Gas and oil industry. Characteristics and composition of the world oil industry
The oil industry is a branch of heavy industry, including exploration of oil and oil and gas fields, drilling wells, production of oil and associated gas, and pipeline transportation of oil.
In terms of proven oil reserves, Russia ranks second in the world after Saudi Arabia. Russia's reserves are 20.2 billion tons.
In the territory Russian Federation There are three large oil bases: West Siberian, Volga-Ural and Timan-Pechora.
The main one is West Siberian. This is the largest oil and gas basin in the world, located within the West Siberian Plain in the Tyumen, Omsk, Kurgan, Tomsk, partially Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Novosibirsk regions, Krasnoyarsk and Altai territories, with an area of about 3.5 million km. Most of the oil deposits are located at a depth of 2000-3000 m. Now 70% of Russian oil is produced in Western Siberia.
In Western Siberia there are several dozen large deposits. Among them are such well-known ones as Samotlor, Ust-Balyk, Shaim, Strezhevoy. Most of them are located in Tyumen region- a kind of core of the region.
Tyumen's oil industry is characterized by a decline in production volumes. Having reached a maximum of 415.1 million tons in 1988, by 1990 oil production decreased to 358.4 million tons, that is, by 13.7%, and the downward trend in production continues.
Tyumen associated petroleum gas is processed at the Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, Belozerny, Lokosovsky and Yuzhno-Balyksky gas processing plants.
The second most important oil base is the Volga-Ural. It is located in the eastern part of the European territory of the Russian Federation, within the republics of Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Udmurtia, as well as Perm, Orenburg, Saratov, Volgograd, Kirov and Ulyanovsk regions. Oil deposits are located at a depth of 1600 to 3000 m, that is, closer to the surface compared to Western Siberia, which somewhat reduces drilling costs. The Volga-Ural region accounts for 24% of the country's oil production.
The vast majority of oil and associated gas (more than 4/5) of the region is produced by Tataria and Bashkiria. A significant part of the oil produced in the fields of the Volga-Ural oil and gas region goes to local oil refineries located mainly in Bashkiria, as well as in other regions (Perm, Saratov, Volgograd, Orenburg).
The oil of Eastern Siberia is distinguished by a wide variety of properties and compositions due to the multilayer structure of the fields. But in general, it is worse than Western Siberian oil, as it is characterized by a high content of paraffin and sulfur, which leads to increased depreciation of equipment.
The third oil base is Timan-Pechora. It is located within the Komi Republic, the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the Arkhangelsk Region and partly in adjacent territories, bordering the northern part of the Volga-Ural oil and gas region. Together with the rest, the Timan-Pechora oil region produces only 6% of the oil in the Russian Federation (Western Siberia and the Ural-Volga region - 94%). Oil production is carried out at the Usinskoye, Yarega, Nizhnyaya Omra, Vozeiskoye and other fields. The Timan-Pechora region, like the Volgograd and Saratov regions, is considered quite promising. Oil production in Western Siberia is declining, and in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug hydrocarbon reserves comparable to those in Western Siberia have already been explored. According to American experts, the subsoil of the Arctic tundra stores 2.5 billion tons of oil. Today various companies have already invested $80 billion in its oil industry with the goal of extracting 730 million tons of oil, which is twice the annual production of the Russian Federation.
As for the future growth of oil fields, given the low degree of confirmation of predicted reserves and the even greater share of fields with high development costs (of all oil reserves, only 55% have high productivity), the general prospects for the Russian oil industry for the growth of explored fields cannot be called cloudless . Even in Western Siberia, where the main increase in reserves is expected, about 40% of this increase will come from low-productivity fields with a flow rate of new wells of less than 10 tons per day, which is currently the limit of profitability for this region.
It should be taken into account that in the Russian Federation, after the seventies, not a single large, highly productive field was discovered, and the newly added reserves are sharply deteriorating in their conditions.
The shelf zones of the island are also promising. Sakhalin and the Caspian Sea. Potential oil resources have been identified in Eastern Siberia, Yakutia (Vilyui Basin), as well as on the shelf of the Okhotsk, Bering and Chukchi Seas.
Today, the main problem of geological explorers is insufficient funding, which is why exploration of new deposits has now been partially suspended. Potentially, according to expert forecasts, geological exploration can give the Russian Federation an increase in reserves from 700 million to 1 billion tons per year, which covers their consumption due to production (342 million tons were produced in 1993).
However, in reality the situation is different. We have already recovered 41% contained in the developed deposits. In Western Siberia, 26.6% was recovered. Moreover, oil is extracted from the best deposits that require minimal production costs. The average production rate of wells is continuously decreasing. The rate of production of oil reserves in Russia is 3-5 times higher than the corresponding figure for Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Venezuela, and Kuwait. Such production rates led to a sharp reduction in proven reserves.
Oil is Russia's wealth. The oil industry of the Russian Federation is closely connected with all industries National economy, and therefore is of great importance for the Russian economy. Demand for oil always outstrips supply, so successful development Almost all developed countries of the world are interested in our oil industry.
Russia's production accounts for 10% of the world's production, so we can say with confidence that the country occupies a strong position in the international oil market. For example, OPEC experts said that the states that are members of this organization will not be able to fill the oil shortage if the world market leaves the Russian Federation.
In the structure of production and consumption in the Russian Federation, heavy residual petroleum products occupy a significantly larger share. While throughout the world the mineral resource base is developing according to the scheme of expanding reproduction (this is done to maintain a balanced production structure so that the industry does not experience a shortage of raw materials), in Russia the situation with reproduction is completely opposite. The yield of light products is close to their potential content in oil (48-49%), which indicates the low use of secondary processes of deep oil refining in the structure of domestic oil refining. The average depth of oil refining (the share of light oil products in the total volume of oil processed) is about 62-63%. For comparison, the depth of refining at refineries in industrialized countries is 75-80%, and in the USA it is about 90%.
Currently, most of the oil is pumped through oil pipelines and their share in transportation continues to grow. Oil pipelines include pipelines, pumping stations and oil storage tanks.
The first oil pipeline in Russia was laid in 1878 in Baku from the fields to the oil refinery. The development of oil pipeline transport in the Union was associated with the development oil fields in Bashkiria and Tataria. By 1941 4,100 km of main pipelines were in operation.
The network of main oil pipelines developed in three main directions: the Ural-Siberian (Almetyevsk - Ufa - Omsk - Novosibirsk - Irkutsk) with a length of 8527 km; northwestern (Almetyevsk - Gorky - Yaroslavl - Kirishi with branches to Ryazan and Moscow) with a length of more than 17,700 km; southwest from Almetyevsk to Kuibyshev and further by the Druzhba oil pipeline with a branch to Polotsk and Ventspils) with a length of more than 3,500 km. Thus, oil pipelines in the Ural-Siberian direction had the greatest length, since they connected the main producer (Siberia) with the main consumer (the western regions of the Russian Federation). The importance of this direction continues to this day.
Oil is also exported abroad using pipelines (for example, Druzhba). Oil exports today amount to 105-110 million tons, petroleum products - 35 million tons. A third of crude oil exports go to the CIS countries (Ukraine, Belarus and Kazakhstan).
The rest of the oil is sent to non-CIS countries, that is, to Western Europe, where Germany, Italy, Great Britain and Ireland together consume 60% of this volume.
The service life of oil pipelines is quite significant - 45% of oil pipelines are up to 20 years old, 29% - from 20 to 30 years. 25.3% of oil pipelines have been in operation for over 30 years. Their further operation in conditions of increased wear requires significant efforts to maintain them in working condition.
Several oil companies are engaged in oil production, the largest of which, based on the results of 2007, are OJSC Rosneft, OJSC Lukoil and OJSC TNK-BP.
| Oil company | Net profit, billion dollars | |||
| 2006 | 2007 | 4 sq. 2007 − 3 sq. 2008 |
||
| Rosneft | 3,5 | 12,9 | 13,3 | |
| Lukoil | 7,5 | 9,5 | 13,0 | |
| TNK-BP | 6,4 | 5,7 | 8,3 | |
| Surgutneftegaz | 2,8 | 3,5 | 6,3 | |
| Gazprom Neft | 3,7 | 4,1 | 5,9 | |
| Tatneft | 1,1 | 1,7 | 1,9 | |
| Slavneft | 1,2 | 0,7 | 0,5 | |
| Bashneft | 0,3 | 0,4 | 0,5 | |
| Total for TOP-8 | 26,5 | 38,5 | 49,7 | |
Refinery in the Yaroslavl region
Oil industry is a branch of the national economy and consists of several production stages: exploration, drilling, oil production (offshore and onshore), its processing, storage, transportation and petrochemical production.
The oil industry includes the main stages:
- oil production
- transportation
- oil refining
In the fuel and energy industry, this sector ranks first. Has a huge impact on world economy, and leaves a significant mark on world politics. Its difference is its high capital intensity.
Oil production on an industrial scale began in the mid-19th century in countries such as Russia, Romania, and the USA. And by the beginning of the 20th century, 20 countries of the world were already engaged in its extraction, but the leading positions remained with the USA, Russia, and Venezuela. By 1940 – 40 countries by 1970 – already 60 countries, by 1990 and about 100. Of course, oil production in general has also increased. In the 1980s, there was a crisis that significantly affected world oil prices. However, thanks to the policies of some oil refining countries, mainly members of OPEC (the main regulator of prices on the world oil market), by the 1990s the price level had stabilized. It should be said that 40% of the world's global production is controlled by 11 OPEC member countries.
The geography of this industry is determined by the countries of the “top ten”; for most of them, the oil industry ranks first in the economy, sometimes even being the only main international industry of specialization (Qatar, Iraq).
The geography of the oil industry has a significant distinctive feature - developing countries account for more than 4/5 of all reserves and ½ of total oil production.
The largest oil exporters are OPEC member countries. These include Saudi Arabia, Libya, United United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Ecuador, Algeria, Russia, Iran, Nigeria, Norway, Mexico, Venezuela, Kuwait and Canada. Central and South America, Western and North America– regions whose economy is mainly based on the export of produced oil. 50% specific gravity The volume of all world oil exports comes from OPEC members.
About 40% of all world oil produced comes from international trade. The regions of production and consumption are not always located nearby; there is a significant territorial gap between them. Powerful ocean freight flows are a created measure to overcome the problem that has arisen.
Largest oil ports The Persian Gulf gives rise to the main ocean cargo flows of oil, and their route lies to Western Europe and Japan. Latin American countries (Mexico, Venezuela) give rise to somewhat smaller oil flows and lead to Western Europe and the USA. The Russian Druzhba oil pipeline plays a major role in the oil supply to Eastern European countries.
Most of the world's oil concentrated in the Near and Middle East, Asia, Kazakhstan and Western Siberia. North and South America, as well as the North Sea, have the largest oil deposits.
KURSK STATE PEDAGOGICAL CENTER
UNIVERSITY
Department: Economics and Management
Discipline: macroeconomics
On the topic: Location and development of the oil industry
Faculty student
Economics and management
2 courses, 2 groups
Vedenyeva V.O.
Supervisor
Grade__________________
Date of_____________________
Kursk-2002
Introduction..2
Oil and its main characteristics.. 6
Composition of oil and its properties. 6
The problem of the origin of oil... 8
Oil industry.. 10
Its definition and composition. 10
Problems of the oil industry. 12
Development of oil production. 15
Reasons for the decline of the oil industry. 17
Features of the location of the oil refining industry. Main accommodation areas. 19
Oil transport. Main oil pipelines. 21
Oil export. 24
Consequences of intensive mining. 26
Russia-Opec: the problem of price war.. 31
Reaction of the Russian Federation to OPEC proposals.. 35
Russia's offer on the world market. 36
Conclusion. 39
List of used literature... 43
XX century full of many events that excited and shocked earthly civilization. There was a struggle for the redivision of the world, for spheres of economic and political influence, for sources of mineral raw materials. Among this human society seething with passions, one dominant thing stands out: desire to possess “black gold” resources, so necessary for the progressive development of industry.
Truly, all the industrial powers of the world craved it. Man became severely dependent on this mineral raw material. This was felt especially acutely during the period of the “fuel crisis” that broke out in the early 70s. Prices for raw materials jumped up sharply, causing an increase in the cost of living throughout the world.
If in middle Ages, When people were attracted by the shine of gold and diamonds, individuals and only as an exception some states were drawn into adventures in the extraction of these minerals. our days Almost all industrialized countries of the world are involved in the pursuit of “black gold”.
Oil has been known for a long time. Archaeologists have established that it was mined and used already 5-6 thousand years BC. The most ancient crafts are known on the banks of the Euphrates, in Kerch, in the Chinese province of Sichuan. It is believed that the modern term “oil” comes from the word “nafata”, which in the language of the peoples of Asia Minor means to seep. Mention of oil is found in many ancient manuscripts and books. In particular, the Bible already speaks of resin springs in the vicinity of the Dead Sea.
Perhaps no problem worries humanity today as much as fuel. Fuel - the basis of energy, industry, Agriculture, transport. Without fuel, human life is unthinkable.
As humanity develops, it begins to use more and more new types of resources (nuclear and geothermal energy, solar, tidal hydropower, wind and other non-traditional sources). However main role in providing energy to all sectors of the economy today fuel resources play a role. This is clearly reflected by the “receipt part” of the fuel and energy balance.
The fuel and energy complex is closely connected with the entire industry of the country. More than 20% is spent on its development Money. The fuel and energy complex accounts for 30% of fixed assets and 30% of the value of industrial products in Russia. It uses 10% of the products of the mechanical engineering complex, 12% of metallurgy products, consumes 2/3 of the pipes in the country, provides more than half of the Russian Federation’s exports and a significant amount of raw materials for chemical industry. Its share in transportation is 1/3 of all cargo by railways, half of maritime transport and all pipeline transport.
The fuel and energy complex has a large regional formation function. The well-being of all Russian citizens and problems such as unemployment and inflation are directly related to it.
Highest value in the country's fuel industry have three industries: oil, gas and coal.
Oil bases were the mainstay of the Soviet leadership. Cheap oil ensured delays in the structural restructuring of the energy-intensive industry of the USSR. This oil tied the countries of the Eastern bloc. Foreign exchange earnings from its exports made it possible to provide for the consumer market imported goods.
A lot has changed since then. Radically rebuilt internal structure states. The process of reorganizing the Russian administrative space is unfolding. New regional formations are emerging. But oil is still - the most important source of foreign currency for the country.
Indeed, the fuel and energy sector provides at least 60% of foreign exchange earnings to Russia, allowing us to have a positive foreign trade balance and maintain the ruble exchange rate. Revenues to the country's budget from excise taxes on oil and petroleum products are high.
Velika the role of oil in politics. Regulation of oil supplies to neighboring countries is, in fact, an important argument in dialogue with new states.
Thus, oil is the wealth of Russia. The oil industry of the Russian Federation is closely connected with all sectors of the national economy and is of great importance for the Russian economy. Demand for oil always outstrips supply, so almost all developed countries of the world are interested in the successful development of our oil industry.
Russia has not yet acted as an active independent entity in global energy policy, although the slightest socio-economic and political aggravation in Moscow or Tyumen is immediately reflected in the price of oil on the stock exchanges of New York or London.
Until now Oil policy was determined by two cartels - Western and Eastern. The first unites the 6 largest oil companies, which account for 40% of the oil production of non-OPEC countries. The combined sales of these companies in 1991 amounted to almost $400 billion. The eastern cartel (OPEC) includes 13 countries, accounting for 38 percent of all world production and 61 percent of world oil exports. Russia's production accounts for 10% of the world's production, so we can say with confidence that the country occupies a strong position in the international oil market. For example, OPEC experts said that the states that are members of this organization will not be able to fill the oil shortage if the world market leaves the Russian Federation. .
In addition, in the foreseeable future there is nothing to replace oil. Global demand will grow by 1.5 percent per year, but supply will not increase significantly. Before the 1973 energy crisis, global production nearly doubled every ten years for 70 years. However, now, of the OPEC member countries with 66% of world reserves, only four countries can significantly increase the volume of oil production (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Nigeria, Gabon). The role of Russia becomes all the more significant, otherwise a number of experts do not exclude the possibility of another energy crisis emerging soon.
So, oil and the Russian oil industry are of utmost importance for our country and the world as a whole.
Having begun the exploitation of oil and gas fields, man, without knowing it, let the genie out of the bottle. At first it seemed that oil only brought benefits to people, but gradually it became clear that its use also has reverse side. What does oil bring more, benefit or harm? What are the consequences of its use? Won't they turn out to be fatal for humanity?
No doubt: oil and gas are the most efficient and most convenient fuel today. Unfortunately, more than 90% of extracted oil and gas are burned in industrial furnaces and in car engines. In this regard, in the coming decades, hydrocarbons will make up the lion’s share in the fuel balance of humanity. Is it wise to use oil and gas only as a source of energy? The statement of D.I. became popular. Mendeleev that burning oil and gas is the same as heating a furnace with banknotes. Experts are returning to this idea now. American scientist Ralph Lapp writes in one of his articles: “I consider it barbaric to burn the unique heritage of the Earth - hydrocarbons - in the form of oil and natural gas. Burning these molecular structures just to produce heat should be considered a crime." It couldn't be said more eloquently.
Composition of oil and its properties.
Oil is rock . It belongs to the group of sedimentary rocks along with sands, clays, limestones, rock salt, etc. We are accustomed to thinking that rock is a solid substance that makes up the earth’s crust and the deeper interior of the Earth. It turns out that there are liquid rocks, and even gaseous ones. One of important properties of oil- ability to burn. A number of other sedimentary rocks have the same quality: peat, brown and hard coal, anthracite. All together, combustible rocks form a special family called caustobiolites (from the Greek words “kaustos” - combustible, “bios” - life, “cast” - stone, i.e. combustible organic stone). Among them, caustobiolites are distinguished from coal and petroleum series, the latter are called bitumen. Oil belongs to them.
All caustobiolites contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, but in different proportions. Chemically oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and carbon compounds, it consists of the following main elements: carbon (84-87%), hydrogen (12-14%), oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur (1-2%), the sulfur content sometimes increases to 3-5%. Oil is divided into hydrocarbon, asphalt-resinous parts, porphyrites, sulfur and ash parts.
Mira is an international industrial sector that involves exploration of oil and gas and oil fields, oil production, and pipeline transport for fossil fuels. Production, in turn, includes mining and other work.
It should be said that the oil industry in Russia is a very developed industry. This is due to the geographical features of the country. Until 1992, Russia was in second position in the world in terms of proven reserves after Saudi Arabia. Russia's reserves today amount to about 20.2 billion tons. In 1991, they amounted to about 23.5 billion tons.
However, in recent years it has not been developing as rapidly as in previous years. According to experts, there are reserves in the country with too low a degree of confirmation of predicted reserves. They significantly reduce Russia's overall supply of natural reserves. In addition, there is a large share of fields with high development and development costs. Of all the reserves available to the Russian oil industry, about 55% are highly productive.
Specialists pay special attention to reserves presumably located in Western Siberia. It is due to them that the main increase in the country's reserves is predicted by forty percent. However, in this case, the oil industry will acquire mainly low-productive fields. The amount that was supposed to be mined in the region is the limit of profitability for it.
It should be noted that the economic crisis affected not only the fuel and energy sectors of individual countries, but also, as a consequence, oil in general.
It should be said that in Russia the decline began to be noted back in 1989. Oil production has decreased noticeably. The volume of oil produced even in the richest region - the Tyumen region - decreased from 394 million tons to 307 million. The oil industry in the country today is characterized by a noticeable decrease in the growth of highly productive reserves, a deterioration in the quality of raw materials and a slowdown in the pace of exploration work in the fields. At the same time, experts note a reduction in the volume of production drilling, an increase in the number of inactive wells, and a widespread transition to mechanized methods of field development against the backdrop of a sharp decrease in the number of flowing wells. Of no small importance are the absence of any significant reserves of large deposits, and the need to involve in exploitation reserves that are located in hard-to-reach and undeveloped areas.
The first wells in Russia were drilled in 1864 in Kuban. At the same time, one of the wells produced a fountain of more than one hundred and ninety tons of flow per day. At that time, oil production was carried out in to a greater extent monopolies that depended on foreign capital. By the twentieth century, Russia began to occupy a leading position in the world's oil industry. At the beginning of the century, oil production already accounted for approximately eleven million tons. During the civil war there was a significant decline. Later, by the thirties, oil production increased again to 11.6 million tons.
In the first years of the formation of Soviet power, the main deposits were located in the regions of the North Caucasus (Maikop, Grozny). However, it should be said that the war caused significant damage to these territories, which, in turn, reduced production volumes significantly. In the post-war period, in parallel with the restoration of the North Caucasian fields, large basins of the Volga-Ural region were put into development. By 1960, the percentage of production in these territories increased to seventy-one.
The oil industry is a branch of the economy that is responsible for the production, refining, transportation, storage and sale of oil and oil products.
The oil production process includes geological exploration, drilling oil wells, as well as their repair, purification of extracted oil from water impurities and various chemicals.
One of the branches of the fuel industry is the gas industry. The main functions of the gas industry are: search for gas fields, natural gas production, gas supply and production of artificial gas using coal and shale. The main task of the gas industry is the transportation and metering of gas.
Development of the fuel industry
(The first oil rigs)
The fuel industry began in 1859. Then an oil well was accidentally drilled in Pennsylvania, after which the development of the entire region began.
In Russia, oil has been extracted since the 8th century using wells on the Absheron Peninsula. Later, oil began to be produced on the Ukhta River, on the Cheleken Peninsula, in the Kuban. At first, oil was extracted using cylindrical buckets. In 1865, the United States began to use a mechanical method of oil production - using deep-well pumping.
(Oil was really in full swing back then.)
In 1901, pre-revolutionary Russia ranked first in oil production. In 1913, oil in large quantities was mined in the Baku region, Grozny and Maikop. There were oil monopolies developing new oil deposits. However, this led to a rapid drop in reservoir pressure. Cooperation with foreign companies led the Russian oil industry into decline. Therefore, in 1918 V.I. Lenin signed decrees on the nationalization of the oil industry. From that moment on, the process of restoring this link began. Impact drilling was replaced by the rotational method of mineral extraction, and the period of using deep-well pumps and gas lift began.
By 1929, the reconstruction was completed. Thanks to innovations, by 1940 Russia had again reached highest level on oil production.
Despite the fact that during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 many oil fields were put out of action, pre-revolutionary Russia continued to produce natural resource in fairly large quantities. The search for new fields continued, which made it possible to ensure an increase in oil production in each five-year period - more than 100 million tons.
(Discovery of oil deposits in Siberia 1953)
The discovery of nuclei in Western Siberia in 1953 brought even more positive results to the USSR. Both oil and gas were produced here. During this period, inclined drilling was widely used, which made it possible to extract minerals in a shorter period of time.
And by 1980, the USSR became a major oil power. The use of new industrial methods of oil production begins, and industrial automation is carried out.
The emergence of oil transport leads to the emergence of a network of main oil pipelines connecting oil refineries to each other.
In 1878, the first oil pipeline appeared at the Baku oil fields, and by 1917 the length of Soviet oil pipelines was more than 600 km.
(Oil rigs in Texas, USA, 20th century)
In European countries, the oil industry began to develop intensively in the 1950s. During this period, the richest oil countries were Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.
Capitalist countries also had oil reserves, most of which were in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Mexico. The US, Venezuela, Libya, Iraq and Iran also had large oil reserves.
Fuel industry sectors
The fuel industry consists of three main branches - oil, coal and gas.
Coal industry
The coal industry is a fairly old and studied industry, especially for Russia. If until the 19th century people used firewood, then during the Russian Empire the mining of coal began. It is used in transport and for heating residential premises. Coal is used to produce electricity and is used in ferrous metallurgy and the chemical industry.
If we compare hard and brown coal, it should be noted that hard coal has a fairly high calorific value and the quality is much better. That is why it is easy to transport over long distances. Brown coal is used in mining areas.
Coal mining is carried out in two ways - open and closed. The latter method is effective when the coal deposit is located deep under the earth's surface. Then it is extracted from the mines. The open method is quarry.
Oil industry
The oil industry is the base modern economy. The most striking example of the need for oil in modern world- this is gasoline. Without gasoline there would be no cars, planes, sea and river vessels.
Oil is produced using oil wells or mines. And the well fluid itself is also distributed according to the extraction method into: fountain, gas lift and pump-compressor production.
Despite the fact that the gas industry is a fairly young industry, it is developing very quickly. The first gas fields were discovered during the Great Patriotic War. When comparing gas and oil production, it is worth noting that gas production costs the state much less. When it is burned, fewer harmful substances are produced than from burning oil or coal. Natural gas can be used as a chemical raw material, as well as for the production of mineral fertilizers.
Oil and gas industry in Russia
Today Russia is not the leader in oil reserves. The reason for this is as political situation, and the process of development of the oil industry of various countries.
Today, the Russian Federation is also developing and expanding oil territories in many regions of the country. Zapadnya Siberia remains the largest subject for the extraction of oil resources, there are about 300 oil and gas fields, the main of which are: Samotlorskoye, Ust-Balykskoye, Megionskoye, Fedorovskoye and Surgutskoye. In second place after the Siberian territories is the Volga-Ural basin. The oil here is not as pure as in Siberia - it contains about 3% sulfur, which is neutralized during the processing of raw materials. The main oil production areas also include: Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Udmurtia, Samara, Perm, Saratov and Volgograd regions. In addition to the main oil regions, the Far East can be distinguished, North Caucasus, Stavropol and Krasnodar Territories, on whose territory a considerable amount of “black resource” is also mined.
Today there is an obvious trend towards a decrease in exports and an increase in imports of petroleum products. 95% of all petroleum products are transported through oil pipelines, which are displayed on the map of the Russian oil industry and geographical atlases.
The Russian gas industry is one of the state's budget-forming sectors. It is responsible for the extraction, processing, storage and distribution of gas resources for their use. Most of Russia's energy consumption comes from the gas industry.
The gas industry is almost 3 times cheaper than the oil industry and 15 times cheaper than other industrial sectors related to hydrocarbon production.
In the territory Russian state More than a third of the world's gas reserves are located in Western Siberia.
Fuel industry of the world
(Oil production from shale fields in the USA)
The basis of the fuel industry is the extraction and processing of fuel - oil, gas and coal. Oil production abroad is controlled by TNCs in the USA and Western European countries. And only in some countries oil production is completely controlled by the state. The opponents of the US TNC system are countries engaged in exports. They created the OPEC system, which defends the interests of the state in favor of oil self-sufficiency and independence.
Second World War entailed changes in the country's oil positions. If before it the leading role was occupied by the USA and Venezuela, then the USSR, the Middle and North East entered the battle for oil supremacy.
(Oil production in Saudi Arabia)
The oil industry remains the leader in terms of global consumption today. But it is impossible to say for sure which country is currently leading in oil production. According to OPEC indicators in 2015, the top five were: Saudi Arabia, Russia, the USA, China and Iraq.
Natural gas production is growing every year. Today, gas sources are almost equal in quantity to oil fields. In 1990, the leader in the extraction of this resource was Eastern Europe and the USSR, later the countries of Western Europe and Asia began to engage in gas production. Today, Russia continues to lead the gas race and is the world's main gas exporter.
The coal industry is characteristic of many countries in the world - 60. But only a few countries are the main coal miners - China, the USA, Russia, Germany, Poland, Ukraine and Kazakhstan. Coal exports are carried out by the USA, Australia and South Africa. And imports come from Japan and Western Europe.