitation and other measures aimed at certain social groups or individuals who are in difficult life circumstances and need outside help (persons in need of social services), in order to improve or restore them life; 2) actions for social services for certain categories of citizens, clients of the social service.

Social worker - 1) specialist in the care of the elderly, disabled citizens; 2) a professionally trained specialist who has the necessary qualifications in the field of social work and provides social services.

social service- social services aimed at maximum consideration of the diverse needs of population groups and their satisfaction. Social services offer a wide range of services based on marketing activities.

Sociocultural competence- a measure of freedom of possession of knowledge and skills necessary for effective participation in the processes of interaction and communication and acquired as a result of socialization and inculturation.

Sociocultural policy- a system of measures aimed at improving the conditions and quality of life of members of society, carried out by institutional means.

Socio-cultural rehabilitation- a set of activities and a process designed to help a person with a disability achieve and maintain the optimal degree of participation in social interaction and communication, the necessary level of cultural competence, which provides him with the opportunity for positive changes in lifestyle and the most complete integration into society by expanding the scope of his independence.

sociocultural function- an action (a set of actions) aimed at achieving a certain socially useful goal, at solving some socially significant task, at obtaining a specific utilitarian result.

Territorial social work- one of the directions of macrosocial work, work with people in the territory of their residence.

Difficult life situation- a situation that objectively violates the life of a citizen (disability, inability to self-service due to advanced age, illness, orphanhood, neglect, low income, unemployment, lack of a fixed place of residence, conflicts, abuse in the family, loneliness, etc.), which he cannot overcome on his own, and therefore he needs help and support from social services.

Difficult life circumstances- Circumstances objectively disrupting the normal life of an individual, the consequences of which he cannot overcome on his own (disability, partial loss of motor activity due to old age or health status, loneliness, orphanhood, homelessness, lack of housing or work, violence, negative relationships in the family, low income, psychological or mental disorder, natural disaster, catastrophe, etc.).

Human resources management- one of the ways to improve the efficiency of social protection of the population. Personnel management of an organization implies the following forms of work with it: the formalization of methods and procedures for the selection of personnel, the development of scientific criteria for their evaluation, a scientific approach to the analysis of the needs of personnel, the promotion of young and promising employees, increasing the validity of personnel decisions and expanding their publicity, systemic linking economic and state decisions with the main elements of personnel policy.

Standard of living- provision of the population with the necessary material goods, the achieved level of their consumption and the degree of satisfaction of the rational needs of various social groups.

Installation (attitude)- readiness, predisposition of the subject to the perception of future events and actions in a certain direction. Provides a stable purposeful nature of the course of the relevant activity, serves as the basis for the expedient selective activity of a person.

District social service- a form of social work to identify early trouble in families, to provide comprehensive social assistance to such families, as well as to prevent neglect and homelessness of minors.

Social service institutions- institutions providing social services to the population. The procedure for the creation, operation, reorganization and liquidation of social service institutions and enterprises, regardless of the form of ownership, is regulated by the civil legislation of the Russian Federation.

Fundraising(English, fundraising- fundraising) - an organized search and collection of financial and other funds (donations) to ensure the activities of non-profit organizations, charitable support for socially significant projects, programs and actions, public institutions.

Philanthropist- an adherent of philanthropy, a patron of the needy, a philanthropist who cares about the fate of mankind.

Fund- no membership non-profit organization established by citizens and (or) legal entities on the basis of voluntary property contributions and pursuing social, charitable, cultural, educational or other socially useful goals. Depending on the composition of the founders, goals and forms of activity, there are private, public, non-profit, charitable, local community, grant-giving, etc.

Value- a concept used in philosophy and sociology to refer to objects, phenomena, their properties, as well as abstract ideas that embody social ideals and, due to this, act as a standard of due.

Ageism(from English, age- age) - discrimination carried out by some age groups in relation to others.

Ethics of the social worker- a set of ethical norms formulated by the community of social workers and regulating their activities.

social work etiquette- rules of conduct adopted in the community of social workers; a set of theoretical ethical norms that regulate the activities of a social worker. It is a set of practical rules regarding the behavior of a social worker in certain situations.

Code of Ethics for the Social Worker- a set of moral norms prescribed for execution, adopted by the association (union) of professional social workers and serving as the standard of ethical relations in professional activities.

The effectiveness of social work- the maximum possible satisfaction of the social needs of the population at optimal costs.

Social adaptation the process and result of the adaptation of an individual, stratum, group to a changed social environment. Social adaptation has two forms: active, when an individual seeks to influence the social environment in order to change it, and passive, when he does not seek to influence it.

Administration - activities of executive authorities, officials, the leading personnel of any enterprise, institution for the implementation of management functions, management, as well as formal management only through orders.

Aggressiveness - a person's behavioral response to significant contradictions and irritating factors, expressed in a tendency to hostile behavior, which is aimed at causing damage (physical, moral, mental) to other individuals. Various researchers see the sources of the tendency to aggressiveness both in instincts and in social factors.

Social activity - a general integrative characteristic of the internal capabilities of the subject in the implementation of activities aimed at maintaining and developing social integrity. It can be industrial, socio-political, cultural and educational, family and household, leisure. Each of them can be subdivided into narrower types. The highest form of social activity is social creativity, which includes enterprise, innovation, efficiency, initiative.

Alimony - maintenance provided to minors and disabled needy persons who are legally obliged to do so by citizens. If the voluntary payment of alimony is refused, alimony can be collected through the court.

Altruism - selflessness, conscious and voluntary service to people, the desire to help others, to contribute to their happiness based on the motive of love, devotion, fidelity, mutual assistance. Ability for altruism required quality social work specialist.

Poverty - a condition that does not allow a person or socio-demographic group to provide their basic needs. As a rule, it is the result of a discrepancy between the necessary expenses and incomes that provide a living wage. The poor or needy are people whose monthly income per family member is less than the minimum consumer basket (minimum consumer budget) or equal to the minimum wage.

Refugee - person who left the place permanent residence as a result of hostilities, persecution or other extraordinary circumstances.

Unemployed - an able-bodied citizen who does not have a job and earnings, registered with the employment service in order to find a suitable job and is ready to start it.

Charity - gratuitous material assistance to the poor, based on mercy and the desire to do good to others. It can be provided by individuals, organizations and the state.

Vagrancy- a social phenomenon characterized by the wandering of persons without a fixed place of residence for a long time across the country or within locality, cities.

Social interaction - the process of communication, as a result of which a common understanding of the social situation is developed between its subjects and a certain degree of solidarity is achieved.

Volunteering voluntary fulfillment of duties for the provision of gratuitous social assistance, services, voluntary patronage of the disabled, the sick and the elderly, as well as individuals and social groups who find themselves in a difficult life situation.

Age structure of the population- the ratio of the number of different age groups population, which creates the basis for a variety of calculations, both demographic and social, economic. Depends on the level of births and deaths, life expectancy of people.

Social guarantees - material and spiritual means, legal acts ensuring the realization of human rights in modern society, a separate country. Social guarantees extend primarily to the human right to life, personal security, property and its protection by law, free thought, freedom of conscience, etc.

Gerontology social - a field of knowledge that studies the characteristics of older people as a certain socio-demographic stratum, namely: lifestyle, ways of social adaptation of the elderly to new conditions, especially during retirement, changes in social status, financial and marital status, intergenerational relations.

Humanism - a historically changing system of views based on the recognition of the value of a person as a person, his right to freedom, happiness, development and manifestation of his abilities. The good of a person is considered a criterion for evaluating social institutions, and the principles of equality, justice, humanity - the norm of relations between people.

Social risk group- a group that unites those who are subject to dangerous negative influences and pose a threat to the life of society. The traditional risk groups are alcoholics, drug addicts, prostitutes, homeless people, whose lifestyle can be characterized as a manifestation of the disease of society.

Deviance- certain ways of behaving, thinking, acting of a person that do not correspond to the norms and values ​​\u200b\u200bestablished in a given society (for example, crime, prostitution, suicide, drug addiction, etc.). However, deviance can also be expressed in milder inconsistencies with social norms, namely in the form of extremely individual thinking and behavior. It is assumed that a positive deviation is in the case of its manifestation in various forms of individual and collective creativity.

Social deprivation - sensation, awareness by a person or group of a reduction or deprivation of the ability to meet the basic needs of life.

Children-- socio-demographic group of the population under the age of 18 with specific needs and interests, socio-psychological characteristics.

Discrimination- restriction of rights, deprivation of equality of individuals or certain categories of the country's population on the grounds of nationality, social origin, political and religious views, gender, age and other grounds.

Employment- the degree of participation of the working-age population in social labor activities of citizens related to the satisfaction of personal and social needs, which do not contradict the legislation of the Republic of Belarus and, as a rule, bring them earnings.

Healthy lifestyle- way of life, which involves the observance of the regime of work and rest, a balanced diet, the rejection of bad habits, compliance with hygiene requirements, the implementation of preventive measures, modern access to doctors in case of illness, etc.

Health - it is complete physical, spiritual and social well-being, and not just the absence of any diseases or physical infirmities.

Knowledge - the result of cognition of reality, verified by practice and satisfied by logic, its reflection in the human mind in the form of representations, concepts, judgments, theories; a set of ideas of a person, in which the theoretical mastery of one or another object of reality is expressed.

Immigration- entry into the country for temporary or permanent residence of citizens of another state (for political, religious and other reasons).

Disabled person - a person who has partially or completely lost his ability to work due to a health disorder, as a result of a disease, injury or congenital developmental defect.

Disability- the state of a person when he cannot independently provide (in whole or in part) the needs of a normal personal or social life due to a lack (congenital or acquired) of his physical or mental abilities.

Social counseling a special form of providing social assistance through psychological impact on a person or a small group in order to socialize them, restore and optimize their social functions, guidelines, and develop social norms of communication. The following areas of social counseling are distinguished: medical and social, psychological, social and pedagogical, social and legal, social and managerial, etc.

Confidentiality- trust, inadmissibility of publicity of secret information; ethical principle that a social worker has no right to disclose information about a client without the consent of the latter.

Communicative professiogram of a social worker- a number of characteristics that make up a professional portrait of a specialist in terms of mastering it communication technology, which is one of the main indicators of professional suitability.

Communication technique of a social worker- a method of interpersonal communication used to achieve a social community while maintaining the individual qualities of each of its elements.

Social control a system of methods of influence of society and social groups on a person in order to regulate her behavior and bring it into line with the norms generally accepted in a given community. Distinguish social external and internal conflict (self-control).

Personality-1) a stable system of socially significant features that characterize an individual as a member of society, community, group; 2) an individual carrier of these traits as a free and responsible subject of conscious volitional activity. A sociological analysis of a personality presupposes the identification of socially typical characterological and moral qualities, knowledge and skills, value orientations and social attitudes, the prevailing motives of activity, necessary for the performance of social functions. In a personality, as in a person, it is necessary to see (especially in the process of social work) three components: social, psychological and physiological (biological).

Benefit- providing any benefits, partial exemption from the implementation of established general rules, duties, etc.

Marginal a person who is in an intermediate, borderline position between any social groups (or cultures), who has lost his former social ties and has not adapted to new living conditions.

Marginality characterization of social phenomena arising from the consideration of normative value systems under the influence of intercultural contacts, social or technological shifts and other factors.

patronage- voluntary donations of rich people, organizations for the development and support of art and its prominent representatives (actors, poets, artists, etc.).

Migrants persons who left their places of permanent residence for permanent or temporary resettlement in other regions of the country or abroad. The reasons for the spread in the country of such a phenomenon as refugees are wars, interethnic conflicts, environmental and man-made disasters, and natural disasters.

Mercy- a moral characteristic that implies the presence in a person's character of such qualities as responsiveness, compassion and the need to provide free assistance to those in need.

Alms- alms in the form of money or food.

Addiction- a disease characterized by an irresistible craving for drugs, causing euphoria in small doses, in large doses - stunning, narcotic sleep and leading to severe impairment of physical and mental functions.

Disability- a certain state of health caused by illness or injury, in which the employee is unable to perform his/her job functions or is unable to labor activity.

Violence - the use of brute physical force of one subject over another or moral pressure on him. The following types of violence are distinguished: physical, emotional (mental, psychological), sexual and neglectful attitude.

Social norms - means of social regulation of the behavior of an individual and groups, based on the ideas accepted in society about what is proper or what is not permissible.

public charity– organized system aid in the nineteenth century. from state institutions or society to the needy population. The system of public charity is represented by the Ministry of the Interior, zemstvo and city institutions, institutions of the Empress Maria, the Imperial Humanitarian Society, various departments' guardianships for the poor, and private charitable societies.

Loneliness- a socio-psychological state characterized by a lack or absence of social contacts.

Custody- 1) the form of protection of personal and property rights and interests of incapacitated (mentally ill, minors) citizens who have lost the care of relatives and friends. Guardianship is established by the court. 2) - care, care, care.

Patronage-a type of social service, mainly at home, for individual clients and risk groups, which consists in constant social supervision, regular visits to their homes by social (and other) workers, providing them with the necessary economic, material, household, medical and preventive assistance.

pauperism - poverty as a result of increasing exploitation, mass unemployment and inflation; mass impoverishment.

Penitentiaries- correctional labor institutions in which people who have committed an offense or crime are serving their sentences.

Politics social- activities of the state and its institutions, local governments, institutions of all forms of ownership, public and religious organizations, citizens in the development and management of the social sphere of society. The goal of social policy is to create conditions for meeting the social needs and interests of people, supporting, protecting, correcting and rehabilitating individual citizens and social groups.

guardianship- one of the social and legal forms of protection of personal and property rights and interests of citizens. It is established over minors aged 14 to 18 years old in the absence of their parents, over adult citizens who, for health reasons, cannot protect their interests and rights themselves, over persons limited by the court in their legal capacity due to the abuse of alcohol or narcotic substances.

Consumer basket- the minimum set of food products, non-food products and services necessary to maintain human health and ensure its vital activity.

Need--- a state of lack of something necessary to maintain the vital activity of an organism, a human person, a social group, society as a whole; activity stimulus.

Rights- the possibility of free choice of action, behavior within the law. The rights are divided into human rights (belonging to him by birth and are natural and inalienable) and the rights of a citizen (related to the fact of citizenship, belonging to a particular state, political community), are inextricably linked with responsibility.

Charity - concept that appears in the seventeenth century. and has the following semantic meanings: vision; favorable attention; attitude, patronage; supervision, care, care; convenience. In the active professional vocabulary of the 19th century, it is used in the form of the phrase "public charity".

Acquisition - the oldest civil custom among the Eastern and Southern Slavs (existed until the 19th century). It was expressed in the admission to the family circle of persons who do not have the opportunity to independently resolve issues of their life support. These included children who, for various reasons, were left without parental care, old people who did not have relatives, working people who did not have land.

Shelter - a social institution that provides education and upbringing to orphans and homeless children, provides accommodation and care for the elderly, the disabled.

Profession- the type of labor activity (or occupation) of a person who has the necessary special theoretical knowledge and practical skills for this.

Rehabilitation- 1) restoration of a good name, former reputation; restoration of former rights, including through administrative and judicial procedures; 2) the application to the defendants (primarily minors) of educational measures or punishments not related to deprivation of liberty, in order to correct them; 3) a set of medical, legal and other measures aimed at restoring or compensating for impaired functions of the body and the ability to work of patients and disabled people. Rehabilitation is one of the most important areas in social work.

Rehabilitation social- restoration of the basic social functions of an individual, a public institution, a social group, their social role as subjects of the main spheres of society. In terms of content, social rehabilitation essentially includes all aspects of rehabilitation in a concentrated form.

Redistribution - the transfer of a part of the surplus product produced by the community members to the disposal of the leaders, for various public needs.

Reciprocation - mutual assistance, mutual exchange of gifts, services.

Suicide (suicide) - deliberate deprivation of one's life, one of the forms of deviant behavior. There are completed (true) suicides, suicidal attempts and suicidal intentions.

A family - a social institution characterized by certain social norms, sanctions, patterns of behavior, rights and obligations governing relations between spouses, parents and children and developing on the basis of marriage.

Orphanhood - a social phenomenon caused by the presence in society of children whose parents have died, as well as children left without parental care due to deprivation

Their parental rights, recognition in the prescribed manner of parents as incapacitated, missing, etc. This also includes children whose parents are not deprived of parental rights, but do not actually take any care of their children.

Socialization- the process of bringing a person into social practice, the acquisition of social qualities by him, the assimilation of social experience and the realization of his own essence through the performance of certain roles in practical activities.

Social protection of the population- purposeful, regulated at all levels of society, a system of practically implemented social, political, economic, legal, psychological, pedagogical, medical, environmental and spiritual measures that provide normal conditions and resources for the physical, mental, spiritual and moral functioning of the population, to prevent infringement of its rights and freedom. In a narrow sense, it is an activity aimed at protecting certain categories of the population that find themselves in a particularly difficult life situation.

Social support- a system of measures to provide assistance to certain categories of citizens who are temporarily in a difficult economic situation (partially or completely unemployed, students, etc.), by providing them with the necessary information, financial resources, loans, education, human rights protection and the introduction of other benefits.

Social help- a system of social measures in the form of assistance, support and services provided to individuals or groups of the population by the social service to overcome or mitigate life's difficulties, maintain their social status and full life, and adapt in society.

Social work as an activity- a type of professional activity aimed at satisfying socially guaranteed and personal interests and needs of various groups of the population, at creating conditions that contribute to the restoration or improvement of people's ability to social functioning.

Social work as a science --- a type of activity whose function is to develop and theoretically systematize knowledge about the social sphere.

Social sphere- the area of ​​life of human society, in which the social policy of the state is implemented by distributing material and spiritual benefits, ensuring the progress of all aspects of social life, and improving the position of the working person. The social sphere covers the system of social, socio-economic, national relations, the connection between society and the individual. It also includes a set of social factors in the life of public, social and other groups and individuals, the conditions for their development.

Social Security - state system of assistance, support and service for the elderly and disabled citizens, as well as families with children.

Social service- 1) a set of measures to provide social assistance to needy citizens, which contributes to the preservation of social health and the maintenance of life, overcoming crisis situations, the development of self-reliance and mutual assistance. 2) the activities of legal entities and individuals in providing social support, providing household, medical, psychological, pedagogical, legal services and providing material assistance, creating conditions for social adaptation and rehabilitation of citizens and families in difficult life situations.

Social Services- a set of state and non-state governing bodies, structures and specialized institutions that carry out social work to serve the population, provide social assistance and services to the population in order to overcome or mitigate a difficult situation.

Social teacher- specialist in the field of socio-pedagogical activity and social education.

Social worker - a person who, by virtue of his official and professional duties, provides all types of social assistance in overcoming problems that a person, family or group has encountered.

Social work specialist a social worker with a high general cultural, intellectual and moral potential, professional training and the necessary personal qualities enabling them to perform their professional roles effectively.

Supervision - a management and consulting method aimed at ensuring the efficiency and quality of professional work. It takes place, first of all, where specialists come into professional contact with various groups and categories of people. Social Services- assistance in meeting vital needs and creating the necessary conditions for a person’s life in case of his inability to do this on his own. The following types of social services are distinguished: material and in-kind assistance, consulting and information services, social and household services, socio-psychological services, social and pedagogical services, social and medical, social and rehabilitation, intermediary services.

Social supervision - form of control government bodies and public associations observance of law and order in the country, as well as the suppression of violations of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of citizens.

Skill - mastering the ways (techniques, actions) of applying the acquired knowledge in practice.

Social service institutions- organizations, enterprises, services, centers of various forms of ownership that provide social services. They are an organizational form of social work, have a complex structure, a multifunctional system that reflects the specifics and areas of activity to provide and promote the necessary social assistance, support and protection of the life support of the population, certain groups of it, who are and have difficult life problems.

Hospice - help service for hopelessly, terminally ill, dying people. It is created to solve the patient's problems: medical, psychological, social.

Ethics professional- a system of specific moral requirements and norms of behavior, indicated in the code of this specialist.